Recognition memory for related pictures.
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Form Perception↗
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The relation between recognition memory and classification learning.
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Concept Formation↗
The mirror effect in recognition memory.
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Form Perception↗
On the use of distractors for testing recognition memory.
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Attention↗
Beneficial effect of cholinesterase inhibitor medications on recognition memory performance in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: preliminary findings.
Cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) medications (ie, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) have been useful in slowing the progression of the mild to moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Findings supporting this have largely relied on a global error score from the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale and have not described the nature of the memory problems. We examined this issue by comparing learning, recall, and recognition scores among 2 groups of mild to moderately demented AD patients. Participants were patients from a memory clinic who either were on ChEI treatment (AD+ChEI, n = 14) or had never taken a ChEI (AD-ChEI, n = 14). Participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, including administration of the CERAD Word List Memory test. Results indicated no significant group difference for learning and delayed free recall, but the AD+ChEI group had significantly fewer errors than the AD-ChEI group on the CERAD Recognition test. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that the aspect of memory that is most affected by ChEIs appears to be facilitation of retention of new information in memory. The implications of this on clinical care and functional abilities as well as future directions are discussed.
Aged↗
Age differences in a controlled-lag recognition memory task.
Sixty subjects, 30 young and 30 old, were treated for word recognition using a controlled-lag method. A significant age differences was found for both recognition and for a subsequent recall task. Young subjects were superior to old on both recognition and recall. The greater the lag between the two presentations of a word, the greater the number of errors for both age groups. Most errors were made towards the beginning of the list, with a sharp drop in the middle, and a slight increase in the end. The older people took more time to complete the recognition task than the young.
Adult↗
Improved recognition memory in monkeys following naloxone administration.
The effects of naloxone on visual recognition were evaluated in five macaques trained in delayed nonmatching-to-sample with trial-unique objects. In four of the five monkeys, naloxone yielded an inverted U-shaped dose-effect curve. For each of these four animals, as well as for all five animals as a group, at least one dose within a narrow range (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in the number of objects correctly recognized. Lower doses had little effect, while the highest dose (10.0 mg/kg) tended to disrupt performance.
Animals↗
Schematic influences on category learning and recognition memory.
The results from 3 category learning experiments suggest that items are better remembered when they violate a salient knowledge structure such as a rule. The more salient the knowledge structure, the stronger the memory for deviant items. The effect of learning errors on subsequent recognition appears to be mediated through the imposed knowledge structure. The recognition advantage for deviant items extends to unsupervised learning situations. Exemplar-based and hypothesis-testing models cannot account for these results. The authors propose a clustering account in which deviant items are better remembered because they are differentiated from clusters that capture regularities. The function of clusters is akin to that of schemas. Their results and analyses expose connections among research in category learning, schemas, stereotypes, and analogy.
Humans↗
Interrupting recognition memory: tests of familiarity-based accounts of the revelation effect.
The revelation effect is a puzzling phenomenon in which items on a recognition test are more likely to be judged as "old" when they are immediately preceded by a problem-solving task, such as anagram solution. The present experiments were designed to evaluate Westerman and Greene's (1998) and Hicks and Marsh's (1998) familiarity-based accounts of this effect. We found comparable revelation effects when probes were preceded by an anagram or a numerical addition task and when subjects performed either one or two of these tasks. Taken together, the results do not support familiarity-based accounts of the revelation effect but are consistent with a proposed decision-based interpretation (i.e., criterion flux), in which it is assumed that the revelation task displaces the study list context in working memory, leading subjects to adopt a more liberal recognition decision criterion, thereby increasing the hit and false alarm rates.
Humans↗
Neural bases of recognition memory investigated through an analysis of imprinting.
Through a learning process known as imprinting, the young of some animals, including the domestic chick, come to recognize an object by being exposed to it. Visually naive chicks vigorously approach a wide range of objects. After an adequate period of exposure to one object chicks selectively approach it in a recognition test. The nervous system of dark-reared chicks is not a tabula rasa, as chicks have predispositions to approach some stimuli rather than others. Nevertheless, visual imprinting leads to changes in a nervous system that may not have been 'marked' by previous visual experience, and so encourages the hope of discovering the neural bases of the learning process. The intermediate and medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale, a sheet of cells within the cerebral hemispheres, plays a crucial role in visual imprinting, particularly in the memory process of recognition. The cellular and sub-cellular changes that take place in this part of the hyperstriatum ventrale after imprinting are described. The right and left hyperstriatum ventrale regions play different roles in the imprinting process, and evidence is given for the existence of multiple memory systems in the chick brain.
Animals↗
[ERP correlates of recognition memory for Chinese words].
OBJECTIVE: To study the ERP old/new effects during a recognition task for Chinese words. METHOD: Twenty one healthy right-handed volunteers received a Chinese words recognition task. The stimuli were meaningful words consisting of two Chinese characters. The EEG signals were recorded from 9 scalp sites of the extended 10-20 systems. RESULT: Compared with the new words, the old words elicited larger N320 (the frontal old/new effect) at the frontal brain areas and larger LPC (the parietal old/new effect) at the parietal brain areas. And the peak of LPC appeared significantly earlier in old words ERPs than in new words ERPs. CONCLUSION: The old/new effect is significant for the recognition of Chinese words, which also consists of the frontal old/new effect and the parietal old/new effect. The parietal old/new effect is positive-going, but the frontal old/new effect is negative-going. The frontal old/new effect might be affected by the language and material.
Cognition↗
Interrupting recognition memory: tests of a criterion-change account of the revelation effect.
The revelation effect is evidenced by an increase in positive recognition responses when the test probe is immediately preceded by an unrelated problem-solving task. As an alternative to familiarity-based explanations of this effect (Hicks & Marsh, 1998; Westerman & Greene, 1998), Niewiadomski and Hockley (2001) proposed a decision-based account in which it is assumed that the problem-solving task displaces the study list context in working memory, leading subjects to adopt a more liberal recognition criterion. In the present study, we show that the revelation effect is seen when the stimulus materials are pure lists of very rare words or nonwords. In contrast, for mixed lists of common words and very rare words or nonwords, the revelation effect is found for common words but disappears for very rare words and nonwords. We argue that, in mixed lists, the liberal decision bias following the revelation task and the criterion changes between common words and very rare words and nonwords serve to offset each other.
Humans↗
Testing theories of recognition memory by predicting performance across paradigms.
Signal-detection theory (SDT) accounts of recognition judgments depend on the assumption that recognition decisions result from a single familiarity-based process. However, fits of a hybrid SDT model, called dual-process theory (DPT), have provided evidence for the existence of a second, recollection-based process. In 2 experiments, the authors tested predictions of DPT and SDT by comparing the invariance of parameter estimates between yes/no (Y/N) and 2-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) testing paradigms. Both experiments showed DPT recollection estimates in Y/N to be poorly correlated with recollection estimates in 2AFC. In Experiment 2, SDT predictions explained more variance than DPT predictions. The authors evaluate and discuss the extent to which each model possesses theoretical validity versus computational flexibility in curve fitting.
Forecasting↗
Associative interference in recognition memory: a dual-process account.
Associative interference from overlapping word pairs (A-B, A-D) reduces recall but has inconsistent effects on recognition. A dual-process account suggests that interference conditions reduce recollection but increase familiarity. This is predicted to increase recognition false alarms but have variable effects on recognition hits, depending on the relative contribution of recollection and familiarity. In three experiments that varied materials (sentences or random nouns) and test type (associative or pair recognition), interference conditions always increased recognition false alarms, but sometimes increased and sometimes decreased recognition hits. However, remember hits always decreased and know hits always increased with interference, patterns predicted of the recollection and familiarity processes, respectively. According to the dual-process view, a manipulation that affects the component processes in opposite ways can produce inconsistent patterns of recognition performance as the relative contribution of recollection and familiarity changes across tasks.
Association↗
Development of an instrument to assess clinicians' recognition memory using a videotaped stimulus interview.
This study represents the development of an instrument to assess clinicians' memory using a videotaped counseling interview. The instrument, called the Recognition Checklist (RC), consists of 60 items of information based on the content presented by the client on the stimulus tape. Initial findings indicated that this instrument has promising reliability and validity and warrants further development and application to the study of clinicians' memory of the interview process and interviewing skill training.
Adult↗
Strength and resistance to interference in practiced recognition: memory retrieval abilities investigated through latent structure modeling.
Participants (N = 811) practiced paired-associate recognition with and without an interference manipulation and then practiced a pattern recognition skill in which patterns discriminated had features in common. Structure models of the covariances in task reaction times indicated two factors or abilities. The first was a baseline factor, hypothesized to include the ability to strengthen traces and other abilities common to all tasks. The second was a resistance-to-interference factor, or the ability to quickly retrieve associations with elements in common with nonretrieved associations. Further modeling on a subset of the sample (n = 434) showed the baseline factor to reflect a memory strength ability independent of other confounding abilities (e.g., motor, reading abilities). Both memory abilities are discussed broadly with respect to cognitive skill acquisition, controlled versus automatic processing, and activation.
Adult↗
Contributions of prefrontal cortex to recognition memory: electrophysiological and behavioral evidence.
To clarify the involvement of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory, behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures of recognition were examined in patients with dorsolateral prefrontal lesions. In controls, recognition accuracy and the ERP old-new effect declined with increasing retention intervals. Although frontal patients showed a higher false-alarm rate to new words, their hit rate to old words and ERP old-new effect were intact, suggesting that recognition processes were not fundamentally altered by prefrontal damage. The opposite behavioral pattern was observed in patients with hippocampal lesions: a normal false-alarm rate and a precipitous decline in hit rate at long lags. The intact ERP effect and the change in response bias during recognition suggest that frontal patients exhibited a deficit in strategic processing or postretrieval monitoring, in contrast to the more purely mnemonic deficit shown by hippocampal patients.
Adult↗
Functional neuroanatomy of semantic memory: recognition of semantic associations.
In an effort to examine the functional neuroanatomy of semantic memory, we studied the relative cerebral blood flow of eight healthy young subjects using 15O-water positron emission tomography (PET). Relative to a visual baseline control condition, each of four visual matching-to-sample tasks activated components of the ventral visual processing stream, including the inferior occipital and temporal cortices. Contrasting the task with the highest semantic component, a variation on the Pyramids and Palm Trees paradigm, with a size discrimination task resulted in focal activation in the anterior inferior temporal lobe, focused in the parahippocampal gyrus. There was additional activation in BA47 of the inferior frontal cortex. These data replicate and extend previously reported results using similar paradigms, and are consistent with cognitive neuropsychological models that stress the executive role of BA47 in semantic processing tasks.
Adolescent↗