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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Influence of alcohol use, race, and viral coinfections on spontaneous HCV clearance in a US veteran population.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spontaneously cleared in 15% to 45% of individuals during primary infection. To define the role of alcohol, race, and HBV or HIV coinfections in natural HCV clearance, we examined these parameters in 203 spontaneously HCV-recovered subjects (HCV Ab(+)/RNA(-) subjects without prior antiviral therapy) and 293 chronically HCV-infected patients (HCV Ab(+)/RNA(+)). Subjects were identified from 1,454 HCV antibody-seropositive US veterans tested for HCV RNA between January 2000 and July 2002 at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center. In univariate analysis, alcohol use disorder (odds ratio [OR] 0.52; 95% CI, 0.31-0.85; P =.006) and black race (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.96; P =.024) were both associated with decreased likelihood of spontaneous HCV clearance. In multivariate analyses adjusting for race, HIV infection, age, and alcohol use disorder, alcohol remained strongly associated with reduced HCV clearance (OR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.81; P =.005). In contrast, the association between black race and viral clearance was no longer statistically significant (adjusted OR 0.72; 95% CI, 0.48-1.09; P =.125). HIV coinfection was negatively associated with HCV clearance (OR 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.83; P =.016), while HBV coinfection was positively associated with HCV clearance (unadjusted OR 5.0; 95% CI, 1.26-28.6; P =.008). In conclusion, the likelihood of spontaneous clearance of HCV may be influenced by alcohol and viral coinfections.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, age and race as prognostic factors in determining survival for cancers of the female gynecological system: an analysis of 1973-87 SEER cases of cancers of the endometrium, cervix, ovary, vulva, and vagina.

The prognostic impact of FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, age and race in survival for cancers of the female gynecological (cervix, endometrium, ovary, vulva, vagina) were examined using cases obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program that were diagnosed between 1973 and 1987. Utilizing Cox proportional hazards modeling and relative survival rates analysis of 17,119 cases of cervical cancer indicated that the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histology, histological grade, lymph node status, and age at diagnosis were all independently prognostic. No evidence was found of survival differences between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Younger women were not found to have a poorer prognosis, survival declined with increased age. Analysis of 41,120 cases of endometrial cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, lymph node status, age at diagnostic, and race were all prognostic factors. Clear cell adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and mixed mullerian tumors were all found to have poorer prognosis. Analysis of 21,240 cases of ovarian cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, lymph node status, age at diagnosis, presence of ascites, and race were all prognostically significant. Analysis of 2,575 cases of vulvar cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, age, and race were all prognostically significant. Analysis of 916 cases of vaginal cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histologic grade, lymph node status, and age are all prognostically significant. Additional analysis of the data by combinations of independent prognostic factors indicates that the interaction of factors may be more predictive of outcome than any one factor separately.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Molecular characterization of squalene synthase from the green microalga Botryococcus braunii, race B.

The green microalga Botryococcus braunii produces large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons and is classified into three races, depending on the type of the hydrocarbon produced. The B race produces two types of triterpenoid hydrocarbons, squalene and botryococcene, both of which are putative condensation products of farnesyl diphosphate. In an attempt to better understand the regulation involved in the production of squalene and botryococcene, we have isolated and characterized a squalene synthase (SS) gene from the B race of B. braunii. A 366-bp cDNA fragment was initially obtained from the B race utilizing a reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and degenerate primers based on conserved amino acid sequences found in all SS enzymes. Using this putative SS fragment as a probe, a 2632-bp cDNA clone was isolated from a cDNA library. This cDNA contained an open reading frame coding for a protein with 461 amino acids and a predicted molecular mass of 52.5 kDa. Comparison of the Botryococcus SS (BSS) with SS from different organisms showed 52% identity with Nicotiana tabacum, 51% with Arabidopsis thaliana, 48% with Zea mays, 40% with rat, 39% with yeast, and 26% with Zymomonas mobilis. Expression of full-length and carboxy-terminus truncated BSS cDNA in Escherichia coli resulted in significant levels of bacterial SS enzyme activity but no botryococcene synthase activity. RNA blot hybridization analysis of algal cultures during a culture cycle indicated that BSS gene expression is preferential during rapid growth. Given that the DNA blot analysis indicated only a single copy of the SS gene in the algal genome, these results suggest either that there exists coordinate expression of separate synthase genes for squalene and botryococcene biosynthesis or that there might be unique physiological conditions controlling the SS vs botryococcene synthase activity of a single peptide species.

Algal Proteins↗
PubMed1982

The chromosomes of two Drosophila races: D. nasuta nasuta and D. nasuta albomicana. II. Differences between their microchromosomes.

The microchromosomes of the totally cross fertile Drosophila races, D. nasuta nasuta and D. nasuta albomicana have been studied in metaphase and polytene nuclei. In metaphase the microchromosome of D. n. albomicana is nearly five times longer than the homologous chromosome in D. n. nasuta. As shown by C-banding these length differences are mainly due to a massive addition of heterochromatin to the D. n. albomicana chromosome. In polytene nuclei these striking heterochromatin differences between the microchromosomes of the two Drosophila races cannot be observed. Analysis of the polytene banding pattern shows that the microchromosomes of both races differ by an inversion and by a duplication, present only in D. n. albomicana. the location and orientation of the duplicated regions in D. n. albomicana leads to a specific loop like chromosome configuration. On the basis of these differences within the Drosophila races studied it is assumed that the karyotype of D. n. albomicana is a more recent evolutionary product.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Relationships between postcompetition blood lactate concentration and average running velocity over 100-m and 200-m races.

The relationships between anaerobic glycolysis and average velocity (v) sustained during sprint running were studied in 12 national level male sprinters. A blood sample was obtained within 3 min of the completion of semi-finals and finals in the 100-m and 200-m Cameroon national championships and blood lactate concentration ([la-]b) was measured. The 35-m times were video-recorded. The 100-m and 200-m [la-]b were 8.5 (SD 0.8) and 10.3 (SD 0.8) mmol.l-1, respectively. These were not correlated with the performances. Over 200 m [la-]b was correlated with the v sustained over the last 165 m (r = 0.65, P < 0.05). In the 9 athletes who participated in both the 100-m and 200-m races, the difference between the [la-]b measured at the end of the two races was negatively correlated to the difference in v sustained over the two races (r = 0.76, P > 0.02). Energy expenditure during sprint running was estimated from the [la-]b values. This estimate was mainly based on the assumption that a 1 mmol.l-1 increase in [la-]b corresponds to the energy produced by the utilization of 3.30 ml O2.kg-1. The energy cost of running was estimated at 0.275 (SD 0.02) ml O2.kg-1.m-1 over 200-m and 0.433 (SD 0.03) ml O2.kg-1.m-1 over 100-m races. These results would suggest that at the velocities studied anaerobic glycolysis contributes to at least 55% of the energy expenditure related to spring running. However, the influence of both mechanical factors and the contribution of other energy processes obscure the relationship between [la-]b and performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Race differences in psychological distress: the effects of SES, urbanicity, and measurement strategy.

Studies of race differences in psychological distress show that controls for demographic variables typically attenuate or reverse race differences. Variability in findings is interpreted in terms of the urbanicity of the population studied, the distress dimension considered, and measurement focus upon "presence" or "persistence" of symptoms. Data from 826 Florida residents indicated that race differences in urban and rural samples were generally attenuated by adjustments for SES and age. However, blacks reported significantly more persistent depressive symptoms after adjustment in the rural sample. Implications of these findings for future research on race differences in psychological distress are considered.

Depression↗
PubMed1989

The influence of age, race, and gender on peripheral blood mononuclear-cell subsets in healthy nonsmokers.

To investigate the influence of age, race, and gender on the cellular immune system, we determined T-cell, B-cell, monocyte, natural killer (NK)-cell, and HLA-DR+-cell subsets in 266 nonsmokers from a population-based random sample of healthy adults using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Blacks had a lower total white blood-cell count than whites (P less than or equal to 0.0001), due primarily to a decrease in granulocytes. There was no significant difference in absolute lymphocyte count between blacks and whites. Blacks had a higher proportion of CD19+ cells (Leu 12+ B cells) and a lower proportion of CD3+ cells (OKT3+ T cells) than whites (P less than or equal to 0.01). Female sex and increasing age were independently associated with an increased percentage of CD4+ cells (OKT4A+ helper-inducer T-cell subset), resulting in a higher helper/suppressor ratio among women and older individuals (P less than or equal to 0.05). Black race and increasing age were independently associated with an increased proportion of HLA-DR+ cells (P less than or equal to 0.0001) which was not attributable to B cells or monocytes. No significant age, race, or gender effects were observed for CD14+ cells (Leu M3+ monocytes) or CD16+ cells (Leu 11A+ natural killer cells). These data demonstrate that age, race, and gender are each associated with significant differences in peripheral blood mononuclear-cell subsets. Population-based data such as these provide an important foundation for future design and interpretation of human flow cytometry data.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cardiopulmonary function in bicycle racing over mountainous terrain at moderate altitude.

To examine cardiopulmonary function during exercise in a mountainous region at moderate altitude, we measured cardiac frequency, oxygen consumption (VO2), and percentage arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%SaO2) before and after a bicycle race with a starting point at 638 m and finishing point at 1980 m. The time required to ascend an elevation of 10 m was prolonged with increasing altitude, and heart rate also increased with altitude. The %SaO2 at the starting point and at the finishing point differed significantly (P < 0.01). Faster cyclists exhibited higher %SaO2 and lower VO2, while slower cyclists exhibited a reduction in %SaO2 and an increase in VO2 immediately after the race. The %SaO2 recovery time was significantly correlated with the racing time (r = 0.54, P < 0.001). Therefore, the faster cyclists' oxygen debt upon completion of the race may be small and recovery of cardiopulmonary function may be fast, while the slower cyclists' oxygen debt may be large and recovery of cardiopulmonary function may be slow.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies of systolic mechanics and diastolic behavior of the left ventricle in the trained racing greyhound.

Despite much interest in the effects of exercise on the myocardium, and the need to develop animal models which mimic conditions leading to cardiac hypertrophy, little attention has been focused on the trained racing greyhound. The current study compared two groups of anesthetized trained racing greyhounds (a total of 20 animals, 12 of whom were maintained for serial studies and 8 of whom were sacrificed for anatomic correlations) with 3 detrained greyhounds and 6 comparably sized mongrels. Systemic blood pressures, right and left heart pressures, ventricular mechanics and indices of diastolic behavior were compared. All measured indices of contractility (dp/dt, dp/dtDP40, Vce and Vmax) were lower in trained racing greyhounds than in mongrels although none achieved statistical significance. No significant difference in diastolic behavior was found between trained greyhounds and mongrels. While caution should be applied because of the small numbers of animals and the use of anesthesia, the lower than expected contractility found in trained racing greyhounds may reflect increased parasympathetic tone in the immediate post-training period. The normal diastolic behavior of the trained greyhound left ventricle contrasts to abnormal diastolic behavior found in models of chronic pressure overload.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of the cessation of training on left ventricular function in the racing greyhound. Serial studies in a model of cardiac hypertrophy.

Exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy has been associated with normal resting left ventricular function and, after cessation of training, variable degrees of regression. The racing greyhound is an animal with cardiac hypertrophy said to be part congenital and part exercise-induced. Racing greyhounds underwent serial cardiac catheterization three times during an 8-month period after cessation of racing/training to determine the functional consequences of the cessation of training. At the end of 8 months of inactivity the animals' hearts were excised and weighed in order to compare heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratios with those obtained in a group of racing greyhounds killed within one month, 19 +/- 16 days (mean +/- SD), of the cessation of training. Comparison of HW/BW ratios failed to reveal a significant difference between the serially studied group, 12.1 +/- 1.9 g/kg (mean +/- SD), and the more recently exercising group, 12.7 +/- 1.4 g/kg (mean +/- SD) of dogs. After 2 months of inactivity, 9 of 12 greyhounds in the serially studied group showed increases in max dP/dt and dP/dt normalized to a pressure of 50 mmHg. Modified pre-ejection period and peak negative dP/dt also increased significantly (p less than .004) during this same period. No further changes in these variables were found at the final 8-month study. Our failure to demonstrate a difference in HW/BW ratios between these two groups of dogs suggests that the exercise-induced component of cardiac hypertrophy in the trained racing greyhound is probably very small and, if it exists, regresses very early (less than 1 month). Changes in contractility indices that were observed occurred after this time period (between 1 and 2 months) and are therefore probably not due to regression of cardiac hypertrophy.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Karyotypic races of the common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) from northern Poland.

Karyotypic races of the common shrew which differed with respect to the combinations of chromosome arms in certain 2-armed autosomes were distinguished in Poland. Two eastern races with the arm combination ik, and one western race with the arm combination hi in the third pair of autosomes were established. In the contact area of these chromosomal forms, the fourth karyotypic race with the arm combination hk was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Race-related PTSD: the Asian American Vietnam veteran.

This article presents a conceptual framework by which to understand race-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the Asian American Vietnam veteran. The framework draws from cognitive schema theory, social behaviorism, the notion of cumulative racism as trauma, and the assumption that bifurcation and negation of one's bicultural identity is injurious. Classifications of race-related stress or trauma that may be experienced by Asian American Vietnam veterans, with exemplifying clinical case material, are presented. These types of stressors include being mistaken for Vietnamese, verbal and physical assaults that are race-related, death and near-death experiences that are race-related, racial stigmatization, dissociation from one's Asian identity, and marginalization. As studies of combat trauma and sexual assault forced the psychological stresses attendant to war and sexist oppression into public consciousness, so this article addresses psychological stress and trauma attendant to racism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Importance of race on breast cancer survival.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer survival has been shown to be significantly less among black women than white women. The reason for this difference in survival is unclear. METHODS: Data were obtained retrospectively on 439 women seen between 1985 and 1993 based on a detailed chart audit. The impact of race and several known prognostic factors on overall survival, time to relapse, and survival after relapse were studied. RESULTS: Black women with breast cancer were found to have a greater risk of recurrence, shorter overall survival, and shorter survival after relapse than did white women. Black patients were found to be younger and have higher stage of disease and lower hormone receptor levels than were white patients. After adjustment for menopausal status and disease stage, a significant independent effect of race was observed on overall survival but not risk of recurrence. In multivariate analysis, a significant interaction was observed between race and age in some models. Survival after recurrence of disease was lower among black than white women after adjustment for menopausal status and estrogen receptor level. CONCLUSION: Black women experience shorter survival times than do white women, including a shorter survival time after disease recurrence. Breast cancer in black women is associated with younger age, higher stage at presentation, and low hormone receptor levels. After adjustment for known prognostic factors, race remains a significant independent predictor of breast cancer survival.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Race, resource use, and survival in seriously ill hospitalized adults. The SUPPORT Investigators.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between patient race and hospital resource use. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Five geographically diverse teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: Patients were 9,105 hospitalized adults with one of nine illnesses associated with an average 6-month mortality of 50%. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Measures of resource use included: a modified version of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS); performance of any of five procedures (operation, dialysis, pulmonary artery catheterization, endoscopy, and bronchoscopy); and hospital charges, adjusted by the Medicare cost-to-charge ratio per cost center at each participating hospital. The median patient age was 65; 79% were white, 16% African-American, 3% Hispanic, and 2% other races; 47% died within 6 months. After adjusting for other sociodemographic factors, severity of illness, functional status, and study site, African-Americans were less likely to receive any of five procedures on study day 1 and 3 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60, 0.81). In addition, African-Americans had lower TISS scores on study day 1 and 3 (OR -1.8; 95% CI-1.3, -2.4) and lower estimated costs of hospitalization (OR (-)$2,805; 95% CI (-)$1,672, (-)$3,883). Results were similar after adjustment for patients' preferences and physicians' prognostic estimates. Differences in resource use were less marked after adjusting for the specialty of the attending physician but remained significant. In a subset analysis, cardiologists were less likely to care for African-Americans with congestive heart failure (p < .001), and cardiologists used more resources (p < .001). After adjustment for other sociodemographic factors, severity of illness, functional status, and study site, survival was slightly better for African-American patients (hazard ratio 0.91; 95% CI 0.84, 0.98) than for white or other race patients. CONCLUSIONS: Seriously ill African-Americans received less resource-intensive care than other patients after adjustment for other sociodemographic factors and for severity of illness. Some of these differences may be due to differential use of subspecialists. The observed differences in resource use were not associated with a survival advantage for white or other race patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Measurement of glut-1 expression using tissue microarrays to determine a race specific prognostic marker for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: African-American women (AAW) have more adverse tumor characteristics than non-African American women (non-AAW) and there is a need for a specific predictive marker for AAW recurrence. Tumors with higher grade and proliferative activity are associated with overexpression of the glucose transporter (Glut-1). An examination of Glut-1 expression relative to recurrence and no recurrence was conducted on both groups to determine if it predicts prognosis and could predict a race specific prognosis. METHODS: A breast cancer data set containing clinical information including race and biological characteristics was generated between 1991 and 1996. Tissue samples were selected from this group with similar characteristics in both racial groups for a retrospective analysis of Glut-1 expression using tissue microarrays (TMAs). Mean Glut-1 expression for intensity and percent of tumor cells staining was determined using standard immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Clinical and biological differences were noted in the original data set between AAW and non-AAW. No significant difference between races was noted in mean Glut-1 values using a subset which had similar characteristics. The mean Glut-1 did not predict recurrence but a rounded score did indicate that higher levels of Glut-1 expression was indicative of a lower disease free survival (p = 0.063). The actual average mean for AAW with no recurrence was significantly lower than any other group (p = 0.04). Conclusions. TMA analysis for Glut-1 expression may be useful to predict disease free survival but it does not predict race specific recurrence.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1988

A study of race matching between donor and recipient in corneal transplantation.

We investigated the influence of a racial match or mismatch between the corneal donor and recipient on the risk of endothelial rejection and subsequent graft failure in 998 corneal transplant recipients. Actuarial survival analysis showed no significant difference in the cumulative risk of endothelial rejection between the 676 race-matched and 322 race-mismatched recipients. Recipients who had preoperative factors that placed them at a higher risk of endothelial rejection (n = 208) also were not subject to a higher incidence of endothelial rejection if they received race-mismatched tissue. Graft failure after endothelial rejection was not found to differ among race-matched or -mismatched groups.

Black People↗
PubMed1977

Relationship of advanced atherosclerosis lesions to fibrous plaques in 19 location-race groups.

Aortas and coronary arteries from 23,000 autopsies of 19 location-race groups (L/R) were graded for % surface fatty streaks (FS), fibrous plaques (FP) and advanced lesions (AL = calcified, hemorrhagic, ulcerated, or thrombotic). Cases were classed by age (24-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-69), sex, L/R, broad cause of death category (C/D; athero = related to atherosclerosis; basal = all other), and % surface raised lesions (RL = FP + AL). AL was converted to "advanced among lesions" (AaR = AL divided RL) because AaR was found on the average within each subgroup of subjects to hold a nearly constant ratio to RL (i.e. AaR : RL = K, an empirical constant). This ratio was different for each age (older greater than younger), C/D (athero greater than basal), and sex (M greater than F) subgroup and for coronary vs. aorta, thus requiring 5 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 40 values of K to describe the pools of subjects. The values of K were essentially same for all 19 location-race groups. If it be assumed that advanced lesions arise only be evolution from fibrous plaques, then the speed of this evolution up to each specified age is measured by K, in the sense that at a particular age larger K implies faster evolution. On the average, the rate of evolution in this sense was found to be the same in all location-race groups. Within groups a large variability of K among individuals was found, and this variation remains unexplained. However, across location-race boundaries no such variability was found, and this implies that the magnitude of K is not under control of geographically variable factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Race and socio-economic status in survival from breast cancer.

The survival data on 515 white and 388 black female breast cancer patients seen at the Medial College of Virginia between 1968 and 1977 were analyzed to study the effect of age, stage and race on survival prognosis. For a subset of the data representing patients from the city of Richmond (117 white and 206 black), socio-economic status (SES) information was generated on the basis of six predictors of SES and, in addition, the role of social class was studied. Each of these factors has a significant association with survival time. In particular, the probability of surviving a given length of time after diagnosis is ordered according to the socio-economic level and the statistical test for dose response show a highly significant directional relationship. Age and stage do not explain the difference in survival between the two races. Race and SES are highly associated; a higher proportion of blacks than whites come from the lower end of the socio-economic scale. Moreover, the racial difference in survival becomes insignificant when it is adjusted for the distribution of socio-economic levels. This suggests that the observed difference in breast cancer survival between blacks and whites is, to a large extent, due to the difference between the two races with respect to the distribution of socio-economic status.

Adult↗