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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Folding funnels and binding mechanisms.

The long-held views on lock-and-key versus induced fit in binding arose from the notion that a protein exists in a single, most stable conformation, dictated by its sequence. However, in solution proteins exist in a range of conformations, which may be described by statistical mechanical laws and their populations follow statistical distributions. Upon binding, the equilibrium will shift in favor of the bound conformation from the ensemble of conformations around the bottom of the folding funnel. Hence here we extend the implications and the usefulness of the folding funnel concept to explain fundamental binding mechanisms.

Peptides↗
PubMed2005

Minor illness and injury: factors influencing attendance at a paediatric accident and emergency department.

AIMS: To gather information on children with minor illness or injury presenting to a paediatric accident and emergency (A&E) department and the decision making process leading to their attendance. METHODS: Prospective questionnaire based survey of 465 children selected by systematic sampling from A&E attenders allocated to the lowest triage category. RESULTS: The study population was statistically representative of the total population of A&E attenders. The lower deprivation categories were over represented. Educational attainment, childcare experience, and parental coping skills were important in relation to A&E attendance. More children attended with injury as opposed to illness. There were no significant demographic differences between those children who presented directly to A&E and those who made prior contact with a GP. Just under half the study population had made contact with a general practitioner (GP) before attending A&E. The majority of those children were directly referred to A&E at that point. GPs referred equivalent numbers of children with illness and injury. CONCLUSIONS: Parents and GPs view paediatric A&E departments as an appropriate place to seek treatment for children with minor illness or injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of the HLA-DQ alpha alleles and genotypes in a sample of a population from Barcelona (Spain).

Allele and genotype frequencies at the HLA-DQ alpha locus were determined by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the reverse dot blot format. 6 HLA-DQ alpha alleles and 21 genotypes were detected among the 178 unrelated individuals from Barcelona. A fair agreement was found between observed and expected numbers assuming a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The Barcelona population is statistically similar to the Finnish population, but differs significantly from the Japanese, Black and Caucasoid series.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

The impact of bird populations on the microbiological quality of bathing waters.

To ensure optimum quality at Bathing Waters, the control of diffuse sources of bacterial contamination is receiving increasing attention. As part of an initiative to improve the quality of the EU designated bathing waters on the Fylde Coast (North West England), a project was undertaken to quantify the faecal indicator load from birds and assess the significance on water quality. High bird counts are encountered on the Fylde Coast with gulls, feral pigeons and starlings being prominent. The piers at Blackpool make an attractive roost for starlings with numbers peaking at over 30,000 in late summer. Systematic recording of bird numbers and locations was undertaken during 2001/2. Estimates were also made of the daily faecal organism production by the different species. The spatial distribution of faecal organisms from the bird population was statistically linked to synoptic water quality data. This allowed estimates to be made of the contribution from birds to the faecal pollution load at the bathing waters. The work confirmed a statistically significant link between bird populations and water quality with a marked seasonal bias.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Use of provider delivered complementary and alternative therapies in Hawai'i: results of the Hawai'i Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: Provider delivered complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used increasingly as a treatment option. Nevertheless, data related to the prevalence of provider delivered CAM (or PDCAM) use in diverse racial and ethnic populations is limited. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the use of provider delivered CAM in Hawaiian, Asian, and other Pacific Island populations in Hawai'i. The investigation was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a significant difference existed in the use of provider delivered CAM in Hawai'i because of the cultural diversity existing within the population. METHODS: The data were collected through the Hawai'i Health Survey (HHS). The HHS was administered by telephone among 5,000 stratified, randomly selected households, representing each of the Hawaiian Islands. Data were collected on all members of sample households. The sample population was statistically adjusted to represent the population of Hawai'i. RESULTS: Several factors emerged that may indicate increased use of provider delivered CAM. Most provider delivered CAM users are more educated, have incomes 200% or more above the poverty line, and reported either good or very good health status. Among respondents with poor health status, 60.4% have used provider delivered CAM. Those with a body mass index indicating that they were overweight also reported a high level of provider delivered CAM use (51.4%). Similar percentages of both women and men use provider delivered CAM, while the youngest and oldest respondents reported the least use of provider delivered CAM. Whites (60.0%) and Koreans (56.6%) reported the highest percentage of use of provider delivered CAM, while African Americans (35.5%) and Filipinos (37. 1%) reported the lowest percentage. The majority of people without health insurance report provider delivered CAM use (53. 7%). The highest portion of people who have usedanyalternative health care service is found among those whose pain severely interferes with normal work (78.3%). CONCLUSIONS The use of provider delivered CAM was found to be significantly greater in Hawaii compared with the mainland. Our results suggest the need for additional investigation of provider delivered CAM use in specific ethnic subpopulations.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

On investigating the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm by computer simulation. Counterconclusions to those of Tateno and Nei.

Goodman et al.'s (1974) populous path algorithm for estimating hidden mutational change in protein evolution is designed to be used as an adjunct to the maximum parsimony method. When the algorithm is so used, the augmented maximum parsimony distances, far from being overestimates, are underestimates of the actual number of nucleotide substitutions which occur in Tateno and Nei's (1978) computer simulation by the Poisson process model, even when the simulation is carried out at two and a half times the sequence density. Although underestimates, our evidence shows that they are nevertheless more accurate than estimates obtained by a Poisson correction. In the maximum parsimony reconstruction, there is a bias towards overrepresenting the number of shared nucleotide identities between adjacent ancestral and descendant nodal sequences with the bias being stronger in those portions of the evolutionary tree sparser in sequence data. Because of this particular property of maximum parsimony reconstructed sequences, the conclusions of Tateno and Nei concerning the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm are invalid. We conclude that estimates of protein evolutionary rates by the maximum parsimony--populous path approach will become more accurate rather than less as larger numbers of closely related species are included in the analysis.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A spreadsheet for AIDS: estimating heterosexual injection drug user population size from AIDS statistics in San Francisco.

A single-page computer spreadsheet can be used to back-calculate the size of the population at risk from the reported number of AIDS cases and HIV seropositivity levels for that population. However, Cohen (1988:35) has cautioned that "this method requires some heroic assumptions, and is, therefore, fraught with difficulty." Slight variations in the definition of AIDS, in the progression rate, and in reported seropositivity rates used as data in the spreadsheet can make enormous differences in the results obtained through back-calculation. Despite the limitations of the method, an estimate of the possible size of the IDU population can be derived from back-calculation, with careful consideration of ethnographic realities taken into account. In San Francisco, the present authors believe that there were approximately 13,000 heterosexual IDUs as of the end of 1989. Further demographic divisions by ethnicity, age, sex, and even neighborhood could be made using the same techniques, if AIDS cases and seropositivity levels could be obtained for each variable. Table II predicts a cumulative 705 AIDS diagnoses among San Francisco heterosexual IDUs by the end of 1993, or nearly six times as many as reported through 1988. This prediction is based on an assumption of 2.5% seroconversion per year (1989-1993) and on modest progression-rate increments of 5%, 5%, 4%, 3%, and 3% in the eleventh through fifteenth years after HIV infection. Thus, it shows the magnitude of the epidemic that San Francisco will shortly face and emphasizes the need to act vigorously to prevent further HIV contagion among IDUs as well as from them to their heterosexual partners (drug using or not).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Impact of new population estimates on health and vital statistics.

Changes in Statistics Canada's annual population estimates, introduced in 1993, have an impact on a wide range of social, economic and demographic indicators. Any indicator that relies on population estimates will be affected by the new figures. This article describes the adjustment and examines its impact on health and vital statistics rates. With rare exceptions, all rates decrease as the denominators are adjusted upward. For example, accident rates, suicide rates, and age-specific fertility rates based on the adjusted population are lower than those previously calculated. The extent of the adjustment, however, depends on the geographic and demographic characteristics of the population at risk. Analysts whose work concentrates on special subgroups for whom the adjustment is particularly great (such as young adult men) may wish to pay closer attention to the new population figures. Although the new rates are lower than before, underlying trends and patterns over time or across subcategories are quite similar. The revised series incorporates estimates of net census undercoverage, and for the first time, includes non-permanent residents. In 1991, net census undercoverage and non-permanent residents together amounted to about one million persons, or 3.6% of the revised Canadian population of 28,120,100.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Random amplified polymorphic DNA of mosquito species and populations (Diptera: Culicidae): techniques, statistical analysis, and applications.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method is described for the identification and differentiation of mosquito species and populations. The method, described first by Williams et al. (1990), employs single 10 base-long primers of arbitrary DNA sequence and results in the amplification of random segments of DNA known as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We wished to determine if RAPD of mosquito DNA could be used for the differentiation of species and populations, identification of unknown specimens, and the reconstruction of phylogeny. RAPD of mosquito DNA results in the amplification of a series of DNA fragments of varying length. Most amplified fragments are unique to an individual; however, our data indicated that in each of the five species of Aedes examined, some fragments are species-specific and are present in all individuals of that species. This enabled us to derive a diagnostic profile for each of the five species. A nearest-neighbor analysis of all the amplified DNA fragments discriminated among species on a multivariate basis. Several individuals of Aedes albopictus (Skuse), included in the analysis as "unknowns," were correctly identified as belonging to Ae. albopictus. UPGMA clustering of presence-absence data enabled the separation of different Aedes species as well as different populations of Ae. albopictus. The entomological applications of RAPD include the construction of diagnostic profiles for species identification and differentiation among conspecific populations.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CAN'T MISS--conquer any number task by making important statistics simple. Part 2. Probability, populations, samples, and normal distributions.

Healthcare quality improvement professionals need to understand and use inferential statistics to interpret sample data from their organizations. In quality improvement and healthcare research studies all the data from a population often are not available, so investigators take samples and make inferences about the population by using inferential statistics. This three-part series will give readers an understanding of the concepts of inferential statistics as well as the specific tools for calculating confidence intervals for samples of data. This article, Part 2, describes probability, populations, and samples. The uses of descriptive and inferential statistics are outlined. The article also discusses the properties and probability of normal distributions, including the standard normal distribution.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Large-scale screening for factor V Leiden mutation in a north-eastern German population.

Preliminary epidemiological data showed a high but varying prevalence of factor V Leiden mutation in various European populations. To analyze population differences statistically and generate reliable evaluation criteria for morbidity estimates, large numbers of unselected probands from different populations have to be tested. A convenient, efficient, reliable and cost efficient method for large-scale screening of factor V Leiden mutation has been developed using capillary blood samples soaked onto filter paper cards for the detection of mutations by heteroduplex analysis. Screening 1,628 alleles of a north-eastern German population by this procedure revealed an allele frequency of 3.56% (carrier rate 7.12%) which is significantly higher than those published for Italy and the Netherlands. Differences in allele frequencies compared to other European populations could statistically not be proved based on the small size of the published samples.

Alleles↗