Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Polydipsia”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Hyperalgesic response to noxious stimulation in genetically polydipsic mice.

Inbred mice, STR/N, are known to exhibit extreme polydipsia and polyuria but no abnormality in the response to exogenous vasopressin (AVP) and renal functions. Our previous studies have revealed that the brain opioid system is involved in the polydipsia of these mice. We here report that the STR/N mice show a decrease in the nociceptive threshold and a low, anti-nociceptive sensitivity to opioid receptors agonists. The paw-withdrawal latency (PWL) on a hot-plate in the STR/N mice was significantly shorter than that in their controls (BALB/c and C3H mice). This hyperalgesia was not affected by water restriction. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of morphine (5 mg/kg) and a kappa-opioid receptor agonist, U50,488H (16 mg/kg) had no effect on the PWL in the STR/N mice, whereas the control mice prolonged PWL after administration of the opioids. However, the STR/N mice gained the ability to show morphine analgesia after up-regulation of the opioid system by repeated administration of naltrexone (s.c., 5 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. The results suggest that the anti-nociceptive function of the opioid system is down-regulated in STR/N mice as is observed in chronic morphine-treated animals.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1982

Familial Bartter's syndrome and the effect of indomethacin in one family member.

A Japanese family in which a father, daughter and son had hypokalemia and hyperreninemia was investigated. Both father and daughter had reduced vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II; in addition, the daughter had juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia and dwarf glomeruli. These features are consistent with Bartter's syndrome occurring in 2 successive generations in 1 family. The 12-year-old girl had growth retardation in spite of normal growth hormone secretion. No chromosomal abnormalities were found. Indomethacin administration to this patient in doses sufficient to reduce urinary prostaglandin excretion resulted in a marked improvement of polydipsia and polyuria, and an increase in serum sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. Even though plasma aldosterone concentrations were reduced to within the normal range, serum potassium concentrations remained low, and plasma renin activity (PRA) remained elevated. Thus it is not likely that hypokalemia is induced only by aldosteronism. These results suggest that prostaglandins are the major determinant of polydipsia, polyuria and high plasma aldosterone levels and contribute to the hypokalemia observed in this patient. However, the failure of complete correction of the hypokalemia and the persistence of the raised PRA with a significant reduction of the prostaglandins suggest the possibility that additional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reduced interleukin-1 responsiveness in immune system and central nervous system of inbred polydipsic (STR/N) mice.

Inbred polydipsic mice (STR/N strain) have primary polydipsia. The previous studies found abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the hypothalamus and circumventricular organ. As a part of pursuing to find the cause of the polydipsia, we investigated immunological characteristics of STR/N mice, using the ICR strain of mice as control. Their thymic subset cells showed that CD4+CD8+ double positive cells were increased, CD4+ single positive cells were decreased and CD5 expression was deficient, compared to ICR mice. T cell proliferative response and interleukin (IL)-2 production caused by IL-1beta stimulation were reduced in STR/N mice than those in the ICR mice. In in vivo studies the degree of thymic atrophy and the increases in serum level of ACTH and corticosterone induced by intraperitoneal IL-1beta injection were much less in STR/N mice than those in controls. Furthermore, adipsic response also induced by IL-1beta injection was greatly reduced compared to their control mice. All these results suggest that the responsiveness to IL-1 is impaired both in the immune system and the CNS of STR/N mice.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2000

Lewis/Fischer rat strain differences in endocrine and behavioural responses to environmental challenge.

The Lewis (LEW) and Fischer (F344) rat strains provide a comparative model of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in which LEW is relatively hypoactive at homeostasis and hyporeactive to environmental challenge. The present study describes a comparison of LEW and F344 rats, males and females, in terms of their corticosterone (CORT) or behavioural responses to a range of behavioural tasks, where each of the tasks used contains a stressor component and has been demonstrated to be sensitive to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and/or CORT manipulation: acoustic startle response (ASR), elevated plus maze, schedule-induced polydipsia, and fear-conditioned suppression of drinking. Our aim was to determine to what extent the LEW trait of HPA axis hyporesponsiveness is associated with strain differences in behavioural responsiveness to environmental challenge. As expected, young (2-3 months)-mature (5-10 months) LEW males and females exhibited a lesser CORT response to restraint and novel confinement than did F344 males and females, although in old adulthood (18 months) the CORT stress response was equable in LEW/F344 males and actually higher in LEW than in F344 females. In young-mature adults, the ASR was greater in LEW males than in the other groups; all groups spent a low proportion of time on the open arms of the elevated plus maze; polydipsia was greater in F344 females than in the other groups; and fear-conditioned suppression of drinking was greater in F344 males and females than in LEW males and females. Therefore, relative hyporeactivity of the HPA axis in LEW rats is clearly not associated with uniform behavioural hyporeactivity, including CRF-dependent behaviours. Rather, this study suggests further evidence that environmental reactivity reflects a number of distinct emotional states and underlying neural circuits.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Influence of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, SB-242084, in tests of anxiety.

The 5-HT2C antagonist SB-242084 was examined in various anxiety tests at doses based on reversal of mCPP-induced hypoactivity (0.1--3 mg/kg ip). In the elevated plus-maze task, SB-242084 exhibited signs of anxiolysis (time spent, distance travelled, and entries into open arms), but this was potentially confounded by its general increase of locomotion; alprazolam selectively affected open-arm parameters. In a Geller--Seifter conflict test, SB-242084 produced a modest, nonsignificant increase in punished responding compared to the significant effect produced by diazepam. None of the treatments significantly affected unpunished responding. In the conditioned emotional response (CER) test, SB-242084 produced an increase in the suppression ratio (SR, smaller than diazepam). Since this 5-HT2C antagonist also increased lever pressing, an additional test was conducted with amphetamine that stimulated lever pressing but, nonetheless, failed to produce any change in SR. In the fear-potentiated startle task, SB-242084 was inactive in comparison to a significant effect of diazepam. The previously described reduction of schedule-induced polydipsia by fluoxetine and 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro60-0175 was attenuated by SB-242084 pretreatment, however, the latter compound exhibited a potent increase in polydipsia when given alone. The present results demonstrate an anxiolytic potential of SB-242084, as well as an intrinsic response-enhancing property, however, both of these effects are task dependent.

Aminopyridines↗
PubMed1994

Multiple manifestations of renovascular hypertension.

We report a case of hyponatremia, polyuria-polydipsia, hypokalemia, nephrotic syndrome, and hypertension caused by unilateral renal ischemia, and the resolution after nephrectomy of the ischemic kidney. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis seems to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of these features. Mechanisms by which angiotensin II, hypokalemia, and proteinuria can affect salt and water balances, and the role of angiotensin II as a cause of heavy proteinuria are discussed. Renovascular hypertension should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and polyuria-polydipsia.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Increase of vasopressin mRNA in the hypothalamus of inbred polydipsic mice.

The genetically inbred polydipsic mice, STR/N strain, are characterized by extreme polydipsia and polyuria without arginine vasopressin (AVP) deficiency. The expression of AVP gene in the hypothalamus of polydipsic and non-polydipsic mice was examined by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Northern blot analysis revealed that the total amount of AVP mRNA in the hypothalamus of the STR/N mice was approximately three-fold of that in the control, ICR mice. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed that the signals of AVP mRNA in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the STR/N were stronger than those in the ICR. Although AVP gene transcripts were detected in the anteroventral parts of the PVN (avPVN) in the STR/N, there was a few AVP transcripts in the same area (avPVN) in the ICR. There were no differences in plasma osmolality and hematocrit between STR/N and ICR mice. These results suggest that upregulation of AVP mRNA in the hypothalamus of STR/N may be involved in the central mechanism responsible for the polydipsia in genetically polydipsic mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and tethered cord syndrome with a lipoma of the cauda equina.

The tethered cord syndrome is characterized by sensory and motor disturbances of the lower extremities and incontinence. We report a 12-year-old girl with a cauda equina lipoma and a tethered spinal cord, whose chief complaints were polyuria and polydipsia. She was diagnosed as having nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. This unusual complication of the tethered cord syndrome was most likely due to a hydronephrosis secondary to a neurogenic bladder. Thus, spinal lesions have to be considered in patients with polyuria and polydipsia.

Cauda Equina↗
PubMed1999

[Early hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis: two cases in a family].

BACKGROUND: Hypomagnesemia-hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis is a rare inherited syndrome which is characterized by persistent hypomagnesemia despite supplementation, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis and progressive renal failure. OBSERVATIONS: Case 1. A girl was referred at the age of 18 months because of polyuria, polydipsia and vitamin-resistant rickets. There was hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria and mild renal insufficiency; ultrasonography showed nephrocalcinosis. For two years, she received hydrochlorothiazide and the course of the disease was marked by a significant reduction of urine output and hypercalciuria, recurrent urinary tract infections and a progression toward chronic renal failure. Case 2. The brother of this child was investigated at the age of nine months because of polyuria and polydipsia. He also had hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Renal function was initially normal. After two years on continuous treatment with hydrochlorothiazide, hypercalciuria decreased without deterioration of renal function. No signs of rickets were noted and nephrocalcinosis remained stable. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, these two patients are the youngest reported in the literature. The long-term deterioration of renal function is hazardous but rickets may be avoided by early administration of hydrochlorothiazide.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1997

Behavioral analysis of drinking behaviors in polydipsic patients with chronic schizophrenia.

The authors describe drinking and voiding behaviors that differentiate between psychiatric patients with polydipsia and patient controls. Observations of 9 polydipsic patients and 6 controls were conducted for 153 hr and had high interrater reliability. Polydipsic patients drank 3 times as frequently, ingesting 5 times as much fluid as the controls. They voided 4 times as often, eliminated 5 times as much urine, and evidenced greater diurnal weight shifts. A higher bout frequency and a shorter time interval between drinks differentiated polydipsic patients from controls, whereas amount drunk per bout and rate of drinking were similar across groups. The authors' findings have implications for improving detection of polydipsia, understanding its neurobiology, and developing more efficacious behavioral interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Water-intake volume regulation in the rat: schedule-induced drinking compared with water-deprivation-induced drinking.

Hungry rats drink extremely large amounts of water when they are intermittently fed small amount of food (schedule-induced polydipsia). Are such animals motivated to drink for long durations, to ingest large amounts of fluid, or to do both? When drinking-tube apertures were decreased to slow the rate of water ingestion, each of eight rats spent more time drinking (M = 11.5 min) than when larger apertures were used (M = 7.8 min). The mean volumes ingested were not different. These equal volumes were generated by adjustment of each drink duration in accordance with ingestion rate even during the first few drinks of the sessioons, even when the drinking tubes were frequently switched (every 1-3 min) during the sessions. During drinking induced by water deprivation when food was concurrently available, restriction of the driking-tube apertures reduced intake volumes by 18%-19%. However, when food was not concurrently available during water-deprivation-induced driking, regulation of intake volumes was comparable with that found during schedule-induced polydipsia. These data pose difficulties for theories that ascribe a crucial role to the motor aspects of schedule-induced drinking.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Hypertension with mineralocorticoid administration to the Long-Evans rat.

1. The Carworth Long-Evans rat has been reported to develop adrenal-regeneration hypertension but not deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension. Deficiency of a hypothalamic receptor for deoxycorticosterone which mediates saline polydipsia has been postulated to underlie this resistance. Since a mineralocorticoid etiology for adrenal-regeneration hypertension has been postulated and all mineralocorticoids are thought to act on common receptors, these previous reports are difficult to reconcile. 2. To determine if an absolute or relative resistance to mineralocorticoids is present, Charles River Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats were given 40 mg (107 micromol) of DOCA pellets/rat or 250 microgrms (0.65 micromol) of 2 alpha-methyl-9-alpha-fluorocortisol/day subcutaneously. 3. Saline polydipsia occurred with both steroids with both rat strains, though significantly less with the Long-Evans rats. Both types of rats became hypertensive and developed cardiac and renal enlargement with both steroids. Hypertension developed more rapidly with 2 alpha-methyl-9 alpha-fluorocortisol. 4. Thus mineralocorticoid hypertension can be produced in the Charles River Long-Evans rat, and the development of adrenal-regeneration hypertension in this rat strain is not incompatible with a mineralocorticoid etiology for adrenal-regeneration hypertension.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2001

Differential diagnosis of polyuric/polydipsic syndromes with the aid of urinary vasopressin measurement in adults.

OBJECTIVE: A water deprivation test or a hypertonic saline infusion test with the measurement of plasma osmolality and plasma vasopressin are the gold standard tests in the differential diagnosis of polyuric syndromes. Because commercially available vasopressin kits are too insensitive for this approach, and the concentration of vasopressin in urine is much higher than in plasma, urinary vasopressin measurements may be an alternative to the more difficult plasma vasopressin measurement. DESIGN: The diagnostic value of the measurement of urinary vasopressin with a rather insensitive commercially available vasopressin kit was compared with plasma vasopressin measurement by a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen normal subjects and 27 patients with polyuria/polydipsia were examined by an 8-h fluid deprivation test. In all blood samples (0800 h, 1200 h, 1400 h and 1600 h) and in all urine collections (2-hourly fractions), osmolality as well as vasopressin were measured. RESULTS: Using plasma vasopressin measurement with a highly sensitive RIA as gold standard test, nine patients were classified as having primary polydipsia, whereas 18 had partial or complete cranial diabetes insipidus. Whereas the substitution of plasma vasopressin measurement by urinary vasopressin measurement alone did not provide 100% separation between both groups, the product of urinary vasopressin and urinary osmolality related to plasma osmolality completely separated the patients with primary polydipsia from those with diabetes insipidus. Urinary measurement of vasopressin and osmolality alone, which was recommended as a noninvasive diagnostic procedure in children, was too insensitive for exact differential diagnosis in our adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous measurement of plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality in a dehydration test is the most powerful diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of polyuria/polydipsia. However, if highly sensitive assays for plasma vasopressin measurements are not available, the measurement of urinary vasopressin with commercially available, less sensitive RIAs may be a diagnostic alternative, which showed nearly the same sensitivity as plasma vasopressin measurement in our study population.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Identification and monitoring of disordered water balance: bioelectrical impedance analysis as an alternative to the target weight procedure.

Many psychiatric patients present with disorders of water balance manifested by polydipsia or polyuria. Multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) was investigated as a suitable method for the assessment of body water in such patients. Whole body bioelectrical impedance, total body water and extracellular water and serum sodium were measured in 10 chronic psychiatric inpatients with polydipsia. Fluid volumes predicted by MFBIA correlated significantly (P < 0.002) with those obtained by reference methods but the relatively high limits of agreement (2.2 L) suggest that the method is not yet sufficiently accurate for random screening purposes. However, owing to the simplicity and non-invasive nature of the technique, it warrants further investigation and development, particularly for routine patient monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Single local instillation of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan prevents diabetes-induced impaired wound healing.

Diabetes-induced impaired wound healing is characterized by inhibition of the inflammatory response to wounding, macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, reparative collagen accumulation, and wound breaking strength. Because all of these processes are accelerated in normal rats by a single local application at operation of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan, we hypothesized that S. aureus peptidoglycan would prevent diabetes-induced impaired wound healing, despite persistent, untreated hyperglycemia, polydipsia, glycosuria, and polyuria. Sprague- Dawley male rats were divided into two groups. One group received an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) in citrate solution; the other group received an intraperitoneal injection of an equivalent volume of citrate solution. Seventeen days after the injections, the diabetic and control rats received aseptically two 5.5-cm paravertebral incisions and subcutaneous implantation of six polyvinyl alcohol sponges, three on each side. On one side, each sponge contained 0.5 mg S. aureus peptidoglycan in 50 microliter saline solution, and the incision was inoculated along its length with 4.7 mg S. aureus peptidoglycan in 157 microliter saline solution (860 microgram/S. aureus peptidoglycan/cm incision); on the other side, the same respective volumes of saline were used. During the preoperative and postoperative periods, diabetic rats lost a small amount of weight (2%), were hyperglycemic (363 +/- 10 mg/100 ml blood), polydipsic, glycosuric, and polyuric, whereas the controls gained weight (25%) and were normoglycemic (104 +/- 5 mg/100 ml blood); these differences were significantly different (p <.001 in each case). In controls, S. aureus peptidoglycan inoculation increased wound breaking strength (by a factor of 2.0) and hydroxyproline content (by a factor of 1.4; p <.001 in each case); in diabetics, there were significant decreases in wound breaking strength (by a factor of 1.7) and hydroxyproline content (by a factor of 1.3) of saline solution-inoculated incisions and sponges compared with the wound breaking strength and hydroxyproline content of saline solution-inoculated incisions and sponges in controls (p <.02 and p <.001, respectively). These decreases were completely prevented when the incisions and polyvinyl alcohol sponges had been inoculated at operation with S. aureus peptidoglycan; S. aureus peptidoglycan inoculation in the diabetic rats increased wound breaking strength by a factor of 2.2 and sponge reparative tissue hydroxyproline by a factor of 1.6 (p <.001 in each case). Thus, diabetes-induced impaired wound healing was prevented completely by a single local instillation at operation of S. aureus peptidoglycan, despite persistent, untreated hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, and glycosuria.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Islet cell antibodies and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, but not the clinical phenotype, help to identify type 1(1/2) diabetes in patients presenting with type 2 diabetes.

This study was undertaken to determine which type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies and what clinical characteristics are most useful to identify patients with type 1(1/2) diabetes. We studied 125 patients, recently diagnosed clinically with type 2 diabetes for the presence of islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase(GADAb), and IA-2a (IA-2Ab). Patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who met all of the following criteria at diagnosis were studied: age > or = 30 years, no history of ketonuria or ketoacidosis, and not requiring insulin treatment. Thirty-six patients (29%) were positive for at least 1 antibody. Thirty-two (26%) were ICA positive and 20 (16%) GADAb positive. Insulin autoantibodies and IA-2Ab occurred less frequently in 2 (1.6%) and 8 (6.4%) patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in the ages at diagnosis between the Ab(+) and Ab(-) patients, age in years (range) 47.2 (32 to 64) versus 51.2 (31 to 77), respectively, P =.06. Body mass index (BMI) was different in the 2 groups, with Ab(+) patients being less obese, BMI (range) 28.3 kg/m(2) (17.6 to 54.9) versus 32.0 kg/m(2) (19.2 to 68.8), respectively, P =.01. Clinical presentation of diabetes was more commonly symptomatic with polyuria and polydipsia in Ab(+) patients, while in Ab(-) patients, diagnosis was more often incidental, P =.002. However, more than 95% of patients overlapped in both age and BMI irrespective of antibody status. Similarly, 42% of Ab(+) patients had their diabetes diagnosed incidentally, while 29% of Ab(-) patients presented with polyuria and polydipsia. We therefore conclude that screening with antibodies, mainly ICA and GAD, but not age, BMI, or clinical presentation should be used to identify type 1(1/2) diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Autoimmune hypophysitis--two case reports].

HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: Two young female patients presented with polyuria and polydipsia. In one patient we additionally found idiopathic vitiligo, there were no relevant previous diseases. The gynaecological history was unremarkable. INVESTIGATIONS: In both cases a water deprivation test confirmed the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus, the MRI investigation of the pituitary region showed a prominent and thickened pituitary stalk. DIAGNOSIS: After exclusion of a systemic granulomatous inflammation we diagnosed an autoimmune hypophysitis based on the typical morphological lesions of the pituitary gland and stalk. TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP: High-dose glucocorticoid therapy was without any beneficial effect on the central diabetes insipidus. Desmopressin treatment was initiated and led to a normalization of the pre-existing polyuria and polydipsia. CONCLUSION: Autoimmune hypophysitis is a very rare disease and the diagnosis is mostly achieved by excluding other causes. Systematic evaluations on large patient cohorts are lacking in the literature with respect to diagnostic procedures, therapy and outcome, the existing knowledge and experience is largely based on case reports. For this reason it appears desirable to create a central register to collect and to evaluate the course of disease in patients with autoimmune hypophysitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Hyperadrenocorticism in four cats.

This paper describes four cats with hyperadrenocorticism. Cat 1 showed polydipsia and polyphagia. Diabetes mellitus was initially diagnosed. As the animal appeared to be insulin resistant, pituitary and adrenocortical function tests were performed and the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made. Resistance to the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test was noticed in this cat. Pathological examination revealed a pituitary chromophobe adenoma. Cat 2 presented with diabetes mellitus, which was treated with insulin. The animal had a pendulous abdomen and its coat was in a poor condition. The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test demonstrated hyperadrenocorticism. Necropsy findings of pituitary tumour and hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex confirmed the diagnosis. Cat 3 showed clinical abnormalities indicative of hyperadrenocorticism, for instance, muscle weakness, alopecia, multiple abscesses. The diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was confirmed by the results of the lowe-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Pathological examination revealed an adrenocortical carcinoma. Cat 4 presented with polydipsia. The cause of this symptom was not found initially. One and a half years later additional symptoms, such as nephritis and polyphagia developed. Hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed because of a palpable mass cranial to the left kidney. The diagnosis was confirmed by the results of the lowe-dose dexamethasone suppression test and the necropsy findings.

Animals↗