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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Statistical study of sexual dimorphism in the human fetal sciatic notch.

Whether human fetal skeletal remains exhibit sexual dimorphism has been the subject of considerable debate. Most attention in this debate has focused on the greater sciatic notch of the ilium, since it is a gross morphological characteristic with known sex differences in the adult and is easily seen in fetal skeletal remains. Unfortunately, previous traditional morphometric analyses of the fetal sciatic notch have led to ambiguous results. The purpose of this study is to determine whether differences between the sexes can be discerned when modern morphometric techniques are applied to the fetal sciatic notch. Photographs of the ventral side of 133 fetal ilia of known age and sex from the Trotter Collection of Washington University were digitized, and the trace coordinates used for all subsequent analyses. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is significant sexual dimorphism in the anterior to posterior location of the maximum depth of the sciatic notch, but that the depth of the notch itself is not dimorphic. While there is significant sexual dimorphism in the shape of the sciatic notch, the amount of overlap between males and females is too great for the sciatic notch to be used as a reliable indicator of sex.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1995

Brief communication: pelvic sexual dimorphism and relative neonatal brain size really are related.

Primate species in which the neonatal brain size is large relative to the birth canal tend to have more sexually dimorphic pelves: this is a classic comparative relation, discovered by Schultz and Leutenegger. The original work did not correct for phylogenetic nonindependence of the data points; it only partly corrected for body size; it used ratios in both variables, and the size of the female pubis featured in both x- and y-variables. A recent publication by Tague placed a question mark over the validity of the relation. I therefore retested it, correcting for all four statistical defects. A strongly significant statistical relation exists.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2004

Human body mass estimation: a comparison of "morphometric" and "mechanical" methods.

In the past, body mass was reconstructed from hominin skeletal remains using both "mechanical" methods which rely on the support of body mass by weight-bearing skeletal elements, and "morphometric" methods which reconstruct body mass through direct assessment of body size and shape. A previous comparison of two such techniques, using femoral head breadth (mechanical) and stature and bi-iliac breadth (morphometric), indicated a good general correspondence between them (Ruff et al. [1997] Nature 387:173-176). However, the two techniques were never systematically compared across a large group of modern humans of diverse body form. This study incorporates skeletal measures taken from 1,173 Holocene adult individuals, representing diverse geographic origins, body sizes, and body shapes. Femoral head breadth, bi-iliac breadth (after pelvic rearticulation), and long bone lengths were measured on each individual. Statures were estimated from long bone lengths using appropriate reference samples. Body masses were calculated using three available femoral head breadth (FH) formulae and the stature/bi-iliac breadth (STBIB) formula, and compared. All methods yielded similar results. Correlations between FH estimates and STBIB estimates are 0.74-0.81. Slight differences in results between the three FH estimates can be attributed to sampling differences in the original reference samples, and in particular, the body-size ranges included in those samples. There is no evidence for systematic differences in results due to differences in body proportions. Since the STBIB method was validated on other samples, and the FH methods produced similar estimates, this argues that either may be applied to skeletal remains with some confidence.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Fetal shoulder measurements by fast and ultrafast MRI techniques.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of fetal shoulder measurements of fetuses with suspected macrosomia. The actual fetal shoulder measurements made immediately after birth were compared with measurements obtained by fast and ultrafast MRI techniques antepartum. Eight singleton diabetic pregnant mothers underwent MRI examination with fast imaging in steady-state precession (TrueFISP) and spin-echo (SE) and gradient-echo (GE) echo-planar (EPI) sequences to show the fetal shoulder width. The actual shoulder width was measured immediately postpartum by a neonatologist. There was a statistically significant correlation between the MRI measurements and the actual shoulder width (P < 0.001 - P < 0.05) for all sequences. TrueFISP (r = 0.98, P < 0.001) was superior to EPI sequences (r = 0.88, P < 0.01 for SE EPI and r = 0.80, P < 0.05 for GE EPI). The images of all three sequences used were free of major motion artifacts. Fast and ultrafast sequences seem to be reliable for fetal shoulder measurements and the TrueFISP was the most accurate sequence compared to SE and GE echo-planar sequences. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:938-942.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Prediction of birthweight by the use of extrauterine measurements during labor.

Maternal height, pregravid weight, weight gain during pregnancy, fundal height, McDonald's measurement, uterine width, uterine height, abdominal girth, and station of the fetal head were measured in 44 laboring, nulliparous women and were used to construct a regression model for the prediction of infant birthweight during labor. A model constructed from maternal height, weight gain during pregnancy, fundal height, abdominal girth, and station accounted for 69.6% of the variance in birthweight. The use of this regression equation resulted in predictions that were within 100, 250, and 500 gm of the actual birthweights in 34.1%, 79.5%, and 97.7% of the 44 cases, respectively. In all 44 cases, the weights of the infants also were estimated by palpation of the maternal abdomen during labor. These estimates were within 100, 250, and 500 gm of the actual birthweights in 31.8%, 61.4%, and 88.6% of the cases, respectively.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1990

Observer variation in the radiological measurement of the anorectal angle.

Determination of the anorectal angle (ARA) and the position of the pelvic floor is, theoretically, very important in understanding the mechanisms of anorectal continence and defaecation. The variability in the measurement of the ARA was analyzed. Nine experts drew ther rectal axis either as a line along the posterior wall of the distal rectum or as the central axis of the rectal lumen on the outlines of 18 representative proctographic images. The standard deviations and ranges of the mean values of each ARA were comparable but large in both methods. On average, the S.D. was 8 degrees and the range value about 23 degrees. Inter-observer variation was not related to the magnitude of the ARA, but rather to the anorectal configuration. Drawing a line along the posterior distal rectal wall is difficult when it is irregular or when the puborectalis impression is indistinct. The central rectal axis is difficult to draw when the junction between the upper and lower rectum is ill defined or when the outlines of the distal rectum are asymmetric e.g. by the presence of a rectocele. Thus, the variability of both methods was not strongly interrelated (r = 0.68 for the median values). It is concluded that, in general, radiologic assessment of the ARA is not reliable enough for comparative investigation of the dynamics of the anorectum.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1984

The narrowing of the bony pelvic cavity (birth canal) by the different osteotomies of the pelvis.

We measured on pelvic models as well as on female cadaver specimens the narrowing of the bony pelvic cavity after the osteotomies according to Chiari, Salter, Sutherland, Steel, Carlioz and Tönnis. In our own patients the parameters were taken by X-ray and CT examinations as far as possible. The osteotomies according to Chiari, Salter and Sutherland lead to a more or less narrowing of the intertuber-ischial diameter of the pelvic outlet, in addition the Chiari osteotomy leads to a narrowing of the transverse diameter of the pelvic brim. The triple osteotomies according to Steel, Carlioz and Tönnis lead to a narrowing of the middle part of the bony pelvic cavity. It is necessary to inform patients who are operated after the end of growth that a future pregnancy may have to be terminated by a caesarean section.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anatomical basis of pelvic growth in bladder exstrophy.

Pelvic growth in bladder exstrophy was studied in 10 patients. Growth of their pelves in length as well as in width was similar to that found by Tanner. Meanwhile, the speed at which the diastasis of the pubic symphysis increases is variable. Before 5 years of age and during the end of growth it is fast, whereas it is slow between 5 and 10 years of age. There are no radiological abnormalities of hip joint orientation, and the acetabular angles are normal.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1987

Vaginosonographical determination of the true conjugate and the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet.

In suspected cases of cephalopelvic disproportion pelvic measurement and the estimation of the fetal weight can be essential for the management of labor. We measured the true conjugata and the widest transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet with a new vaginal scanner. The biparietal diameter (BPD) was measured with a real-time sector scanner. The results of vaginosonographical measurement were compared and showed good correlation with both conventional radiological measurement and measurements obtained by a compound scanner. Vaginosonographical measurement which causes no pain, is quick and also allows measurement of the transverse diameter of the pelvis, might become a routine method in all suspected cases of cephalopelvic disproportion.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1986

Clinical assessment of the pelvic cavity and outlet.

A clinical assessment of the pelvic midplane (or cavity) and the pelvic outlet was made in 1,286 singleton pregnancies with a cephalic presentation of the fetus. 43 cases (3.4%) of pelvic contraction were excluded. The mothers were divided into two groups: those with an adequate pelvis and those with a borderline pelvis (18.6%). Those with a borderline pelvis were further subdivided into three categories: those with a borderline outlet, those with a borderline midplane and those with a borderline midplane and outlet. With a funnel pelvis the incidence of occiput posterior positions and vacuum extractions was three times as high and the duration of the first and the second stages of labor slightly longer when compared with those who had a normal pelvis. A borderline midplane seemed least harmful type with lower incidences of caesarean section and vacuum extraction, and a first stage of normal duration. Although birthweight had an effect on the duration of the first stage of labor in women with an ample pelvis, this was not the case with a borderline pelvis. The assessment of fetal weight therefore seems unnecessary in with a borderline midplane or outlet. With a borderline midpelvis and outlet the course of labor seemed normal in most cases. Clinical assessment of the midpelvis and the pelvic outlet seems to be the best method of measuring pelvic capacity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

An analysis of the prediction of cephalopelvic disproportion.

Since cephalopelvic disproportion inevitably leads to cesarean section it seems to be mandatory to identify patients with an absolute discrepancy between the size of the fetus and the birth canal in order to avoid unnecessary trials of labour. In a case control study, comparing a group of patients who delivered by cesarean section because of cephalopelvic disproportion with an age matched control group, routinely assessed pelvic measurements and measurements of the newborn were correlated to cephalopelvic disproportion. Multivariate linear regression was applied to each group to determine, which of the maternal and fetal factors had the strongest influence on the mode of delivery. In the study group external conjugate showed the strongest positive relation to maternal body height (P < 0.01), the biparietal diameter of the newborn was negatively correlated (P < 0.01). None of the analyzed variables reached statistical significance in the control group. Differences between the two groups were marginal, thus providing no safe basis for decision making even in a population at high risk for developing cephalopelvic disproportion.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Birth after peri-acetabular osteotomy].

We evaluated the radiological pelvic diameter after the bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and its influence on the modality of birth. Out of 93 woman, 17 had a total of 28 babies after PAO; 18 children were delivered spontaneously and 10 by caesarean section. The rate of section (36 %) was twice as high after PAO as in a normal population. In 50 % the indication to perform a section was made because the obstetrician anticipated problems during delivering after PAO. The average weight of birth was 3348 g +/- 285 g in the spontaneous delivery group, 3475 g +/- 356 g in the section group. The weight of birth didn't correlate neither with the duration of delivery nor with the indication to perform a section. The 17 woman who had a baby after PAO didn't show a significant change of the radiological diameters of the pelvis: pelvic entrance (before PAO 15. 4 cm, after PAO 15.7 cm), mid-pelvis (before PAO 11.8 cm, after PAO 11.8 cm) and pelvic outlet (before PAO 14.2 cm, after PAO 13.7 cm). We found that the PAO does not influence the anatomical diameters of the birth canal and therefore is not an indication for a section.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed2005

The morphometric study of the sacrospinal and sacrotuberal ligaments correlated with the morphometry of the pelvis.

Perineal neuralgias may be considered as nerve entrapment syndromes, which have been anatomically poorly studied. The pudendal nerve could be compressed between the sacrospinal and the sacrotuberal ligaments. This study tries to find a correlation between the pelvis and the lumbosacral junction morphometry, and sacrospinal and sacrotuberal ligaments morphometry. We did an anatomical study of eight anatomic specimens, and we performed the measures by using the computed tomography scanner. No correlations were found.

Cadaver↗