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PubMed1987

Loss of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurones from cortex in Alzheimer-type dementia.

The type and cell size of parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-Ir) neurones were examined in 14 postmortem brains from elderly control and Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) patients with the aid of an image analyser. Morphological features of PV-Ir neurones suggested the existence of PV in the non-pyramidal interneurones in the cerebral cortex. A significant loss of PV-Ir cells was found in the frontal and temporal cortex in ATD. A significant reduction in the size of PV-Ir cells was also noted in the temporal cortex in ATD. These findings suggested that PV-Ir neurones in the cortex are affected in ATD.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Selective staining of a population of parvalbumin-containing GABAergic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex by lectins with specific affinity for terminal N-acetylgalactosamine.

Lectins with specific affinity for terminal N-acetylgalactosamine, Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA) and Glycine max agglutinin (soybean agglutinin; SBA), are shown to stain selectively a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the rat cerebral cortex. About 90% of VAA- and/or SBA-stained cells are also parvalbumin-immunoreactive, but no VVA-stained cells showed somatostatin-28-like or cholecystokinin-8-like immunoreactivities.

Acetylgalactosamine↗
PubMed1989

GABAergic septohippocampal neurons contain parvalbumin.

Septal axons were visualized in the hippocampus by anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) injected into the medial septal region, which contains large numbers of parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactive somata. A proportion of the PHAL-labelled afferents in the hippocampus were shown to be immunoreactive for PV by immunostaining alternate sections. This population of septohippocampal axons alone was found to be immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) following post-embedding immunogold staining of ultrathin sections cut from the same material.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat neostriatum: a light and electron microscopic study.

Parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactive neurons in rat neostriatum were studied under light and electron microscopes. A small number of neurons in the striatum were immunoreactive for PV (a Ca-binding protein). Most of them were also strongly immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase but were negative for NADPH-diaphorase activity. Light microscopic analysis revealed that PV-containing neurons have somata with fusiform or polygonal shape and are medium to large in size. The dendrites were smooth and cylindrical at the proximal portion but were varicose at the distal portion. Thin PV-immunoreactive fibers with large boutons were unevenly distributed in the striatum. Electron microscopy revealed that the somata of PV-immunoreactive neurons had a deeply indented nucleus with a nucleolus and often an intranuclear rod. These are the morphological features reported for interneurons of the striatum. Gap junctions formed between two neighboring PV-immunoreactive dendrites. A total of 175 boutons forming synapses with somata and dendrites of PV-immunoreactive neurons were examined. Of these, 115 were small in diameter (less than 1 micron), contained densely packed round vesicles and formed asymmetrical synapses mainly with dendrites. The other 60 boutons formed symmetrical synapses with somata and dendrites of PV-immunoreactive neurons. Both myelinated and unmyelinated axons with boutons were observed. PV-immunoreactive boutons had a diameter of 0.3-2 microns and contained round or elongated vesicles which were about 35 nm in diameter. The boutons formed symmetrical synapses with postsynaptic targets. Of the 100 PV-immunoreactive boutons, 51 were found on somata and proximal dendrites of medium-sized neurons containing a large, round, centrally located nucleus. The others formed synapses with dendrites of various sizes. It was occasionally observed that varicose dendrites free of spines were contacted by a large number of PV-immunoreactive boutons. The study indicates that, in the striatum, immunocytochemistry for PV selectively stains GABAergic interneurons and that the GABAergic interneurons are incorporated in a feed-forward inhibitory circuit of the striatum.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Most somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat fascia dentata do not contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin.

A selective loss of somatostatin (SS)-containing neurons in the hilar region has been reported in patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy. Conversely, neurons containing calcium-binding proteins such as parvalbumin (PARV) are known to be very resistant under experimental seizure conditions. In this study, we analyzed the coexistence of SS and PARV in neurons of the rat fascia dentata by using serial semi-thin cryostat sections for pre-embedding immunocytochemistry. Our results show that only 5.7% of the SS-immunoreactive hilar neurons contain PARV. The data suggest that SS-containing hilar neurons are less protected against seizure-induced calcium overload than other neurons containing calcium-binding proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Parvalbumin-, calretinin- and calbindin-D28k-immunoreactivity and GABA in a forebrain region involved in auditory filial imprinting.

The distribution and morphology of neurons containing the Ca-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin-D28k (CaBP) and calretinin (CaR) are described in a rostral forebrain region (MNH) of the chick, known to be involved in auditory filial imprinting. PV immunoreactivity is chiefly a marker for numerous large to medium-sized neurons in the neostriatal part of MNH. They show patchy staining of their dendrites, but PV-positive spines are not visible. CaBP is represented in a different neuron population with on the average slightly smaller-sized somata, which carry long, spiny, CaBP-positive dendrites. In contrast to PV and CaBP, CaR immunoreactivity is a marker chiefly for neuropil in MNH but only for few stained neurons. They may be spiny and show the largest size variations. The density of CaR-immunoreactive neuropil is highest in the hyperstriatal part of MNH. Double immunostaining for PV and CaBP reveals that these proteins are expressed mostly in different neuron populations, with only few neurons containing both proteins. These neuron populations appear to form an interconnected network within MNH. A possible relationship between the expression of either Ca-binding protein and the presence of the inhibitory transmitter GABA is also examined. The GABA-antibody labels scattered, very small to medium-sized neurons and dense punctate neuropil. The comparison of the area histograms of somata reveals an overlap with all 3 Ca-binding protein containing cell populations, except for a large proportion of small GABA-positive neurons. The characteristics of immunostained neuron populations are compared to the previously described 3 Golgi-types of neurons in MNH, and possibilities of a functional implication of the proteins in MNH plasticity are examined.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

Parvalbumin immunoreactivity reveals layer IV of monkey cerebral cortex as a mosaic of microzones of thalamic afferent terminations.

Correlative light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods were used to study the pattern of staining for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) in the primary visual area (area 17) and area 3b of the first somatic sensory area of the monkey cerebral cortex. A conspicuous feature of the light microscopic staining pattern is the presence of focal aggregations of immunoreactive terminal-like puncta within the major thalamic recipient layers (IV and VI). At the electron microscopic level these aggregations of puncta are found to be immunoreactive terminals most of which form asymmetric synapses, principally on dendritic spines and, to a lesser extent, on dendritic shafts. Outside the aggregations, most PV-immunoreactive terminals form symmetric synapses. Correlative observations in the present and other studies indicate that the aggregations of PV-immunoreactive terminals forming asymmetric synapses arise from thalamic afferent fibers while those forming symmetric synapses arise from intrinsic gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons. The aggregations of PV immunoreactivity in layers IV and VI form microzones of preferred thalamic afferent terminations which may contribute to the formation of functional columns based upon focussed thalamic inputs.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1992

Interneurons in the rat striatum: relationships between parvalbumin neurons and cholinergic neurons.

A pre-embedding double-labeling immunocytochemical method was used to examine the synaptic relationships between cholinergic neurons and the parvalbumin immunoreactive (PV+) neurons. The PV+ neurons were labeled by silver-intensified colloidal gold particles, and the cholinergic neurons by immunoperoxidase reaction products. Cholinergic and PV+ axon terminals form synapses with both the somata and dendrites of PV+ neurons, as well as unlabeled medium-sized somata with round un-indented nuclei, a typical characteristic of the medium spiny projection neurons. These observations suggest that the PV+ and the cholinergic neurons have converging influences on both the projection neurons and the PV+ interneurons in the striatum.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of parvalbumin-containing neurons and lectin-binding perineuronal nets in the rat basal forebrain.

In sections of rat brain treated for Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) labelling the occurrence of parvalbumin (PARV)-, calbindin (CALB)- or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity was analyzed in the basal forebrain using dual-peroxidase and double-fluorescence methods. Only PARV-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons were surrounded by WFA-labelled, i.e. N-acetylgalactosamine-containing, perineuronal lattice-like structures known as perineuronal nets. The distribution of these nets and PARV-ir cells in the rat basal forebrain was documented to obtain detailed data on their co-existence. A remarkable diversity in distribution of both markers was observed, as PARV-ir neurons are only associated with nets in the medial septal nucleus, the nuclei of the diagonal band and the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, but not in the ventral pallidum or the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis complex. These differences in the neuronal microenvironment may reflect system-related specializations of neurons within the basal forebrain nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Calretinin, calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity in mouse chemoreceptor neurons.

Calretinin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in adult mouse olfactory receptor neurons and in the vomeronasal and septal chemoreceptor neurons, whereas parvalbumin expression was restricted to the vomeronasal receptor neurons. Calbindin-D28k-like immunoreactivity was primarily localized in the vomeronasal and septal chemoreceptor neurons although an occasional neuronal staining with calbindin-D28k was also found in restricted areas of the main olfactory epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Cholinergic and GABAergic septo-hippocampal projection neurons in mice: a retrograde tracing study combined with double immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase and parvalbumin.

The present experiments were directed to determine the proportions of the cholinergic and GABAergic septo-hippocampal projection neurons in NMRI mice. For the labeling of the septal neurons we used a double immunocytochemical method combined with retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin apo-horseradish peroxidase-gold (WAHG) injected unilaterally into the hippocampus. Monoclonal antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and parvalbumin (PARV) were used as markers for cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band complex (MS/DB). Both antibodies were visualized in the same section using the ABC detection system with diaminobenzidine and 4-chloro-1-naphtol as chromogens. Cholinergic and PARV-containing neurons are coexisting in the MS/DB. About 38% of all retrogradely labeled neurons were ChAT-positive whereas only 10% of all retrogradely labeled cells were immunostained for PARV. On the other hand, 40% of all ChAT-positive neurons and about 24% of all PARV-positive neurons were retrogradely labeled. No double immunolabeled neurons were detected. The proportion of GABAergic neurons may have been underestimated because immunostaining for PARV only labels a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons. The present results were compared with those of previous studies in rats. They may serve as a basis of further comparative studies in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons in rat globus pallidus: a light and electron microscopic study.

To add to our understanding of the anatomical organization of the globus pallidus (GP) of the rat, a light and electron microscopic analysis of parvalbumin (PV, a Ca-binding protein) immunoreactive neurons in the GP was performed. Light microscopic analysis revealed that the GP contains PV-positive and PV-negative neurons. Approximately two-thirds of the GP neurons were PV-positive. The somata of PV-positive neurons were, on average, larger than PV-negative ones. The proximal dendrites of PV-positive neurons were smooth and often lay parallel to the border between the GP and the neostriatum. Distal dendrites of PV-positive neurons were varicose. Thin PV-positive fibers with large boutons (with average diameter of 1.7 microns) were observed in the neuropil of the GP. Some PV-positive boutons formed basket-like aggregates surrounding the somata of PV-positive or negative neurons. Electron microscopic observations revealed that PV-positive neurons were often large and contained deeply indented nuclei and a large volume of cytoplasm. PV-negative neurons had smaller somata that were occupied by deeply indented nuclei and a small volume of cytoplasm. Both PV-positive and negative neurons were contacted by synaptic boutons identical to the known striato-pallidal, subthalamo-pallidal, and local collateral boutons. The PV-positive boutons contained small round or elongated vesicles and often more than one mitochondrion. Most of the boutons (i.e. 86%) formed symmetric synapses with somata and large dendrites and, the other (14%) formed asymmetric synapses with small dendrites. The study indicated that GP projection neurons can be divided into two subgroups according to their PV-immunoreactivity. PV-positive and negative neurons received similar extrinsic synaptic inputs and both types of neurons were connected through their local collateral axons. It is conceivable that the physiology of PV-positive and negative neurons might be different because of a difference in the Ca-buffering mechanisms in these neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Parvalbumin expression reveals a vibrissa-related pattern in rabbit SI cortex.

The expression of parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity (PV-LIR) was examined in the mystacial representation within the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of postnatal day 21 and adult rabbits. PV-LIR was expressed in a prominent vibrissa-like array of patches in layer IV despite the fact that barrels were indistinct in the cytoarchitecture. Each patch consisted of dense terminal-like PV-LIR and a preferential concentration of intensely labeled stellate neurons. Layer V contained scattered small and large intensely labeled basket cells. Layer Vb had a distinct layer of lightly labeled large pyramidal cells that received labeled basket cell terminations. Upper layer VI also contained patches of terminal-like PV-LIR that were in register with the overlying vibrissae pattern. These patches also contained a preferential distribution of labeled non-pyramidal cells as well as modified pyramidal cells. These results suggest that PV-LIR in rabbits delineates cortical modules composed of thalamocortical afferents and inhibitory local circuits in the absence of a distinct barrel cytoarchitecture. In contrast, prior studies of rat SI cortex have revealed a distinct barrel cytoarchitecture but a uniform distribution of PV-LIR. The differences in PV-LIR between rodents and lagomorphs within the vibrissae representation in SI may be related to species differences in thalamic and local cortical circuits devoted to the whisker sense.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Synaptic contacts between mitral/tufted cells and GABAergic neurons containing calcium-binding protein parvalbumin in the rat olfactory bulb, with special reference to reciprocal synapses between them.

It has been believed so far that in the mammalian olfactory bulb, only granule cells form reciprocal synapses with mitral/tufted cells in the external plexiform layer (EPL). However, the present electron microscopic study demonstrated for the first time that another group of immunocytochemically defined interneurons different from granule cells, viz., neurons containing a specific calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, also made reciprocal synapses with mitral/tufted cells in the EPL.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Heterogeneous distribution of neurons containing calbindin D-28k and/or parvalbumin in the rat red nucleus.

The cellular localization of calbindin D-28k (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) in the red nucleus of the rat was studied by means of double-immunohistochemical techniques applied to single sections. Neurons displaying immunoreactivity for either CB or PV were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the red nucleus, but PV neurons predominate in the rostral two-thirds and CB neurons in the caudal two-thirds of the nucleus. Likewise, there was a clear but not absolute segregation of the two types of neurons along the dorsoventral axis; PV and CB neurons were largely confined to the dorsolateral and ventromedial sectors of the nucleus, respectively. Most CB neurons were large (> 30 microns), whereas large and medium-sized (15-30 microns) PV neurons were equally abundant. Additionally, some large and medium-sized neurons displaying immunoreactivity for both PV and CB were encountered in the ventromedial sector of the red nucleus. The present study reveals that, in contrast to previous beliefs, the red nucleus is composed of a neuronal population that is chemically highly heterogeneous.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Beta-amyloid (1-42) affects cholinergic but not parvalbumin-containing neurons in the septal complex of the rat.

beta-Amyloid(1-42) peptide (beta AP(1-42) was injected into the medial septum of rats. After a 14-day survival time, neuronal alterations in the septal cholinergic and GABAergic systems were visualized by means of histo- and immunocytochemical methods. Neurons insulted by the peptide were primary choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ir), while only minor effects of beta AP(1-42) were observed on parvalbumin-ir interneurons. These results indicate that the changes in intracellular Ca2+ level elicited by beta AP(1-42) may contribute to beta-amyloid neurotoxicity, and Ca(2+)-binding proteins may play an important role in the protection against the neurotoxic effects of beta AP(1-42).

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗
PubMed1995

Allocation of perineuronal nets and parvalbumin-, calbindin-D28k- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactivity in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey.

Lattice-like coatings, known as perineuronal nets, were lectin-cytochemically stained with the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin in the lateral nucleus and the intermediate division of the basal nucleus of the amygdala in rhesus monkeys. Perineuronal nets were demonstrated around neurons with parvalbumin- or calbindin-D28k-immunoreactivity, but not around calretinin-containing cells. In parallel dual-peroxidase staining experiments, it was demonstrated that lattice-like coatings exclusively surround GABAergic neurons in this brain region. The novel finding of calbindin-D28k-immunoreactivity in neurons ensheathed by perineuronal nets amplifies the panel of revealed markers in such nerve cells and indicates their cytochemical heterogeneity.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1992

Calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin immunohistochemistry in developing rat retina.

The developmental profiles of two calcium-binding proteins, calbindin-D28k (CaBP) and parvalbumin (PV), were investigated immunohistochemically in the developing rat retina. CaBP-immunoreactivity appeared first on embryonic day 17 in the horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells; on embryonic day 21 in the inner plexiform layer; and on post-natal day 6 in the outer plexiform layer. The reaction intensity had increased to its maximum level by post-natal day 10. PV-immunoreactivity was first noted on embryonic day 19 in the amacrine and ganglion cells and reached its maximum on post-natal day 10. Two distinct subpopulations of amacrine cells were clearly recognized after post-natal day 6; one was positive for CaBP and the other for PV. Some morphological differences were noted between the two.

Animals↗