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PubMed1985

Using nursing expertise for non-nursing computer systems.

The nurse working with automated systems often uses the same practical and clinical skills used in the analysis, implementation, and evaluation of patient care. Transferring those cognitive skills from a clinical setting to a setting in which automated systems are the primary focus is practical, yet challenging. The intuitive processes of analysis, implementation, and evaluation are the same; however, the methods, procedures, and tools vary. The additional skills required to become a systems analyst, technical writer, information specialist, project officer, or consultant can be learned either formally by attending courses, seminars, workshops, or other educational programs or by on-the-job experience with the many aspects of systems implementation. Whenever possible, opportunities for learning should be sought by the nurse to develop her analytical and technical skills, depending on the nature of the role she fills in working with automated systems. Experience with non-nursing technology provides the nurse with a deeper understanding and appreciation of the applications of computer technology in a variety of settings. This kind of knowledge contributes to her ability to more accurately assess the capabilities desirable in automated health care system, with particular emphasis on nursing requirements. The combination of nursing, technical, and analytical skills places the nurse working with automated systems in a position to greatly expand her knowledge base and to identify mechanisms to transfer non-nursing technology to automation in nursing practice, education, and research. The challenge to the nursing profession will continue as automation continues to become an integral part of health care delivery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2004

Status of the "ETOILE" project for a French hadrontherapy centre.

It is proposed to build a national centre for light-ion hadrontherapy in France, located in Lyon in the Rhône-Alpes region. Under the auspices of University Claude Bemard Lyon-I and with the support of a research contract between Rhône-Alpes region and the Minister of Research, a design has been elaborated. This paper reviews the medical and technical characteristics of the project, called ETOILE (Espace de Traitement Oncologique par Ions Légers dans le cadre Européen). The research programs associated with ETOILE concern mainly the tracking of moving organs, the design of an in-beam PET detector, the simulation of the interaction of carbon ions with tissues and radiobiological studies on the radiosensitivity and tolerance of normal tissues and on the radioresistance of tumours. The capital cost needed to realize ETOILE is about 90 M Euro. We expect a definitive decision to build ETOILE at the end of 2004. In that case the centre will treat its first patients in 2009. A routine flux of 1000 patients per year will be reached after 3 years with an operation cost of 15 M Euro.

Carbon↗
PubMed2001

Role of traditional birth attendants in improving reproductive health: lessons from the family health project, Sindh.

OBJECTIVE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Despite strenuous efforts, the maternal mortality rate in Pakistan remains high. The national figure of 340 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births tends to hide the fact that in some rural areas it is as high as 700 per 100,000 live births. Not surprisingly, in Pakistan only 20% of births are attended by a trained health professional. In most rural areas, home to almost 70% of the population, traditional birth attendants (TBAs) deliver 90% of the births. TBAs, therefore, play a crucial role in the delivery of maternal health care in Pakistan. Realizing the importance of TBAs, the Family Health Project (FHP) of the Department of Health Sindh, financed by the World Bank, tried to enhance their knowledge and skills through comprehensive training programs. FHP provided training to 650 TBAs in 10 districts. The training was provided by the Department of Community Health Sciences (CHS) of the Aga Khan University (AKU) who acted as technical consultant to the project. STUDY DESIGN: A community-based qualitative post-intervention survey. RESULTS: Post-intervention survey of this seven-year project (1992-1999) revealed that (a) the training enhanced the knowledge and skills of the TBAs, (b) the trained TBAs provide more broader health care services and (c) they enjoy greater community acceptance and provide greater consumer satisfaction. It also showed that the TBAs remain the most available and accessible health resource in most rural settings. CONCLUSION: It is imperative that TBAs and their continuing training should remain central to any reproductive health intervention along with an effective referral system linking them to well-equipped emergency obstetric care facilities. However, the assessment clearly demonstrated that an integrated referral system backed by effective emergency obstetric care is essential to the success of the TBA training program.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

AstroNewt: early development of newt in space.

AstroNewt experiment explores the effects of earth gravity on the early development of Japanese red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Since female newts keep spermatophore in cloaca, fertilized eggs could be obtained without mating. Fertilization of newt's egg occurs just prior to spawning, so that gonadotrophic cues applied to females in orbit leads to laying eggs fertilized just in space. A property of newt being kept in hibernation at low temperature may be of great help for the space experiment carried out with much limited resources. A general outline of the AstroNewt project is shown here in addition to some technical advances for the development of the project. Experimental schemes of two space experiments (IML-2 in summer 1994 and unmanned SFU at the beginning of 1995) are also shown.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Demographic prospects of Poland according to different projection assumptions.

The author examines population projections prepared in the 1980s for Poland. "The aim of the paper is to present and compare the assumptions of these projections and to discuss some of the resulting differences and similarities in [the] predicted demographic future of [the] population of Poland."

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1997

Population projections, 1991-2021.

"This information presents initial assumptions and analyzes basic results of the latest population projections for Yugoslavia, and its constituent republics and provinces, by age and sex, for the period 1991-2021, which were prepared during 1995 through co-operation of the Federal Statistical Office and the Demographic Research Centre of the Institute of Social Sciences, and were published in 1996." The projections concern only the two republics that make up present-day Yugoslavia, that is Montenegro and Serbia (with its two regions of Vojvodina, and Kosovo and Metohija).

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1993

International cooperation of Japanese pediatricians with Cairo University Pediatric Hospital.

In connection with 'Child Year' in 1980, an agreement on the construction and donation of a pediatric hospital was concluded between the Egyptian and Japanese Governments. Under this agreement, the Cairo University Pediatric Hospital (CUPH) was opened in March 1983, as a four-storey building with 240 beds, and including four operating rooms, an intensive care unit (ICU) and neonatal ICU. The technical cooperation and supply of medical equipment in all areas of CUPH is ongoing during this project. The subject matter of technical cooperation is as follows. (1) Dispatch of Japanese experts to Egypt for short and long terms. (2) Acceptance of Egyptian trainees to Japan. (3) Supply of medical equipment and materials. Through the first 5 years of this cooperation, the management of ICU, operating theaters, medical and surgical wards has improved markedly with great efforts from the Egyptian and Japanese staff. Based on this successful cooperation, the Pediatric Cardiovascular Center was established in 1988 with a two-storey extension in the hospital including two cardiac operation theaters, ICU and other special facilities. Now, CUPH has become the center of pediatric medical care in not only Egypt but also the surrounding Arabic countries, supported by the friendly and close relationship between Egypt and Japan.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A critique of contemporary community health promotion approaches: based on a qualitative review of six programs in Maine.

PURPOSE: This article reports on a process evaluation of three Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH) projects and three Community Chronic Disease Prevention Programs (CCDPP) that operated in the State of Maine. PATCH and CCDPP are similar approaches to community health promotion developed and disseminated by the Centers for Disease Control. The evaluators studied how the Planned Approach to Community Health and the Community Chronic Disease Prevention Program models worked as community health strategies across the six field sites. RESEARCH METHODS USED: Qualitative methods were used in a cross-case comparison of the six field sites. In studying each site, the evaluators focused on six stages common to both the Planned Approach to Community Health and the Community Chronic Disease Prevention program models: Stage 1: conducting a community needs assessment; Stage 2: analyzing needs assessment data; Stage 3: setting priorities for the project based on the data; Stage 4: implementing activities; Stage 5: producing process outcomes; and Stage 6: institutionalizing the project. The analysis focused on how each of the six communities traversed these stages. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: Eight recommendations for refining Planned Approach to Community Health and Community Chronic Disease Prevention strategies resulted from the study: 1) do a community capacity assessment prior to initiating a community needs assessment; 2) do not overly rely on Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys; 3) analyze needs assessment data rapidly for community consumption; 4) allow flexibility and community input in determining priority health objectives; 5) provide technical assistance throughout a project, not just in the beginning; 6) fund at least one full-time local coordinator and extensive capacity building; 7) emphasize multiple interventions around one chronic condition at a time; and 8) emphasize program institutionalization. CONCLUSIONS: Community development approaches like Planned Approach to Community Health and Community Chronic Disease Prevention are promising health promotion strategies. To be optimally effective, however, these strategies need refinement based on systematic study in field settings. Because this study was limited to six sites in Maine, some of these findings may have limited generalizability.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2004

A survey of basic technical skills of medical students.

PURPOSE: In 1998, the Medical Schools Objectives Project (MSOP) Report listed the minimum routine technical procedures that graduating medical students should be proficient to perform. The authors conducted a survey to determine to what extent basic technical skills are being taught formally and how student competence in these skills is being evaluated in U.S. medical schools. METHOD: A questionnaire of five items, designed to supplement existing information in CurrMIT, the national curriculum database for medical schools, was transmitted electronically via the AAMC listserv to associate deans for academic affairs. RESULTS: Sixty-two of the 126 medical schools (52%) responded to the survey. Most agreed that graduating medical students should be proficient to perform basic technical skills. Fifty-five percent of the respondents required students to keep logs of procedures performed. A majority responded that their students were proficient to perform venipuncture, IV placement, suturing lacerations, Foley catheter placement, and arterial puncture. The responding schools stated that few students are proficient in thoracentesis and intubation of children and neonates. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that half of the medical schools are not attaining the MSOP objective of rigorously teaching and evaluating technical procedures. Currently, more measures and more sophisticated measures of physicians' performance are being implemented in medical practice. The authors' findings call attention to this educational need and act as a stimulus to improve this aspect of medical education.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1996

Population growth under changed fertility schedule in stability conditions.

"This paper aims to investigate some models for population projection under a gradual change in fertility schedule, and to evaluate integrals therein for their actual values.... Some formulae for population projection have been derived under stability conditions. The proposed formulae are also illustrated with some numerical values of the parameters involved therein. The merits and shortcomings are also discussed." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed2006

Public investment in strengthening Veterinary Services and other food safety authorities: issues affecting developed and developing countries.

During the negotiation of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement), there was clear recognition of the problems that developing countries would face in complying with the SPS Agreement. The agreement included provisions related to technical assistance and special differential treatment for developing countries. Both topics are discussed in the SPS Committee as a regular agenda item and have been subject to substantive consideration during both reviews of the SPS Agreement, in 1999 and latterly in 2005. The SPS Committee is currently considering proposals to make these provisions more precise, effective and operational. The Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) was formally established in mid-2002 by the Food and Agriculture Organization, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), World Bank, World Health Organization and World Trade Organization as a financing and coordinating mechanism. The STDF maintains a database which provides information on SPS-related technical assistance and capacity-building projects. From the limited data gathered, it would appear that the focus of the technical assistance provided so far has been knowledge transfer. Only a small minority of the projects reported deal with the strengthening of hard infrastructure such as laboratory facilities. It is also clear that in terms of the overall number and value of projects, animal health lags well behind the food safety sector. The World Bank estimates that annual expenditure by donor agencies on trade-related SPS programmes has been running at some USdollars 65 million to USdollars 70 million annually. However, there is under-reporting of technical cooperation activities in the STDF database.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The impact of population growth on the standard of living: demo-economic scenarios for the Netherlands.

"The core of the article can be comprised in the question: Will population ageing become a threat to [the] standard of living [in the Netherlands]?... In order to explore a broad range of possibilities two strongly contrasting...scenarios serve as the starting-points of the analyses.... The question of whether the ageing process will jeopardize the standard of living, is, for each of the demographic projections, answered by comparing them with three economic targets.... The most important conclusion is that in the long run neither of the scenarios developed will generate an economic growth comparable with that of the 1960s and 1970s." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1985

[Primary optic projections in the rabbit. Study using the horseradish peroxidase anterograde labeling technic].

The primary visual pathways, in particular those to the lateral geniculate body, of 11 albino and 7 pigmented rabbits, were studied using the method of anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase following injection of the tracer into the vitreous body of one eye. A heavy projection to the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus was seen in all animals. In both albino and pigmented animals a region devoid of label was present in the medial part of the alpha sector of the nucleus. This region corresponded to a compact, oval or wedge-shaped field of terminal label in the ipsilateral nucleus, which was much heavier in pigmented than in albino rabbits. In the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, contralateral retinal input was almost entirely confined to the caudal half of the lateral sector of the nucleus, where two laminae of dense terminal label, separated by a less densely labelled area, were oriented parallel to one another and to the optic tract. This bilaminar distribution of retinal afferents to the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus has not been described in previous studies. The ipsilateral projection was to the dorsal part of the lateral sector and was most prominent in pigmented animals. The "intergeniculate leaflet" received a prominent contralateral input in all animals, and a clear ipsilateral input in pigmented animals, which overlapped with the contralateral input. Projections to other primary visual centres (pretectal nuclei, superior colliculus, nuclei of the accessory optic tract) are also described.

Albinism↗
PubMed1994

[Population projection for the Czech Republic to the year 2030].

"This article is an attempt to make a new population projection of the Czech Republic to the year 2030 based on assumptions with regard to mortality and fertility.... Four possible scenarios of population development are explored...and the basic results presented.... All of them...suggest rapid aging of Czech society after 2010...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

[Population projection for the Czech Republic, 1995-2020].

"In Autumn 1995 the Czech Statistical Office published the new population prognosis until the year 2020.... The change of population climate connected with the over-all change of economic and social conditions in the process of social transformation appears to be profound and fundamental. It is therefore unlikely that there would occur a turn in the near future and that...natality would grow...again to a...significant extent." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Czech Republic↗
PubMed1992

Some problems of future demographic processes in China.

"In this paper, which is based on a projection model of rural-urban population dynamics established by the authors, we make use of the investigative data of the one percent national population sample of 1987 and analog calculations on almost 200 demographic parameters to clarify the problematic relations between some key issues in China's future demographic processes. We advance a number of suggestions for the reference of policy-makers and planners."

Asia↗