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PubMed2005

[Occupational diseases in Poland, 2004].

BACKGROUND: Our annual analysis of the epidemiology of occupational diseases is intended to indicate morbidity categories characterized by the highest risk of developing pathologies associated with working conditions and to assay variations in the frequency of those pathologies, depending on occupational exposure, medical factors, social and economic circumstances, legal regulations, and ongoing transformation of the national economy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This work is based on the data compiled from "Occupational Disease Reporting Forms" received by the Central Register of Occupational Diseases in 2004. The data comprised information on individual diseases, gender and age of patients, and duration of occupational exposure to harmful agents responsible for the development of specified pathologies. These data were further classified by sectors of the national economy and voivodships (provinces). The incidence was specified in terms of the number of cases per 100,000 paid employees and per 100,000 employed persons. RESULTS: In Poland, the number of occupational diseases diagnosed in 2004 accounted for 3790 cases. The incidence rate was 41.0 cases per 100,000 paid employees. The highest incidence rates were noted for: chronic disorders of the voice organ (9.5 per 100 thousand), pneumoconioses (8.1), contagious and parasitic diseases (5.8), permanent bilateral hearing loss (5.5) and skin diseases (2.0). As much as 72.4% of patients affected by occupational diseases, had been exposed to harmful agents for longer than 20 years. In the industrial sectors of the national economy, the highest incidence was noted among workers employed in the mining industry (328.9 cases per 100,000 paid employees), particularly in coal mining (380.1). The highest incidence rates were recorded in the Lubelskie (122.0 cases) and Silesian (85.6 cases per 1000 workers) voivodships. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of occupational diseases in Poland continues to abate. The downwards trend is primarily due to a lower incidence of hearing loss and chronic diseases of the voice organ.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

[Prevalence of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti i Borrelia burgdorferi in adults in North-Eastern Poland].

THE AIM: of the study was to evaluate the seroprevalance of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia Microti in healthy north-eastern Poland, adult population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in a group of 142 healthy adults (mean age 19-22), bitten by ticks within last 2 years. The control group consisted of 50 adults from central Poland (nonendemic area). The antibody levels for A. phagocytophilum (IgG/Ap-Ab) and B. microti (IgM/Bm-Ab) were evaluated in two series of samples from the same persons (interval 5-6 months) by immunoenzymatic tests (Borrelia Biomedica, Austria), immunofluorescence test (Human Granulotic Ehrlichiosis IFA IgG and Babesia microti IFA IgG from MRL Diagnostics). RESULTS: Positive results for A. phagocytophilum were defined as titres > or =1:256 and for B. microti > or =1:64 and B. burgdorferi > or = 11 BBU/ml. Positive results for IgG B. burgdorferi during the first collection were revealed in 16% (n=24/142) of individuals from endemic area and in 4% (n=2/50) of the control group, which was statistically relevant (p<0,05). IgG A. phagocytophilum antibodies were present in 3,5% (n=5/142) of individuals from the endemic area, but for IgG B. microti antibodies (IgG/Bm-Ab) no positive results were found. No IgG antibodies against A. phagocytophilum and B.microti, were found in individuals from non-endemic area. During the second collection, in individuals from the endemic area, the antibodies against B. burgdorferi were found in 9,8% (n=14/142), IgG A. phagocytophilum antibodies (IgG/Ap-Ab) in 4,9% (n=7/142) and against B. microti (IgG/ Bm-Ab) in 1,4% (n=2/142). The antibodies against B. Burgdorferi were found in 2% (n=1/150) of the control group during the second collection, and no IgG against A. phagocytophilum and B. microti were found. CONCLUSION: [corrected] Evaluating the seroprevalance of the studied antibodies in both collections, a conclusion was drawn that there was no significant increase of antibodies levels directly after the highest exposition to tick bites. None of individuals showed 4-fold antibody level increase between the first and second collection. The seroconversion for IgG/Bm-Ab antibodies was present in 1,4% (n=2/142) of individuals, in those 2 cases a 2-fold antibodies level increase was observed. As far as IgG/Ap-Ab antibodies are concerned the seroconversion was observed in 2,1% (n-3/142), but only one case shown a 3-fold antibodies level increase. No seroconversion of B. burgdorferi antibodies were found in the second collection.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The Great Nationwide Physical Activity Campaign "Revitalize Your Heart" as an effective method to promote active lifestyle in Poland].

In most European countries including Poland prevalence of sedentary adult population varies between 40-70%. Thus nowadays one of the most important aims in public health is to elaborate and implement successful strategy to encourage people to be more active. Since 2001-2003 the Great Polish Nationwide Physical Activity Campaign "Revitalize Your Heart" has been organized during three summer months (July, August, September) as a part of WHO CINDI Programme. The main goal of the Campaign is to promote active lifestyle through education in mass-media, different interventions in local societies (sports events, outdoor family picnics) and countrywide contest for physically active. The effectiveness of the Campaign was estimated by means of questionnaire studies directed to the participants of the contest and over 1000 adult representatives of Polish population. The number of contest coupons, Campaign organizing centers, visits on Campaign website and information in mass-media were also analyzed. The results of analysis show a boost to awareness of low physical activity problem in Polish public opinion. Over 93% of representative sample of population find reducing sedentary lifestyle an important matter from medical point of view. Almost tripled amount of visits on the Campaign website, four times increased number of the Campaign organizing centers in Poland and doubled number of obtained contest coupons in the III Campaign in comparison to the First one can be the indicator of elevating interest in the influence of regular physical exertion on human health. Large broadcasting stations, public television, popular newspapers, magazines and leading electronic media were deeply involved in "Revitalize Your Heart". The Campaign has significantly affected health behaviour of the contest participants. Almost 60% of participants declare increasing the frequency and duration of exercises during the Campaign. A permanent beneficial modification of lifestyle has been undertaken by over 16% and 18% of them (in the First and the Second edition, accordingly). Improvement in knowledge of the importance of physical activity in everyday life was also noticed. Above 60% of participants of the first two editions of the Campaign can correctly point recommended minimal dose of physical activity beneficial for health. There is a strong correlation between the level of knowledge and lifestyle of the respondents: 92% of those giving the proper answer led active life.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed2006

Poland's syndrome: report of a variant.

Poland's syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly consisting of unilateral partial or total absence of a breast and/or pectoralis major muscle, and ipsilateral symbrachydactyly. Many structural and functional abnormalities have been described in association with the syndrome. However, only a few hemostatic disorders have been reported. The case of a 12-year-old secondary school girl with unilateral hypoplasia of the breast, absence of anterior axillary fold and absence of the pectoralis major muscle is hereby presented. She also had thrombocytopenia and several episodes of spontaneous bleeding from the ipsilateral anterior chest wall. She did well on medical treatment, with no recurrence of bleeding 10 months after treatment. The author is not aware of any previously reported case of Poland's syndrome associated with bleeding disorder in Africa. This case is presented to alert clinicians of its existence and possible association with hematological disorders.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Maternal age at delivery and order of birth are risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus in Upper Silesia, Poland.

BACKGROUND: Parental age and birth order as risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus were investigated using data from the Regional Diabetic Center for Upper Silesia, Poland, in a population-based study of 398 children with type 1 DM aged 0-14 years born between 1979-1996. MATERIAL/METHODS: Noting differences in the proportions of children of different birth order between cases and controls, the data were stratified by birth order. For each stratum, odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess risks related to the mother's age. The homogeneity of the odds ratios related to the mother's age between strata was evaluated by the Mantel-Haenszel method. Risks related to mother's age and birth order were also estimated jointly by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Decreased risk in later children compared with firstborns was noted. Increased maternal age was found to be a risk factor for type 1 DM. An increase in the mother's age by one year increases the risk of the child being affected by type 1 DM 1.07 times, and children born as the nth in the family are 1.59 times less exposed to the same risk than those born as the (n-1)th. CONCLUSIONS: Children of different birth order have different risks of being affected by type 1 DM. Increased maternal age at the time of delivery is a risk factor for type 1 DM in Upper Silesia, Poland. To avoid bias in estimating risks, the mother's age and child's sequence number should be analyzed jointly.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Economic impact of standard antibiotic therapy combined with amikacin, in clinical unit, Lodz, poland--part I.

The study "Alexander" on bacterial resistance to antibiotics conducted in Poland revealed high sensitivity of bacterial strains to simple and cheap antibiotics. In Poland pharmacoeconomic studies on the safety, effectiveness and costs of treatment are rare. Development of therapeutic standards in bacterial infections on the basis of pharmacoeconomic analyses and clinical studies determining effectiveness and safety of therapy allows for more rational pharmacotherapy. The following problems were investigated: is the treatment of serious bacterial infections with cheap standard antibiotics [SAT] or other antibiotics therapy [OAT] combined with amikacin safe and effective? What are the direct costs? How can reduction in costs be achieved? Prospective, randomized, single-blind study was performed in the group of 152 patients, admitted from 1 January to 31 July 2000, treated with amikacin combined with aminopenicillin/amoxicillin [SAT] versus other antibiotic therapy [OAT]. The economic evaluation was done by estimation of direct cost of treatment in patients with risk factors of nephrotoxicity [NT] and therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] versus without TDM. The statistical significance was evaluated. This study revealed that effectiveness of the SAT versus OAT combined with amikacin in serious infections is high, 80% vs. 87%, respectively. Amikacin used in high once daily dose [HODD] in combined therapy with SAT or OAT was more safe in patients with risk of nephrotoxicity and TDM (21%) vs without TDM (10%) than used in conventional therapy [CT] 40% vs 19% [p < 05]. Evaluation of the absolute risk of nephrotoxicity increase in patients with TDM was 0.16 vs 0.34 Absolute Risk Increase (ARI) 0.18, Relative Risk Reduction (RRR): 0.53; 95% Confidence Interval (Cl): 0.87-2.82. The number needed to tread (NNT): 5.43; reduction of the risk of nephrotoxicity in patients without TDM treated with HODD was 0.19 vs 0.09, Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR): 0.09; RRR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.74-1.34; NNT: 11.1; reduction of the risk of nephrotoxicity in patients with TDM treated with amikacin HODD was 0.21 vs 0.40, ARR: 0.19; RRR: 0.48; 95% CI 0.68-1.74; NNT: 5.3; Direct costs of the treatment with SAT vs OAT combined with amikacin are low [EU 78.30 vs EU 145.16] in the Clinical Unit of Lodz, compared with other countries. Out of EU 530 for the hospitalization of one patient, 86% constituted "hotel costs". Omitting TDM in patients without risk factors can significantly decrease costs by EU 66 860 per 1000 patients. Introduction of safe and cheap standard in the treatment of bacterial infections in clinical unit, shortening hospitalization by 5 days and limiting the number of patients requiring TDM service allows for a decrease in direct cost of about EU 235410 per 1000 patients/year.

Amikacin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Economic impact of standard antibiotic therapy combined with amikacin, in clinical unit, Lodz, Poland--part II.

The study "Alexander" on bacterial resistance to antibiotics conducted in Poland revealed high sensitivity of bacterial strains to simple and cheap antibiotics. In Poland pharmacoeconomic studies on the safety, effectiveness and costs of treatment are rare. Development of therapeutic standards in bacterial infections on the basis of pharmacoeconomic analyses and clinical studies determining effectiveness and safety of therapy allows for more rational pharmacotherapy. The following problems were investigated: is the treatment of serious bacterial infections with cheap standard antibiotics [SAT] or other antibiotics therapy [OAT] combined with amikacin safe and effective? What are the direct costs? How can reduction in costs be achieved? Prospective, randomized, single-blind study was performed in the group of 152 patients, admitted from 1 January to 31 July 2000, treated with amikacin combined with aminopenicillin/amoxicillin [SAT] versus other antibiotic therapy [OAT]. The economic evaluation was done by estimation of direct cost of treatment in patients with risk factors of nephrotoxicity [NT] and therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] versus without TDM. The statistical significance was evaluated. This study revealed that effectiveness of the SAT versus OAT combined with amikacin in serious infections is high, 80% vs. 87%, respectively. Amikacin used in high once daily dose [HODD] in combined therapy with SAT or OAT was more safe in patients with risk of nephrotoxicity and TDM (21%) vs without TDM (10%) than used in conventional therapy [CT] 40% vs 19% [p < 05]. Evaluation of the absolute risk of nephrotoxicity increase in patients with TDM was 0.16 vs 0.34 Absolute Risk Increase (ARI) 0.18, Relative Risk Reduction (RRR): 0.53; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.87-2.82. The number needed to tread (NNT): 5.43; reduction of the risk of nephrotoxicity in patients without TDM treated with HODD was 0.19 vs 0.09, Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR): 0.09; RRR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.74-1.34; NNT: 11.1; reduction of the risk of nephrotoxicity in patients with TDM treated with amikacin HODD was 0.21 vs 0.40, ARR: 0.19; RRR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.68-1.74; NNT: 5.3; Direct costs of the treatment with SAT vs OAT combined with amikacin are low [EU 78.30 vs EU 145.16] in the Clinical Unit of Lodz, compared with other countries. Out of EU 530 for the hospitalization of one patient, 86% constituted "hotel costs". Omitting TDM in patients without risk factors can significantly decrease costs by EU 66 860 per 1000 patients. Introduction of safe and cheap standard in the treatment of bacterial infections in clinical unit, shortening hospitalization by 5 days and limiting the number of patients requiring TDM service allows for a decrease in direct cost of about EU 235410 per 1000 patients/year.

Amikacin↗
PubMed2005

[Monitoring and official control of pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Poland in 2004].

Poland, as a Member State of the European Union, is obliged to establish efficient system of food control allowing assessment of health quality of food products for general population as well as for high risk groups, like infants and toddlers. In case of pesticide residues this task is realized by carrying out programs of monitoring and official control of foodstuffs in order to check compliance with Maximum Residue Levels set up by Polish Regulation of Minister of Health on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food. The Chief Sanitary Inspectorate is an authority responsible for above mentioned activities with essential participation of Department of Environmental Toxicology of National Institute of Hygiene. The analysis of food samples indicated in yearly developed plans of sampling, is carried out in 16 integrated local laboratories of National Sanitary Inspection. In 2004, 868 samples have been analyzed in system of monitoring and official control of foodstuffs in Poland. The samples were taken in retail and wholesale. Among analyzed samples 67% were fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables, and 14% were baby food. The samples have been analyzed or presence of over 50 pesticides. In the year 2004 maximum residue levels have been exceeded in 14 samples (2%) of fruit, vegetables and cereals. All samples were of Polish origin, except two samples from Spain. In samples with violated MRLs the following pesticides have been found: Benomyl group, Maneb group, Endosulfan, Mecarbam, Hexachlorobenzene, and Methyl bromide. Additionally, 49 follow-up enforcement samples has been analyzed. In none of them MRLs violation have been found.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed1991

[Characteristics of poliovirus strains isolated in Poland during 1981-1989 using monoclonal antibodies and determination of nucleotide sequence in viral RNA].

In this study currently used methods for analysis of poliovirus with monoclonal antibodies and determination of nucleotide sequence in viral RNA are presented. Twenty one strains of polioviruses isolated in Poland between 1981 and 1989 were tested. Nineteen of these strains were determined as to be derived from attenuated strains, including 10 strains isolated from 9 poliomyelitis patients. Two strains, one of type 1 isolated in 1984 and one of type 2 isolated in 1982 from children with meningitis were determined to be wild strains. The results obtained with monoclonal antibodies were confirmed by partial nucleotide sequence by dideoxy primer extension method. Analysis of poliovirus strains circulating in Poland in last 15 years suggest that the elimination of wild strains was achieved and sporadic isolation of wild strains is due most probably to imported strains.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2006

[Self-medication with antibiotics in Poland].

UNLABELLED: Antibiotic resistance, the important public health threat, depends on antibiotic overuse/misuse. Self-medication with antibiotics is of serious medical concern. The aim of the study, as a part of SAR project (Self-medication with antibiotic in Europe) was to survey the incidence of this phenomenon. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In Poland among 938 respondents of the questionnaire 27% adults were treated with antibiotics at least once a year, 13% of the therapies were undertaken without medical consultation. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin, the most often self-ordered--fusafungine. RESULTS: The main self-medicated symptoms were sore throat and common cold. The duration of self-ordered therapy was less then 5 days. The sources of antibiotics used for self-medication were leftovers and those given by friends or family. CONCLUSION: The results of the study confirmed that antibiotic self-medication is relatively frequent problem in Poland and interventions are required in order to reduce the frequency of antibiotics misuse.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Attempted assessment of the incidence and cost of surgical treatment of inginal hernias in Poland in the years 2001-2002].

A comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the incidence and treatment cost of inguinal hernias in Poland is made difficult by the lack of a central data registry and insufficient accuracy of the data available. Therefore, research was undertaken in order to evaluate the incidence and cost of inguinal hernia treatment in the years 2001-2002 in Poland. Survey-derived data was collected from Regional Health Funds operating similar data management systems in 2002 and the Regional Branches of the National Health Fund in 2003. The number of inguinal hernia repairs, length of hospital stay, as well as the cost of these procedures and the overall number of insured people in the region were assessed. Data was obtained from 11 units (Regional Health Funds, Branches of the National Health Fund). The length of hospital stay differed between individual Regional Health Funds. The annual cost of inguinal hernia treatment amounts to approximately 100 million PLN.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2006

Low frequency of the CHEK2*1100delC mutation among breast cancer probands from three regions of Poland.

The 1100delC germline mutation of the CHEK2 gene appears to contribute significantly to the overall breast cancer incidence in some West and North European countries, but seems to be much less frequent among breast cancer patients from other regions of Europe. In the present study we found, respectively, 3/487, 1/296 and 0/279 carriers of this mutation among breast cancer patients from the East-Central, South-East and West-Central regions of Poland. Two carriers of the 1100delC mutation were found among 120 patients with bilateral breast cancer, but only one had a previous family incidence of breast cancer. We found no carriers among 182 patients with unilateral breast cancer with family history of this tumor and among 64 patients with breast cancer and a second primary tumor at an other site. We conclude that the 1100delC mutation of the CHEK2 gene contributes little to the overall breast cancer burden in Poland, including familial cases of this malignancy. Further studies are still needed to evaluate the contribution of this mutation to the development of bilateral breast tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Anaplasma phagocytophila and protozoans of Babesia genus in dogs from endemic areas of Lyme disease in north-western Poland].

Infections caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato may be accompanied by other microorganisms, such as Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Babesia. These pathogens are transmitted by the ticks and are a risk to humans and animals. Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from recreational areas of Szczecin and northwestern Poland contained DNA of the pathogens mentioned above and cases of double and triple coinfection have been documented. The aim of this paper was to determine if dogs suspect to tick infestation in the area of study are a reservoir for these pathogens and to examine the possibility of coinfection. Canine blood was sampled, part of the material originated from dogs exhibiting symptoms of borreliosis. In an earlier study, the samples were screened for DNA from B. burgdorferi sensu lato. In order to screen for A. phagocytophila and Babesia sp. DNA, a PCR-based method was used with the following primers: EHR521/EHR747 for Anaplasma and FOR1/REV1 for Babesia. In 192 samples only two contained A. phagocytophila DNA. One of these samples originated from a healthy canine, the other from an individual with symptoms of borreliosis. The examined samples were not positive for Babesia sp. DNA. Coinfection was not discovered. The low level of A. phagocytophila infection may indicate that the domestic dog is not a reservoir for Anaplasma and Babesia in Szczecin and northwestern Poland. Moreover, this area does not have populations of the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) or Dermacentor reticulates--both of which are vectors of E. canis and B. canis and commonly induce ehrlichiosis and babesiosis in canines.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2004

[The prevalence of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) in dogs and red foxes in north-west Poland].

One of the most dangerous parasites, not only for carnivores but also for human being is Toxocara canis. It is presented very commonly all over the world, so spread its into the humans organisms, especially childrens is very easy. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Toxocara canis in dogs and red foxes in area of north-west Poland. The dog coproscopy was provided according to Willis-Schlaff method. Post mortem examination of red foxes was conducted according to Eckert and Amman (1990), Eckert et al. (1991) and Ewald (1993). In examined area dogs were infected with Toxocara canis from 2.67 to 55% (Table 1). The highest prevalence was observed in Gorzów Wielkopolski in its neighborhood (villages) and in urban places. The lowest extensity (2.67%) was determined in urban area of Słupsk city. In examined forest regions the prevalence of Toxocara canis in red foxes was 43% (Table 2). To sum up, north-west Poland is a region where Toxocara canis is common, both in domesticated and wild environment. There should be provided regular monitoring of this zoonozis as well as pharmacological treatment of dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genotypes of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from 2000 to 2002 in Poland.

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiplex PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods were used for genotyping study of seventy-three L. monocytogenes isolates collected in Poland between 2000 and 2002 from human, food, environment and a diseased goat. The multiplex PCR, which is an alternative method to classical serotyping, divided the isolates into four PCR groups, IIa (42.5%), IIb (27.4%), IIc (4.1%) and IVb (26%). The isolates displayed 33 distinct PFGE profiles. Twenty eight strains were further characterised by MLST based on sequence analyses of seven housekeeping genes. The combined sequence analyses revealed a total of 10 different allelic profiles from which 3 were not described earlier. It is intended that results obtained in this study will be the first data of a national database of L. monocytogenes genotypes in Poland.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Travassosius rufus (Trichostrongylidae)--new for Poland nematode of beavers and comments about helminthfauna of these animals].

Two females of beaver from north-east Poland were necropsied. Moreover, 15 samples of feaces were examinated. Both necropsied beavers were infected with 46 and 362 specimens of trematode Stichorchis subtriquetrus (RUDOLPHI 1814). In stomach of one beaver were found 2800 specimens of nematode Travassosius rufus Khalil, 1922. It was the first registration of this species in Poland. Coproscopical examination showed eggs of S. subtriquetrus in all 15 fecal samples and eggs T. rufus in 5 samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

New larval mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Erythraeidae, Microtrombidiidae, Trombidiidae) from Turkey, Peru and Poland.

The following species are described as new: Erythraeus (E.) sifi n. sp., E. (Z.) didonae n. sp., Bursaustium gaspari n. sp. from Turkey, Charletonia alvedae n. sp., Balaustium medardii n. sp., Yucothrombium ilzae n. sp. from Peru and Allothrombium wolmari n. sp. from Poland. Three new genera are created: Rudaemannia n. gen., Bursaustium n. gen. and Yucothrombium n. gen. Erythraeus kresnensis, Charletonia cardinalis, Podothrombium proti, Allothrombium fuliginosum and A. triticium are new to the fauna of Turkey; Hauptmannia wratislaviensis is new to the fauna of Scotland. New localities in Poland are given for H. stanislavae and H. silesiacus and in Turkey for Rudaemannia rudeansis. Charletonia tamarae is synonymous to C. bucephalia; Hauptmannia victicola is synonymons to R. rudaensis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Epidemiological studies on Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in north-west Poland].

The studies were carried out in 15 provinces of North-West part of Poland in the years 1994 - 1997 under a regime of strict laboratory safety regulation. The intestine of 1909 red foxes were examined for the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis according to the method of Eckert et al (1991). The intestines were divided finto four to six sections and fifteen smears were prepared from each animal under study. Foxes infected with E. multilocularis were detected in 8 provinces. The average prevalence rate in these provinces was 1.20 per cent. Of special interest fis the finding in Slupsk and Gdafisk regions, where 9.6 per cent of foxes were infected with E. multilocularis. In comparison with some other European endemic regions the prevalence rates of E. multilocularis in Poland was low, except for the Stupsk-Gdańsk area.

Animals↗