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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

The interaction of phonetics and phonology in developmental verbal dyspraxia: two case studies.

Approaches to the treatment of developmental verbal dyspraxia based upon current theories about phonological development are explored. The author presents the concept of "bridging"; for example, making the transition from one sound to another or from one word to the next, as a reflection of the child's ability to generate hierarchical linguistic structures. The author suggests that children who have developmental dyspraxia must build phonological systems despite the fact that their ability to discover and use these hierarchical structures is impaired. Idiosyncratic patterns are expected, and should be used by the clinician to determine appropriate approaches to remediation for individual children. Case studies illustrate two children's shared difficulties in developing and using phonological hierarchies and the individual differences that provided a basis for appropriate remediation for each child.

Apraxias↗
PubMed2005

Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage and phonetic modifications after total thyroidectomy: surgical malpractice only or predictable sequence?

Modifications of phonation occurring after total thyroidectomy (TT) are usually attributed to surgical malpractice, but other causes of voice impairment even in nonoperated subjects should also be taken into account. This study analyzes 208 patients who underwent TT from January 1, 1999 through December 31, 2001. Follow-up ended on December 31, 2003. Only cases in which the surgeon ruled out the possibility of operative damage to the laryngeal nerves were included. All patients underwent pre- and postoperative clinical and instrumental nose and throat examination (NTE). Preoperatively, 86 patients (41%) showed hoarseness or dysphagia: 4 (2%) monoplegia and 12 (6%) hypomobility of the vocal cords due to impaired function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN); 6 (3%) cord hypotonia due to impairment of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN); 34 (16%) dysphagia: and 30 (14%) hoarseness due to other causes. At follow-up 1 month after surgery, 71 patients (34%) had an onset of previously absent signs and symptoms: 8 (4%) had palsy of one vocal cord (2% permanent); 6 (3%) had cord hypomobility (all temporary); 12 (6%) had cord hypotonia due to disease of the SLN, 4 of which (2%) were permanent; 44 patients (21%) had symptoms due to scarring and adhesions between the laryngotracheal axis and the prethyroid muscles and between these and the skin. One patient (0.5%) had a nodular cord lesion that occurred after 3 months. Overall, more than one-third of the patients had preoperative voice modifications or swallowing impairment, around one-third had these problems after TT, and less than one-third were free of pre- and postoperative complications. The surgeon's care to avoid damage to the anatomica integrity of the of laryngeal nerves does not exclude functional problems of the nerves and of laryngeal dynamics. In fact, such problems could be referred to outcomes linked to the operation itself (hematoma, edema, scarring adhesion) or to events that only temporarily follow surgery but must be considered as an unavoidable sequel (e.g., neuritis, viral neuritis, myopathy). The patient should undergo a careful clinical and instrumental NTE to detect conditions prior to surgery, and the information provided by the surgeons should be thorough to allow the patient to be aware of all possible sequels and consequences.

Cranial Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Automatic and controlled processing of acoustic and phonetic contrasts.

Changes in the temporal properties of the speech signal provide important cues for phoneme identification. An impairment or inability to detect such changes may adversely affect one's ability to understand spoken speech. The difference in meaning between the Finnish words tuli (fire) and tuuli (wind), for example, lies in the difference between the duration of the vowel /u/. Detecting changes in the temporal properties of the speech signal, therefore, is critical for distinguishing between phonemes and identifying words. In the current study, we tested whether detection of changes in speech sounds, in native Finnish speakers, would vary as a function of the position within the word that the informational changes occurred (beginning, middle, or end) by evaluating how length contrasts in segments of three-syllable Finnish pseudo-words and their acoustic correlates were discriminated. We recorded a combination of cortical components of event-related brain potentials (MMN, N2b, P3b) along with behavioral measures of the perception of the same sounds. It was found that speech sounds were not processed differently than non-speech sounds in the early stages of auditory processing indexed by MMN. Differences occurred only in later stages associated with controlled processes. The effects of position and attention on speech and non-speech stimuli are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

Phonetic and phonological contrasts in the acquisition of voicing: voice onset time production in Hindi and English.

The present study examines adult and child word-initial voice onset time productions in English and Hindi (10 adults and 20 children in each language) to determine the age of acquisition of the phonemic voice contrast. Cross-linguistic differences in patterns of acquisition were found, but these need not be traced to the different phonological systems per se. An examination of the data indicates that the best predictor of age of voice contrast acquisition across languages is one which rests on the actual acoustic differences between members of phonologically contrastive pairs. In general it was found that the larger the post-release voice onset time differences between pair members in the adult model, the earlier the contrast is reliably produced by child language learners.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

[Simultaneous reconstruction of pharyngoesophagus and phonetic shunt following laryngopharyngoesophagectomy].

Because of its many advantages, free jejunal transfer has gained wide acceptance for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction after ablative surgery. Because the jejunum is well vascularized, it facilitates good wound healing, and has a low incidence of anastomotic insufficiency, fistula formation and stricture. However, voice rehabilitation in this group of patients can be difficult. Therefore, we performed primary tracheojejunal shunt operations for voice restoration with jejunum siphons using Nozaki's method (type 3). In this procedure, after dividing a section of the jejunum into two segments, the reconstructed neopharyngoesophagus is anastomosed in a side-to-end fashion to the fabricated shunt using the other segment of the jejunum, as an "elephant nose shunt" so called because of its appearance. Voice restoration can be achieved in patients who undergo laryngopharyngoesophagectomy through these reconstructive procedures. We performed this surgery for nine hypopharyngeal cancer patients after total pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy. Following placement of the shunt, no special care was required. Only one patient developed a severe aspiration. No leakage was seen and the swallowing function was preserved in all patients. Four of nine patients could speak well following these procedures. A vibratory source is created in the neoesophagus, above the elephant shunt. During speech production, narrowing of the inside and vibration of the jejunal mucosa can be observed using a laryngeal fiber scope. In order to study the acoustical characteristics of shunt speech, voice analysis was performed in patients with restored phonatory function using Computerized Speech Lab Model 4300 (KAY). Irregularities of pitch periods in the voice sample were measured using Jita (the pitch period) and Jitt (relative evaluation of the pitch) for the very short term (cycle-to-cycle), and PPQ (pitch period pertubation quotient) for the short term (cycle-to-cycle with a smoothing factor of 5 periods). Irregularities of the peak-to-peak amplitude were measured using ShdB (evaluation in dB of the peak-to-peak amplitude) and Shim (relative evaluation of the peak-to-peak amplitude) for the very short term (cycle-to-cycle), and APQ (amplitude perturbation quotient) for the short term (cycle-to-cycle with a smoothing factor of 11 periods). The pertubation parameters of shunt speech are larger than normal ones not only in terms of the period but also in terms of the amplitude. These results are similar to those of laryngeal polyps, recurrent nerve palsy and esophageal speech. Recovery of phonation using Nozaki's type 3 method with the elephant nose shunt appears promising for pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomized patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Preliminary study of the behavior of the rest position and the minimum phonetic distance in edentulous patients rehabilitated with prostheses with modification of the palatal thickness].

BACKGROUND: Various clinical parameters, as well aesthetics, must be taken into account in determining the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) when rehabilitating edentulous subjects. These include the freeway space (FS), the physiological rest position (PRP) and the minimum speaking space (MSS). METHODS: Eight edentulous patients were rehabilitated firstly with complete denture; FS and MSS were monitored using a non-invasive computerized system, and increasing the thickness of the denture palate vault. RESULTS: FS and MSS do not appear to be correlated; MSS appears to be more reliable parameter than FS, as it is not influenced by the patient's will. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the thickness of the palate vault causes a marked lowering of the mandible during speech, in agreement with Clemencon.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics and aims of modern centers of audio-phonetics].

The organisation and aims of a modern audiology and phoniatrics centre are described. In children the centre identifies hearing defects as early as possible, and provides for re-education, to facilitate acceptance in normal society. In adults the centre arranges schemes for the prevention or limitation of occupational deafness, and makes a precise assessment of the degree of severity and type of lesione encountered as a result of any other aetiopathogenic factors, suggesting the most appropriate forms of therapy (medical, surgical or prosthesis). Conventional audiometry methods are employed, together with the most recent types of objective audiometry (psychogalvanometry, electroencephaloaudiometry, electrocochleography).

Audiometry↗