Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PECTORALIS MUSCLES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical rehabilitation after myocutaneous flaps.

The neck, shoulder, and upper trunk serve as donor sites for commonly used flaps in head and neck reconstruction. In order to prevent permanent functional disabilities, a physical therapy program was organized. The anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology of the shoulder muscles that are commonly used in myocutaneous flaps are reviewed. Their functional deficit and compensation are described. Exercise protocols for each group of muscles were developed. Prevention of postoperative "frozen shoulder" and the avoidance of tension and torsion of the transposed muscle pedicle are important during the immediate post-operative course. Strengthening the agonistic muscles and learning to use them correctly, in order to regain full range of motion, are the main long-term goals.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myocutaneous flaps for head and neck reconstruction.

The recent development of myocutaneous flaps has ushered in an era of one-stage reconstructions, which have changed the patterns of surgery for head and neck cancer. This article reviews the development of these flaps and the clinical applications at various sites of the head and neck. Personal experience with 31 consecutive myocutaneous flaps confirms the versatility and reliability of these new techniques.

Head and Neck Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glycogen cycle enzymes and cyclic nucleotides in avian muscular dystrophy.

Fast-frozen pectoralis muscle samples were taken from normal chickens (lines 200 and 412) and chickens having hereditary muscular dystrophy (line 304). The glycogen phosphorylase activity ratio (activity without AMP/activity with AMP) was significantly greater in dystrophic muscles (0.306 +/- 0.046) than it was in normal muscles (0.090 +/- 0.023). Glucagon treatment did not cause any changes in phosphorylase activity ratios. Isoproterenol treatment of both normal and dystrophic muscles raised the phosphorylase activity ratio of normal muscles to 0.446 +/- 0.054, which was not significantly different from that of the dystrophic muscles. The dystrophic muscles had significantly less glycogen than normal muscles (23.3 +/- 2.8 compared with 36.8 +/- 2.8 mumoles glucosyl units/g of muscle). There was no relationship of muscular dystrophy to total phosphorylase activity (measured in the presence of 1 mM AMP) and to glycogen synthase activities measured without and with glucose 6-phosphate. Normal muscles had 28% less cAMP and 49% less cGMP than dystrophic muscles, but these differences were eliminated by treatment of the chickens with glucagon.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1986

Organization of filaments underneath the plasma membrane of developing chicken skeletal muscle cells in vitro revealed by the freeze-dry and rotary replica method.

Cytoskeletal organization and its association with plasma membranes in embryonic chick skeletal muscle cells in vitro was studied by the freeze-drying and rotary-shadowing method of physically ruptured cells. The cytoskeletal filaments underlying the plasma membranes were sparse in myogenic cells at the stage when cells exhibited great lipid fluidity in plasma membranes (fusion competent mononucleated myoblasts and recently fused young myotubes). Myotubes at more advanced stages of development possessed a highly interconnected dense filamentous network just underneath the cell membrane. This subsarcolemmal network was composed predominantly of 8-10 nm filaments; they were identified as actin filaments because of their decoration with myosin subfragment-1. Fine fibrils having a diameter of 3-5 nm were found on the protoplasmic surface of the plasmalemma at both the early and advanced stages of development. They were associated with the subsarcolemmal cytoskeletal filaments. Short 2-5 nm cross-linking filaments were occasionally seen between filaments in the subsarcolemmal network. We conclude that, although the subsarcolemmal cytoskeletal network contains many actin filaments, this domain appears to play some role in preserving the cell shape in the form of the membrane skeleton rather than membrane mobility.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Endoscopic augmentation mastoplasty.

The authors present their experience with breast augmentation using endoscopy. They use an axillary approach to insert inflatable breast implants above the pectoralis muscle. The advantages of this method are that it is more comfortable to the patient, recovery is faster, it leaves no scars on the breasts, and there is no change in sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Carcinoma of the breast: introduction (author's transl)].

In the German Federal Republic, carcinoma of the breast and colon lie close together as the second und third most tumors. We owe to our surgical forefathers of 100 years ago, Dieffenbach, Rotter, and Halsted, the decisive therapeutic advance whereby as a result of a better understanding of the anatomy of lymphatic drainage, excision of axillary glands and pectoralis muscle was first undertaken. Neither increasing the extent of the operation (superradical excision) nor reducing it (enucleation, partial mastectomy) has so far with any certainly proved as effective as radical mastectomy. The prevalence of various operations used in the western world was ascertained from a survey of about 1000 surgical clinics. With less extensive operations (enucleation) there is the special danger that the understandable desire to strive for a cosmetic result may vitiate the chance of cure.

Androsterone↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of developmental myosin isoforms in isolated A-segments.

Immunogold labelling was used to determine the distribution of myosin isoforms within the A-bands of developing chicken pectoralis muscles. Previous localization studies led to the suggestion that neonatal myosin is preferentially located in the centre of heterogeneous thick filaments that contain either embryonic or adult myosin in addition to neonatal myosin. To further explore the possibility that neonatal myosin may serve to nucleate thick filament assembly, a method was developed to isolate A-segments (arrays of myosin filaments) from myofibrils in the presence of MgATP. A-bands usually dissociate into thick and thin filaments in a relaxing buffer, but the inclusion of an antibody against M-line protein prevented separation of the thick filament array. Well-ordered A-segments, approximately 1.5 microns in length, were prepared from muscles 12, 29, 40 days, and approximately 1 year after hatching. After reaction with monoclonal antibodies specific for neonatal and adult myosins, the A-segments were labelled with gold-conjugated secondary antibodies prior to negative staining. An antibody which cross-reacts with embryonic myosin was used to localize that epitope in A-bands of myofibrils from day 1 and day 3 posthatch muscles. At ages where expression of neonatal myosin was high, extensive gold labelling of A-segments was observed in the electron microscope. However, no preferential distribution of antibodies was observed at any age, independent of whether embryonic or adult myosin was coexpressed with the neonatal myosin, suggesting that neonatal myosin is not segregated to any particular region in the A-bands of developing muscles.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aesthetic breast reconstruction.

Breast reconstruction is fully justified only from an aesthetic perspective. A reconstructed breast, therefore, should be as aesthetically natural and similar to the contralateral one as possible, even if this means reproducing some little defects. The breast's profile (projection, ptosis, sulcus location, and superficial unevenness), symmetry, areola, and nipple are the characterizing aesthetic factors. The authors present their experience in prosthetic breast reconstruction seen with an aesthetic eye and an artistic touch, illustrating personal tips and technical adjustments: use of anatomical prostheses, pectoralis muscle treatment, sulcus stabilization or reconstruction, superficial irregularities correction, and nipple-areola complex reconstruction. Results are evaluated by both the surgeon and the patient using a score system, validating the method.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Breast reduction with inferior pedicle fascial suspension.

The ultimate aim of breast reduction surgery is to reduce breast tissue with long-term maintenance of good breast shape. A technique using interwoven fascial flap suspension of the inferior pedicle through the pectoralis muscle and fascia is described. For this study, 25 patients were followed for 1 year after surgery. The vertical length of the breast between the lower midline of the areola and the new inframammary fold was measured 10 days after surgery and compared with a follow-up measurement 1 year later. These measurements were expressed as a ratio and compared with visual impressions. A ratio of more than 1.3 or a 2-cm difference in length or more was considered representative of breast "bottoming out." This was the case with two patients, both of whom had put on substantial weight after the procedure. The author contends that a consistently reliable technique that maintains good breast shape with more extensive scarring is preferable to a technique that occasionally "gets it right" with less scarring. Good scar management and variations in technique such as the fascial flap suspension described in this report have been of considerable benefit to the author's patients undergoing breast reduction surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Donor, recipient and nerve grafts in brachial plexus reconstruction: anatomical and technical features for facilitating the exposure.

Forty three cadavers of adult and five patients were included in our study. Accessory, suprascapular, musculocutaneous and sural nerves were dissected. These widely used nerves in brachial plexus reconstruction have varying anatomy and still have no standard approach for surgery. Dissection of the accessory nerve in the upper part of the posterior neck triangle was quite complicated took a relatively long time and the nerve could easily be injured. It was found that these shortcomings could be diminished starting dissection of this nerve in the lower part of the posterior neck triangle near the anterior border of trapezius muscle 2 cm (0-3.5) above the clavicle. Accessory nerve entered inner surface of this muscle 3 cm (1-4) from this edge. The proximal portion of the suprascapular nerve was not difficult to identify if post-traumatic scarring is absent. Alternative approach was starting dissection from the junction of C5 and C6 into superior trunk. The suprascapular nerve diverged distally from this junction at 2 cm (0-2.5). The proximal portion of the musculocutaneous nerve was identified by cutting clavicle or tendon of major pectoral muscle. Quicker and less traumatic exposure of this nerve was starting dissection in the bed between biceps and coracobrachialis muscles. The first branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to the biceps brachii muscle took onset 4 cm (3.5-6) distally from the lower margin of the tendon of major pectoral muscle. First branch to the brachial muscle originated from the musculocutaneous nerve distally from the same tendon at 9.4 cm (6.1-10.5). Two main but controversial principles exist in sural nerve graft dissection: time saving and less traumatic approach. Long nerve graft is necessary during brachial plexus reconstruction when many interposition grafts are needed. Technique of multiple (4-7) transverse skin incisions let us to get sural nerve with both branches as long as 66 cm (average 47 cm). Total length of this nerve mainly depended on branching level, which was found to be 27.5 cm (9-35) measuring proximally from the lateral ankle.

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed2006

Food supply controls the body condition of a migrant bird wintering in the tropics.

The hypothesis that migratory bird populations are limited during the non-breeding season is increasingly supported by empirical studies that also suggest consequences that carry-over into subsequent seasons. Although variation in food supply is the best supported explanation for non-breeding season limitation, the ecological mechanisms and physiological consequences are not well understood. We both supplemented and reduced Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) food availability on replicate plots in Jamaica in each of 3 years to determine the direct role of food in limiting the physical condition of Ovenbirds. Annual variation in rainfall and food supply created a natural experiment in parallel with manipulations. Sex and age-classes of Ovenbirds did not respond differently in terms of body condition to either food manipulation or natural variation in environmental conditions, suggesting that this population is not structured by strong dominance relationships. Ovenbird body mass, fat, and pectoralis muscle shape were positively and predictably related to manipulated food availability. Feather regrowth rate also responded positively to food supplementation and negatively to food reduction in the drier of 2 years. Prior to manipulation, annual variation in body mass corresponded to annual variation in food supply and rainfall, providing additional, correlational evidence of food limitation. Since multiple intercorrelated body condition indices of Ovenbirds responded directly to food supply, and since food supply influenced body condition independently of other habitat features, we argue that food is a primary driver of non-breeding season population limitation. Moreover, since these effects were observed during the late non-breeding period, when individuals are preparing to migrate, we infer that food availability likely initiates carry-over effects.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the breast with undifferentiated features: report of a case.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare type of cancer, the origin of which is still uncertain. We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the breast with a recurrent tumor that showed undifferentiated features. The patient was a 55-year-old woman who originally presented with a left breast mass in the upper outer quadrant. Echography showed a 46 x 29 x 23-mm mass with cavity formation, and aspiration cytology confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. A modified radical mastectomy with level III lymph node dissection was performed. Pathologically, the tumor was composed of squamous cell carcinoma and noninvasive ductal carcinoma. A recurrent tumor showing undifferentiated features was detected in the left forechest 3 months after the operation, and tumorectomy with partial resection of the major and minor pectoralis muscles was performed. Despite intensive therapy including chemotherapy (CEF: cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil) and irradiation (50 Gy), the patient died from pulmonary and skin metastases 20 months after her initial operation. The squamous cell carcinoma of the breast in this patient grew rapidly and her prognosis was poor. Immunohistochemical findings indicated the possibility that the squamous cell carcinoma developed from noninvasive ductal carcinoma of the comedo type, and that the undifferentiated cells from the site of recurrence developed from dedifferentiation of the squamous cell carcinoma.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Delayed primary closure after sternal wound infection.

Infected median sternotomy is a major complication of cardiac operations. Over a 30-month period, 25 sternal wound infections were treated at a single institution. Twenty-four (2.7%) followed 883 operations with cardiopulmonary bypass, and 1 followed median sternotomy for a noncardiac procedure. Twenty-one of the 25 patients survived to sternal closure. Eighteen patients were treated with delayed primary closure and 3 with pectoralis muscle flaps. Fifteen patients (83%) had an uneventful postoperative course after delayed primary closure. In 2 patients reoperation was required for sternal dehiscence, and in 1 patient a superficial wound infection developed, which was treated with local wound care. In all 18 patients the sternum eventually healed. Criteria for delayed primary closure included clean tissue surfaces without purulent debris, the absence of pockets of purulent drainage, and negative wound cultures obtained 24 hours before closure. The average time from operation to sternal incision and drainage was 11 days (range, five to 59 days). Delayed primary closure was performed nine days after incision and drainage (range, five to 27 days). The average hospital stay was 24 days after sternal incision and drainage (range, nine to 85 days). Cultures from specimens taken at the time of sternal incision and drainage were positive in all patients. Wound cultures were positive at the time of sternal closure in 5 patients. Wound complications developed in 2 of these 5 patients. Delayed primary closure has many of the advantages of classic methods, but fewer complications. Results are comparable, while allowing simpler wound care and less cosmetic deformity. Delayed primary closure is an acceptable alternative in the treatment of sternal wound infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Noniatrogenic esophageal trauma.

Few guidelines are available with which to facilitate treatment in patients with noniatrogenic injuries of the esophagus. Early diagnosis and proper management are essential if a good outcome is to be expected. In an effort to define better the treatment of patients with penetrating and blunt injuries of the esophagus, we report our recent 5-year experience at an urban trauma center. From July 1988 to June 1993, nineteen patients with esophageal perforations from penetrating (18) and blunt (1) trauma were identified by our trauma registry. There was no mortality in this group of patients and morbidity was mostly due to associated injuries. Eleven cervical esophageal injuries were repaired. One cervical injury was treated by stopping oral intake and giving intravenous antibiotics. The neck was not drained in 10 of the surgical cases. In 1 patient a tracheoesophageal fistula developed, which later was repaired with a pectoralis muscle flap. Seven perforations were identified in the thoracic (2) and abdominal (5) portions of the esophagus. All were due to gunshot wounds. In 4 cases, a fundal wrap was used to reinforce the repairs. Postoperative contrast studies confirmed that all repairs were intact. We conclude that penetrating and blunt tears of the esophagus can be repaired safely with minimal mortality. Morbidity is usually from associated injuries such as to the spinal cord and trachea. When identified early, cervical esophageal injuries do not need to be drained routinely.

Adolescent↗