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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Predictive values, relative risks, and overall benefits of high and low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening in singleton pregnancies: new epidemiologic data.

In a prospective study of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening for both high and low values, we assessed the overall predictive value, sensitivity, specificity and relative risks for congenital defects and complications of pregnancy. Among 13,486 women with singleton pregnancies interviewed at the time of screening (15 to 20 weeks of gestation), 3.9% had high and 3.4% had low values. A high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein value was associated with the following adverse outcomes: neural tube defects (relative risk = 224), other major congenital defects (relative risk = 4.7), fetal deaths (relative risk = 8.1), neonatal death (relative risk = 4.7), low birth weight (relative risk = 4.0), newborn complications (relative risk = 3.6), oligohydramnios (relative risk = 3.4), abruptio placentae (relative risk = 3.0) and preeclamptic toxemia (relative risk = 2.3). A low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein value was associated with chromosomal defects (relative risk = 11.6) for fetal death (relative risk = 3.3). Either high or low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein values were associated with 34.2% of all major congenital defects, 19.1% of all stillbirths and fetal-neonatal deaths, 11.0% of major pregnancy complications, and 15.9% of serious newborn complications. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening provides an important adjunctive tool for the identification of high-risk pregnancy and adverse neonatal outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Incorporating endovaginal ultrasonography into the overall gynecologic examination.

Previously endovaginal ultrasonography was considered an adjunct for use in full-service ultrasound facilities by subspecialists only. The technique, however, has tremendous application for use by the clinician in the examination room for patients at bimanual examination. This is because the procedure is meant to be performed with an empty urinary bladder. It requires very little time once the operator is adequately trained. It provides excellent resolution despite high degrees of magnification. This allows for a distinction between a traditional ultrasound examination and this new concept of examining gynecologic patients with vaginal probe ultrasonography as a part of the routine overall gynecologic examination. Methodology and philosophic issues arising from such a concept are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Fumarate reductase activity of bovine heart succinate-ubiquinone reductase. New assay system and overall properties of the reaction.

A simple system for aerobic assay of the quinol-fumarate reductase reaction catalyzed by purified soluble bovine heart succinate-ubiquinone reductase in the presence of NADH, NAD(P)H-quinone reductase (DT-diaphorase) and an appropriate quinone is described. The reaction is inhibited by carboxin, suggesting that the same quinone/quinol binding site is involved in electron transfer from succinate to ubiquinone and from ubiquinol to fumarate. The kinetic properties of the reaction in both directions and comparative affinities of the substrate binding sites of the enzyme to substrates (products) and competitive inhibitors are reported. Considerable difference in affinity of the substrates binding site to oxaloacetate was demonstrated when the enzyme was assayed in the direct and reverse directions. These results were taken to indicate that the oxidized dicarboxylate-free enzyme is an intermediate during the steady-state succinate-ubiquinone reductase reaction, whereas the reduced dicarboxylate-free enzyme is an intermediate of the steady-state ubiquinol-fumarate reductase reaction. No difference in the reactivity of the substrate-protected cysteine and arginine residues was found when the pseudo-first-order rate constants for N-ethylmaleimide and phenylglyoxal inhibition were determined for oxidized and quinol-reduced enzyme. Quinol-fumarate reductase activity was reconstituted from the soluble succinate dehydrogenase and low-molecular-mass ubiquinone reactivity conferring protein(s). No reduction of cytochrome b was observed in the presence of quinol generating system, whereas S-3 low temperature EPR-detectable iron-sulfur center was completely reduced by quinol under equilibrium (without fumarate) or steady-state (in the presence of fumarate). No significant reduction of ferredoxin type iron-sulfur centers was detected during the steady-state quinol-fumarate oxidoreductase reaction. The data obtained eliminate participation of cytochrome b in the quinol-fumarate reductase reaction and show that the rate limiting step of the overall reaction lies between iron-sulfur center S-3 and lower midpoint potential redox components of the enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Studies on (Na+ +K+) activated ATPase. XLI. Effects of N-ethylmaleimide on overall and partial reactions.

1. Preincubation with N-ethylmaleimide inhibits the overall activity of highly purified (Na+ +K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) preparations of rabbit kidney outer medulla. 2. This inhibition is decreased by addition of ATP or 4-nitrophenylphosphate under non-phosphorylating conditions, and also by addition of ADP or adenylylimidodiphosphate. 3. N-ethylmaleimide treatment leads to inhibition of K+-stimulated 4-nitrophenylphosphatase activity, Na+-stimulated ATPase activity, and phosphorylation by ATP as well as by inorganic phosphate. These inhibitions strictly parallel that of the overal (Na+ +K+)-ATPase reaction. 4. N-ethylmaleimide lowers the number of sites which are phosphorylated by inorganic phosphate, without affecting the dissociation constant of the enzyme-phosphate complex. 5. N-ethylmaleimide does not affect the relative stimulation by ATP of the K+-stimulated 4-nitrophenylphosphatase activity. 6. These effects of N-ethylmaleimide can be explained as a complete loss of active enzyme, either by reaction of N-ethylmaleimide inside the active center, or by alterations in the quaternary structure through reactions outside the active center.

4-Nitrophenylphosphatase↗
PubMed1987

Overall changes in chromatin sensitivity to DNase I during differentiation.

The DNase I sensitivity of total chromatin was studied in fixed cells and nuclei isolated from proliferating and terminally differentiated cells, by measuring the incorporation of labelled nucleotides into DNase-sensitive sites, and electrophoresis of DNA isolated from DNase-treated nuclei. The unfixed nuclei were sensitive to digestion at around 10 micrograms/ml, the fixed cells at 30 ng/ml DNase I concentration. Proliferating Rauscher leukemia cells were more digestible than normal spleen cells. The DNase I sensitivity of the human HL60 leukemia line decreased upon DMSO-induced differentiation but still exceeded the digestibility of nuclei from normal human peripheral blood. A novel flow-cytometric technique was developed to study DNase sensitivity at the cell level. It confirmed the relative resistance of differentiated cells to DNase I and ruled out the possibility that this could be due to an altered distribution of cell cycle phases. The overall DNase I sensitivity of chromatin was compared with the sensitivity of the c-myc gene and the myc-associated hypersensitive sites. The latter sites were detected at 1 microgram/ml DNase I in HL60 nuclei. They disappeared partially upon DMSO-induced differentiation. At 10 micrograms/ml, myc was degraded in both growing and differentiating HL60, but not in HPB cells. These data suggest that a progressive condensation of the chromatin occurs during terminal differentiation which gradually involves specific genes that need to be inactivated.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Hydrophobic cluster analysis and secondary structure predictions revealed that major and minor structural subunits of K88-related adhesins of Escherichia coli share a common overall fold and differ structurally from other fimbrial subunits.

The structural relatedness of K88-related major and minor subunits was deduced from their sequences by hydrophobic cluster analysis (HCA) and secondary structure predictions produced by the profile neural network prediction program (PHD) on multiple sequence alignments. Although the weak residue identity between major and minor subunits is evidence of a high evolutionary distance, an overall structural similarity was observed In addition, clear amphipathic conformations were conserved in predicted secondary structure. On the basis of this predicted structural similarity, a schematic 2D model of ClpG subunit was developed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Overall study of the in vitro plasma clotting system in an invertebrate, Liocarcinus puber (Crustacea Decapoda): considerations on the structure of the Crustacea plasma fibrinogen in relation to evolution.

An overall study of the in vitro plasma coagulation system in the crab Liocarcinus puber has been carried out using various analytical methods, namely thromboelastography, spectrophotometrical examination, and a new one based on changes of the mechanical impedance of the developing clot. From the results reported here the clotting pattern in this species appears surprisingly complex for an invertebrate and unexpectedly closer to that of the vertebrates. Indirect evidences suggest that the fibrinogen polypeptide chains in this species and very likely in the other crustacean, are very different from those of the vertebrates. This would imply that crustacean and vertebrate fibrinogen would have diverged from one another in a far remote past, far beyond the individualization of the vertebrate alpha chain, that is, over 1.5 million years ago.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Geminate recombination in carboxy hemoglobin A and its relation to overall carbon monoxide reactivity.

The geminate recombination of CO with carboxy hemoglobin (Hb4(CO)3) following a ten nanosecond laser pulse and the overall combination of the fourth CO with Hb4(CO)3 has been studied as a function of pH in the presence and absence of inositol hexaphosphate. The results indicate that the kinetics of both reactions are independent of pH and phosphate concentration. The results are discussed in terms of a two-step mechanism: a pre-equilibrium step followed by heme--ligand bond formation. The latter is also known as the geminate recombination reaction (Hb + CO in equilibrium Hb X CO in equilibrium HbCO).

Carbon Monoxide↗
PubMed1987

Protein polymorphisms detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis: an analysis of overall informativeness of a panel of linkage markers.

Forty-two independent polymorphic loci are detectable by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) of four peripherally accessible human tissues. Fifteen have been chromosomally mapped and, taken together, these constitute a useful panel of markers for genetic linkage studies in humans. An analysis of the overall informativeness for linkage of this panel of markers is presented, taking into account the effect of varying the number of families or matings studies. Use of 2DE polymorphic markers for linkage of genetically determined behaviour traits in humans and mice is reviewed.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1984

Specific [3H]-spiroperidol binding sites in human prefrontal cortex: potential site multiplicity and overall serotonin-like selectivity.

[3H]-Spiroperidol specifically binds at sites in human prefrontal cortex. The binding of this ligand is apparently anomalous at 37 degrees C, with a substantial loss of specific binding occurring between 5 and 40 min incubation. However, at 21 degrees C, this loss of binding is not observed even at 60 min. At 21 degrees C, [3H]-spiroperidol binding in human prefrontal cortex is apparently occurring at multiple sites or multiple affinity states of single classes of sites, or at a combination of both. The overall selectivity is predominantly serotonergic, rather than dopaminergic.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Does PAPS generation determine the overall sulfate conjugation in human platelets?

The formation of 3'-phospho-adenosine-5'phosphosulfate (PAPS) depends on essentially two enzymic reactions catalysed by ATP-sulfurylase and APS-kinase (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate-kinase). In this paper, PAPS generation by human platelets was determined by the transfer of 35sulfate from PAP35S formed in vitro to N-acetyldopamine (NADA), using the phenolsulfotransferase extracted from rat liver. A pre-requisite of this quantitative procedure was the prior inhibition of the sulfate-activating system in the latter enzyme preparation. This was accomplished by the addition of 10 mM EDTA and 14 mM pyrophosphate. The PAPS-generating system of human platelets exhibited two pH peaks with higher activity at pH 8 than pH 6. Optimal concentrations of ATP and Mg++ at 7 mM were required for the two reactions. PAPS generation so measured showed a highly significant correlation with the overall sulfate conjugation of NADA: a correlation coefficient of 0.96 was established from data obtained from 60 platelet preparations of normal subjects.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1991

X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa. VIII. Dose-dependence of the overall spectrum.

There is considerable controversy in the literature concerning the nature of X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in various experimental organisms. To investigate this problem in Neurospora crassa a series of experiments (Webber and de Serres, 1965) was performed to study the induction-kinetics of X-ray-induced mutation in the adenine-3 (ad-3) region of a two-component heterokaryon (H-12). Subsequent genetic analyses (de Serres, 1989a,b,c, 1990a), on a series of 832 mutants recovered in these experiments, have shown that 3 different classes of ad-3 mutants were recovered, namely gene/point mutations, multilocus deletions and multiple-site mutations. Complementation studies with a series of genetic markers that define 21 genetic loci in the ad-3 and immediately adjacent genetic regions have shown that ad-3 mutants classified as multilocus deletions result from the inactivation of a series of loci in the ad-3 and immediately adjacent regions of Linkage Group I, whereas multiple-locus mutations result from combinations of gene/point mutations and multilocus deletions. Analysis of the induction kinetics of these 3 different classes, after completion of the genetic characterization of all mutants (de Serres, 1990b) demonstrated that gene/point mutations increase linearly with X-ray dose, whereas multilocus deletions and multiple-site mutations increase as the square of X-ray dose. Further analysis of allelic complementation among the gene/point mutations at the ad-3B locus (de Serres, 1990c), demonstrated that the spectrum of complementation patterns was dose-dependent: complementing mutants with nonpolarized patterns decreased and noncomplementing mutations increased with increasing X-ray dose. There was little or no change with dose in the frequency of mutants with polarized patterns. In the present report, data from studies published previously have been utilized, along with additional data from the original X-ray experiments (12-5, 12-6, 12-7, and 12-10; see Webber and de Serres, 1965) to develop composite complementation maps of the X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 and immediately adjacent regions as a function of X-ray dose. This analysis of the overall spectrum of X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region demonstrated marked dose-dependence and provides an explanation for the discrepancies in the literature with regard to specific-locus studies in different experimental organisms.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1985

Overall results in 304 consecutive patients with acute spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The results obtained in 304 consecutive patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage are described, the majority of whom (86%) were admitted while in acute condition. Only 46% of the patients in this series were in good condition at admission. The initial management was standardized for all patients, but the protocol of "delayed surgery" was applied to patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage from aneurysmal rupture. Two hundred and twenty-two patients (73%) had intracranial aneurysms. Of these, 20 (9%) were moribund and died shortly after admission; nine (4%) underwent emergency surgery due to the coexistence of a life-threatening cerebral hematoma; seven (3%) were operated upon within 3 days of admission; 78 (35%) died after rebleeding or after steady deterioration of the patient's condition due to vasospasm while awaiting surgery. Of the remaining 108 patients ready for delayed surgery, 12 (11%) (operation refused, elderly patients in poor general condition, spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm) were treated conservatively, and 96 (89%), who were in various clinical conditions, were actually operated on. Of these 96 patients, 79 (82%) exhibited excellent or good results, 5 (5%) were disabled, and 12 (12%) died. In the authors' experience, the overall management of intracranial aneurysms in unselected patients according to the protocol of delayed surgery results in significant loss of patients awaiting surgery, and good surgical results in the survivors.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Airway responsiveness to histamine as a test for overall severity of asthma in children.

Seventy-eight children who had a history of asthma were studied while they were symptom-free. There was a highly significant correlation between the dose of aerosolized histamine that produced a decrease in FEV1 of 20% and each of the features in the history that indicated severity of asthma. The correlation was strengthened by the combination of these features into a weighted asthma history score. None of the subjects with mildly increased bronchial reactivity had a history score of severe asthma, and none with markedly increased bronchial reactivity had mild asthma. There was also a highly significant correlation between histamine dose and the results of spirometric tests for airway obstruction. However, the correlation between asthma history score and provocative histamine dose was highly significant even in the 21 subjects who were apparently free of airway obstruction at the time of testing. Furthermore, the correlation between asthma history score and histamine dose was stronger than that between asthma score and any spirometric test, indicating that the histamine test more accurately assessed the overall severity of the asthma. Measurement of bronchial responsiveness to histamine is a useful adjunct to history in determining the severity of asthma in an individual and should be considered as an objective way of grading subjects according to severity of asthma in a clinical study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Overall efficiency of in vitro embryo production and vitrification in cattle.

In 5 replicates a total of 719 immature oocytes recovered from 94 slaughterhouse-derived bovine ovaries were matured and fertilized in vitro, then cultured for 7 to 9 d on a granulosa cell monolayer in TCM 199 supplemented with calf serum. Of 338 blastocysts (47% of oocytes cultured), 301 were vitrified in Hepes/bicarbonate buffered TCM-199 medium, 20% calf serum and dimethylsulfoxide and ethylene glycol as the cryoprotectants. After thawing in 1 M sucrose and subsequent culture in vitro, 237 (79%) of the blastocysts re-expanded and 177 (59%) hatched. Re-expansion and hatching rates differed between the blastocysts vitrified on Day 7 and Day 8 (84 and 69% vs 70 and 41%, respectively). We conclude that the applied methods are relatively simple and inexpensive to use, with an overall efficiency of the in vitro production/vitrification procedure being 1.9 hatched blastocyst/ovary. Therefore, this system seems suitable for large-scale production of cryopreserved bovine embryos for various purposes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Aneuploidy for chromosome 1 and overall DNA content in benign and malignant breast disease.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a probe for the pericentromeric region of chromosome 1 and DNA content measurements by image-analysis-based densitometry have been carried out on imprints of benign and malignant breast tissue. In general, an increase in the number of spots per nucleus was observed in the invasive carcinomas, with a large intercellular variation. In comparison with lymphocytes from controls, some cases of benign breast disease already had an increased frequency of aneusomy of chromosome 1, although they were all (near)diploid by DNA-content. However, an overall concordance between the DNA content measurements and the results of FISH was observed, although some exceptions were seen. A statistically significant correlation between the DNA index and the mean number of spots for chromosome 1 per nucleus was found. A linear discriminant analysis was applied on the data; the resulting classification of patients was most accurate when parameters describing DNA content and FISH results were combined.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1994

Impact of overall treatment time of fractionated irradiation on local control of human FaDu squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice.

A series of experiments were performed to determine the impact of overall treatment time on local control of human FaDu squamous cell carcinoma irradiated with 30 fractions under ambient conditions in nude mice. The TCD50 increased with treatment time between 15 days and 10 weeks from 43 Gy to 102 Gy. The data can be well described by a single linear function. The dose recovered per day is 1.0 Gy. However, the data can also be adequately fitted by two components with an initial delay of about 30 days followed by a steep increase at a rate of 1.5 Gy per day. Assuming that the increase of TCD50 is solely caused by repopulation of clonogenic tumor cells, and that the cellular radiation sensitivity in vitro reflects the radiation sensitivity of FaDu cells in vivo, the doubling time of clonogenic tumor cells during treatment is estimated to be approximately 1.8 days for the one-component model and, after an initial delay, approximately 1.2 days for the two-component model. Both values are shorter than the doubling time of clonogenic cells in untreated FaDu tumors and similar to the potential doubling time determined by flow cytometry after BrdUrd labelling. It is concluded that the dose necessary to control FaDu squamous cell carcinoma increases considerably with increasing time of a fractionated radiation treatment. It appears most likely that this increase is caused by repopulation of clonogenic tumor cells; however, other mechanisms such as an increasing fraction of hypoxic tumor cells can not be ruled out at present.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Does tumor control decrease by prolonging overall treatment time or interrupting treatment in laryngeal cancer?

PURPOSE: To evaluate treatment results of radiotherapy in laryngeal cancer and to retrospectively investigate the influence of treatment interruptions on local control rates. A multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the role of overall treatment time on local control rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1962 to end 1986, 864 patients with cancer of the larynx were treated with primary radiotherapy, with a variation of doses and treatment times. In 352 patients a systematic interruption of 2 weeks was done after 50 Gy (split-course). Local control rates were calculated by the actuarial method. A multivariate analysis was subsequently performed in order to identify independent variables influencing local control rates. RESULTS: The univariate analysis showed that in patients treated with a split-course schedule, local control rates were significantly lower in glottic cancer (p < 0.001), with differences of 7% in T1 (p = 0.05) and 11% in T2 (p = 0.11). In node-negative supraglottic cancer a difference of 10% (p = 0.16) was observed. The multivariate analysis showed the following factors to significantly influence local control: site, total dose, total treatment time, T and N stage. Split-course treatment was not an independently significant factor, probably caused by time being a stronger factor. In subgroup analysis, the effect of total treatment time remained statistically significant in T2 glottic cancer. CONCLUSION: A significant negative influence of treatment interruption was seen in glottic cancer, and a trend toward significance in node-negative supraglottic cancer in univariate analysis. A multivariate analysis showed a negative influence of prolonging treatment time in the total patient group. The effect remained significant in T2 glottic cancer in subsequent subgroup analysis, possibly due to the fact that there is little variation in tumour volume in this group. In larger tumours, where there is substantial variation in tumour volume and a higher probability of heterogeneity in radiosensitivity, the effect of dose-time variations could be more difficult to discern.

Female↗