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PubMed1982

[Drug resistance and the occurrence of conjugative R plasmids in E. coli strains isolated from healthy pigs].

The methods of diffusion and serum dilutions in solid nutrient media were employed to study the drug resistance of a total of 71 Escherichia coli strains isolated from anal samples of clinically normal pigs. It was found that an essential number of the strains were resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, neomycin, chloramphenicol, oleandomycin, tylan, oxacilin, and sulfathiazol. The testing of the these strains through conjugation with E. coli C-600 as a recipient showed that 38.23 per cent of them were carriers of conjugative R-plasmids. It was concluded that the occurrence of conjugative R-plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from normal pigs was considerable and could constitute an unsurmountable problem in the chemotherapy of such animals affected with colibacteriosis. On the other hand, the presence of R-plasmids in the microflora of clinically normal pigs could be referred to as a permanent source of drug resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with infected burns].

Sensitivity to 15 drugs of 248 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with infected burns was studied by the method of agar dilution. All of the strains were resistant to polymyxin M, ceporin, erythromycin and oleandomycin. Most of the strains were resistant to streptomycin, monomycin, ampicillin and rifadin. Moderate resistance of the strains to carbenicillin, morphocycline, vibramycin, kanamycin, tetraolean and tetracycline was observed: the maximum concentrations of these antibiotics (128 microgram/ml) inhibited the growth of 85, 69, 63, 51.8, 43.6 and 41.2 per cent of the strains respectively. Gentamicin proved to be most active against the strains of P. aeruginosa and inhibited 87 per cent of the strains when used in the therapeutic doses. The study provided recomendation of the drugs for parenteral and local use in treatment of burns infected with P. aeruginosa.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

[Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from frozen bull seminal fluid to antibiotics, sulfamides and furazolidone].

A total of 66 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from frozen bull semen were studied with regard to their sensitivity to antibiotics, sulfamides, and furazolidone with the employment of the disk method after Anderson. All strains were found resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, novobiocin, neomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, oleandomycin, spectam, furazolidone, borgal, tylan, oxacillin, and sulfathiazole. Experiments are carried out to find antibiotics that would have good activity against this species of bacteria. The attention is focused on gentamycin, carbenicillin, and rimactan which inhibit the growth of these strains at a minimal suppressive concentration ranging from 1.5 up to 50 microgram/cm3. Regressive lines have been drawn for these antibiotics. It is suggested to use the graphs of the same lines in the rapid determination of the minimal suppressive concentration of gentamycin, carbenicillin, and rimactan against Ps. aeruginosa strains contaminating the semen of bulls.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Practical problems raised by antibiotic minimal inhibitory concentration determination in Legionella species (author's transl)].

Because of culture medium constitution and growth conditions of Legionella species, antibiotic Minimal inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination is difficult and does not fit with the accepted standards. The following strains have been tested : references strains : Staphylococcus aureus Oxford CNCM 53154, S. aureus 209P CNCM 53156, E. coli CNCM A224, E. coli CNCM 7324. L. pneumophila, 9 strains representative of the 6 serogroups. L. micdadei, L. dumoffii. 5 clinical isolates of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (3 isolated in our Laboratory and 2 in Belgium). MIC of 17 antibiotics have been determined, among them macrolids not tested before. The method used was the Agar Dilution Method, with several media compared. MIC values are different in function of the various media tested Charcoal yeast extract medium, which is recommended for Legionella growth, does not inhibit activity of penicillin G, cefalotin, cefoxitin, amikacin, erythromycin and lincosamins, in contrast of tetracyclin, gentamicin, dibekacin, chloramphenicol, oleandomycin, pristinamycin, spiramycin and rifampicin. Charcoal, ferric pyrophosphate and L-cystein present in the culture medium are inactivating factors. However our results confirm good activity of rifampicin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and amikacin. Among the others macrolids tested, pristinamycin is the most active.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Determination of the biological activity of antibiotics by using dry nutrient media].

The possibility of using available dry nutrient media Nos. 5 to 12 in assays of antibiotic biological activity with the agar diffusions method was studied with respect to benzylpenicillin, gramicidin S, kanamycin sulfate, kanamycin B, oleandomycin, novobiocin, tetracycline and erythromycin. The dry media were used instead of the respective media prepared with meat hydrolyzate. Optimal conditions of the assays on such media were determined.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[Hydrolase activity characteristics of actinomycetes during antibiotic biosynthesis].

The activity of the main extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, such as protease, nuclease and amylase was studied in the process of the development of the actinomycetes producing streptomycin, novobiocin, levorin and oleandomycin. It was found that the enzymatic activity significantly changed during the development of the cultures depending on their individual properties. Comparative study of the enzymatic activity of the streptomycin-producing organisms differing in the antibiotic production levels and the use of special nutrient media providing the increased biosynthesis of DNAases allowed a definite relationship to be disclosed between the activity level of extracellular hydrolases and antibiotic production.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[Salmonellal sensitivity to antibiotics in 1975-1979 and its characteristics in S. typhimurium].

Sensitivity of 314 Salmonella strains of 16 serotypes of the main groups ABCDE isolated from patients with salmonellosis in 1975-1979 was studied with the method of standard paper disks with respect to levomycetin, streptomycin, tetracycline, monomycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin and in a part of the cultures to kanamycin, ristomycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin and polymyxin. 78 per cent of the strains fell within S. typhimurium. It was found that S. typhimurium had higher resistance levels to the above antibiotics and the so called "hospital" strains of the pathogens were mainly resistant simultaneously to 4-12 antibiotics. The Salmonella strains of the other serotypes isolated mainly in 1975-1977 preserved sufficient sensitivity to the antibiotics used for the most prolonged periods and most widely in therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[High-immunogenic mutants of Salmonella with two independently of each other attenuating markers as potential vaccines from bacteria capable of multiplication. 2. Communication: spontaneous chromosomal resistance against antibiotics as a possibility for isolation of clones with decreased virulence (author's transl)].

Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium with spontaneous chromosomal resistance against oleandomycin, streptothricin, nalidixic acid and rifampicin were investigated for their virulence behaviour with the i.p. mouse model. The strains resistant against the special antibiotic consists of a spectrum of various clones with a different behaviour of virulence: Additionally to obvious unchanged virulent strains there are such with a weak or strong attenuation. The majority of the attenuated strains protect the immunized mice against a following lethal wild strain infection. High-immunogenic attenuated double-marker mutants for application as potential vaccine strains may be isolated with the aid of a step by step introduction of a second attenuating "resistance"-marker in a one-marker strain, attenuated for another reason. These strains show the following parameters: -stability under the conditions of practical vaccine application, because a simultaneous back-mutation in both attenuating markers by reason of the unrealizable germ numbers will not occur, -immunogenicity by one immunization only, -separation from homologous wild strains of another origin with simple laboratory methods. This obvious generally acting biological principle is explained on the basis of molecular biological considerations and by referring to the literature. A test for orientation using an attenuated RNA-polymerase mutant showed, the resistance against rifampicin and attenuation are transferred together by co-transduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Identification and the physicochemical characteristics of the extrachromosomal DNA from a Streptomyces antibioticus strain].

The data on centrifugation of DNA in the density gradient of caesium chloride-ethidium bromide, electron microscopy and electrophoresis of the DNA restricts from the satellite gradient band indicate that Str. antibioticus, the oleandomycin-producing organism possessed extrachromosomal cyclic DNA with the molecular weight of 21.3. 10(6) +/- +/- 0.3 10(6) daltons. The extrachromosomal cyclic DNA had 7 identification sites for endonuclease BamHI, 5 sites for PstI, 12 sites for PvuII, more than 14 sites for SmaI and non for endonucleases Eco RI and HindIII.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

[Sensitivity of bacteria of the genus Proteus to antibiotics and their combinations].

Sensitivity of 99 Proteus strains isolated from infants with gastro-intestinal diseases was studied by the method of serial dilutions on the Ploskirev's medium with respect to 19 antibiotics and some of their pair combinations. High resistance levels were registered with respect to penicillin and semi-synthetic penicillins, such as oxacillin, methicillin, ampicillin, as well as oleandomycin, erythromycin, lincomycin and oxytetracycline. The minimum inhibitory concentration for most of the strains was at least 128 gamma/ml. The Proteus strains were more sensitive to aminoglycosides, such as monomycin, neomycin and kanamycin, as well as carbenicillin, cephalosporine, streptomycin, levomycetin, chlortetracycline and novobiocin. Rifampicin, gentamycin and ampicillin combinations with gentamycin had a pronounced antimicrobial effect on Proteus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

[Pharmacokinetic basis for antibiotic therapy in broncho-pulmonary bacterial infections (author's transl)].

Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution and elimination of a drug in the body. Applied to antibiotic therapy it gives information on the concentrations of antibiotic that reach the bacteria at a given time at their site of multiplication for a given dose and route of administration. The future of an antibiotic within a body is largely related to passive transfer. This can be compared to the dialysis of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, the passage from one side to the other being a function of the concentration of molecules in the "upstream" side, the size of the molecules and their own particular transfer speed. The final result is affected by 1) the partition coefficient itself related to the degree of aqueous and lipid solubility of the molecules, 2) the degree of ionisation of the molecules, non-ionised molecules being the only ones to be transferred, 3) protein binding as only the unbound fraction is biologically active and capable of diffusing across the membranes, 4) by the interplay of the combined phenomena of resorption, distribution and elimination. Penicillins and macrolides are the antibiotics of choice in broncho-pulmonary infections. The tetracyclines and the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination come second. The combination of a beta-lactam, an aminoglycoside and/or metronidazole are reserved for the most severe infections. The lung is a particularly well vascularised organ, the pulmonary concentrations of the antibiotic may equal the serum levels. But the concentration in the bronchial secretions only reaches 55% of the serum levels for clindamycin, 25 to 30% for aminoglycosides, minocycline and bacampicillin, 20% for cephalosporins and doxycycline and less than 10% for ampicillin and erythromycin. Only oleandomycine, spiramycin and trimethoprim are present in concentrations equal to those in the serum.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antibiotic sensitivity of Lactobacilli from the digestive tract of the crews of Soiuz-13 and Saliut-4].

Sensitivity to 19 antibiotics of 411 lactobacillus strains isolated from the saliva and feces of crewmembers who made 8-, 30- and 63-day flights was determined. Antibiotic sensitivity remained unchanged even in the 63-day flight. The antibiotics tested produced different effects on the lactoflora that varied from gentle--polymyxin and gentamycin, less gentle--neomycin and monomycin, to hazardous--penicillin and erythromycin, then rifampicin and levomycetin, and, finally, tetracycline and oleandomycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[Antibacterial preparation sensitivity of staphylococcal strains isolated from patients with inflammatory diseases of the male genitalia].

The data on the drug sensitivity of 517 staphylococcal strains isolated from the prostate secretion, separate contents of the right and left seminal vesicles, ejaculate and urine of 250 male patients with inflammatory diseases of the genitalia are presented. It is shown that aminoglycoside antibiotics, rifampicin, lincomycin and nitrofurans are the drugs of choice in the treatment of such patients. The resistance of the staphylococcal strains to 14 main antibacterial drugs widely used in the clinical practice was studied for a period of 1971--1978. It was found that the number of the staphylococcal cultures resistant to the drugs except furagin increased. The increase in the resistance level to ampicillin, erythromycin oleandomycin, kanamycin, nevigramon and biseptol was the highest. 95.7 +/- 2.2 per cent of the staphylococcal strains were polyresistant.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

Susceptibility of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causal agent of contagious equine metritis, to 31 antimicrobial agents.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 31 antimicrobial agents were determined for 99 isolates of Haemophilus equigenitalis by the agar dilution method. All the isolates showed good susceptibility to 26 antimicrobial agents tests, minimal inhibitory concentrations of which were less than 3.13 micrograms/ml for more than 90% of the isolates. Of these agents, 4 macrolides (erythromycin, oleandomycin, kitasamycin, tylosin), 3 tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline), 1 peptide (colistin), 1 penicillin (ampicillin) and 1 pleuromutilin (tiamulin) were the most active agents, showing a minimal inhibitory concentration of less than 0.39 micrograms/ml for more than 90% of the isolates. The growth of more than 90% of the isolates was not inhibited by 800 micrograms/ml of streptomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Morphological and enzymatic changes in chicks treated with antibiotics].

The live, kidney and skeletal muscules of 54 chickens fed experimentally with bacitrazin, gallimycin, oleandomycin, tetracyclin, tylan, chlornitromycin, streptomycin and penicillin, and of 10 control birds were investigated pathomorphologically and histochemically (succinate--and lactate-dehdrogenase and esterase). Parenchymal dystrophy in the epithelial cells of the liver and kidney and areactive necrotic foci amid the parenchyma were assessed. Dystrophic and necrotic changes observed in the muscle fibres of treated birds. Reduced enzyme activity was proven. The studies indicate that the morphological and enzyme changes in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscules of chickens treated with bacitrazin, gallimycin, chlornitromycin and streptomycin are greater than these observed in birds fed with tylan, tetracyclin, olenadomycin and penicillin. It is proven that the morphological and enzyme changes established in healthy chickens fed with prophylactic antibiotic doses are due to the antibiotics applied.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Microflora of the pus of lactation mastitis patients and its sensitivity to a series of antibiotics].

The etiological picture of lactation mastitis and sensitivity of its causative agent to some antibiotics were studied. Mostly microbial associations were isolated from the patients. Pathogenic staphylococci typed mainly by the phages of group I predominated among the isolates. In addition the strains of Proteus, Pseudomonas, E. coli and others were isolated from the pus of the mastitis cases. Sensitivity of the microflora to some antibiotics was studied. It was found that most of the causative agents of the postnatal mastitis possessed multiple resistance. They were mainly resistant to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, oleandomycin and sensitive to oxacillin, methicillin, kanamycin and rifampicin. It was shown that during the patients stay under tha stationary conditions the postoperative wound were infected for the second time with hospital microbial strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

[Properties of the contagious ecthyma virus used for vaccine production].

Experiments were carried out to establish the effect of some antibiotics and merthiolate on the vaccinal Phylaxia strain of ecthyma contagiosa. Besides, followed up was the effect of these antibiotics on concomitant microflora that had multipled in the virus suspension. Trials were also made to titrate the vaccinal strain on lambs through scarification. Titration was carried out by the method of Schmidt. Virus dilutions of 10-1 were applied following scarification on the the thighs and fore limbs of two lams. A scarified site was also left without application to check up the effect. Each treatment needed two lambs. It was found that the antibiotics nistatin, kanamycin, oxacillin, tetraolean, oleandomycin, oxitetracyclin and chloramphenicol did not lower the activity of the vaccinal virus Phylaxia. The antibiotics tested at the respective concentrations had no sterilizing effect on the crust media regard to the concomitant bacteria. It is pointed out that the method of virus treatment can be employed to determine the biologic potential of productional batches of ecthyma contagiosa vaccine.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sulfamethazine as a model compound to assess sex hormone-dependent cytochrome P-450 activity in rats.

Plasma disposition and urinary recovery of sulfamethazine (SMZ), its N4-acetylated metabolite (N4AcSMZ), and two of its hydroxylated metabolites [5-hydroxysulfamethazine (5OHSMZ) and 6-hydroxymethylsulfamethazine (6CH2OHSMZ)] were determined in male and female rats, in castrated males, and in rats pretreated with various steroid hormones. Male rats had a 2-fold higher SMZ plasma clearance than females, castrates, and males treated with flutamide (a testosterone antagonist). When castrated male rats were treated with testosterone or trenbolone, SMZ plasma clearance returned to normal values. Higher SMZ plasma clearance rates in the presence of androgens went together with higher urinary recoveries of the 6CH2OHSMZ metabolite. In hepatic microsomes of male rats lower apparent KM values, and higher Vmax values for 6CH2OHSMZ and 5OHSMZ formation were found than in microsomes of female rats. Castration or treatment of male rats with flutamide markedly reduced microsomal SMZ hydroxylation rates. Pretreatment of male or female rats with phenobarbital or triacetyl-oleandomycin had no effect on microsomal SMZ hydroxylation, whereas a continuous infusion with bovine somatotropin in male rats caused a marked decrease in SMZ hydroxylation rate. Finally, SMZ hydroxylation to 6CH2OHSMZ and 5OHSMZ in hepatic microsomes from male rats was strongly inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against P-4502C11. These results suggest that the male-specific P-4502C11 enzyme plays an important role in the hydroxylation of SMZ to 6CH2OHSMZ and 5OHSMZ in rats. SMZ seems a useful model compound to assess hormone effects on oxidative biotransformation (in vivo and in vitro) in rats.

Animals↗