Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Nodule development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Development of multiple subcutaneous nodules in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis during methotrexate therapy].

A 59-year-old woman with a 14 years' history of seropositive nodular rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who developed multiple subcutaneous nodules during methotrexate therapy was reported. Weekly pulse methotrexate therapy (5-7.5 mg) was initiated in June, 1990 for exacerbation of RA. By January 1991 (total dose of methotrexate: ca 240-310 mg), marked clinical and laboratory improvements were observed. However, subcutaneous which were present prior to methotrexate administration, increased in number and size. The excised nodules showed typical histological features of rheumatoid nodules. The subcutaneous were also characterized by their presence in atypical locations such as the extensor surfaces of finger joints and toes. Recent reports which describe development of subcutaneous nodules and vasculitic lesions in RA patients following methotrexate therapy indicate different pathogenetic mechanisms might be involved in articular disease and nodular lesions.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1987

Appearance of purine-catabolizing enzymes in fix and fix root nodules on soybean and effect of oxygen on the expression of the enzymes in callus tissue.

The appearance of enzymes involved in the formation of ureides, allantoin, and allantoic acid, from inosine 5'-monophosphate was analyzed in developing root nodules of soybean (Glycine max). Concomitant with development of effective nodules, a substantial increase in specific activities of the enzymes 5'-nucleotidase (35-fold), purine nucleosidase (10-fold), xanthine dehydrogenase (25-fold), and uricase (200-fold), over root levels was observed. The specific activity of allantoinase remained constant during nodule development. With ineffective nodules the activities were generally lower than in effective nodules; however, the activities of 5'-nucleotidase and allantoinase were 2-fold higher in ineffective nodules unable to synthesize leghemoglobin than in effective nodules. Since the expression of uricase has been shown to be regulated by oxygen (K Larsen, BU Jochimsen 1986 EMBO J 5: 15-19), the expression of the remaining enzymes in the purine catabolic pathway were tested in response to variations in O(2) concentration in sterile soybean callus tissue. Purine nucleosidase responded to this treatment, exhibiting a 4-fold increase in activity around 2% O(2). 5'-Nucleotidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and allantoinase remained unaffected by variations in the O(2) concentration. Hence, the expression of two enzymes involved in ureide formation, purine nucleosidase and uricase, has been demonstrated to be influenced by O(2) concentration.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Correlation between ultrastructural differentiation of bacteroids and nitrogen fixation in alfalfa nodules.

Bacteroid differentiation was examined in developing and mature alfalfa nodules elicited by wild-type or Fix- mutant strains of Rhizobium meliloti. Ultrastructural studies of wild-type nodules distinguished five steps in bacteroid differentiation (types 1 to 5), each being restricted to a well-defined histological region of the nodule. Correlative studies between nodule development, bacteroid differentiation, and acetylene reduction showed that nitrogenase activity was always associated with the differentiation of the distal zone III of the nodule. In this region, the invaded cells were filled with heterogeneous type 4 bacteroids, the cytoplasm of which displayed an alternation of areas enriched with ribosomes or with DNA fibrils. Cytological studies of complementary halves of transversally sectioned mature nodules confirmed that type 4 bacteroids were always observed in the half of the nodule expressing nitrogenase activity, while the presence of type 5 bacteroids could never be correlated with acetylene reduction. Bacteria with a transposon Tn5 insertion in pSym fix genes elicited the development of Fix- nodules in which bacteroids could not develop into the last two ultrastructural types. The use of mutant strains deleted of DNA fragments bearing functional reiterated pSym fix genes and complemented with recombinant plasmids, each carrying one of these fragments, strengthened the correlation between the occurrence of type 4 bacteroids and acetylene reduction. A new nomenclature is proposed to distinguish the histological areas in alfalfa nodules which account for and are correlated with the multiple stages of bacteroid development.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1988

Potential carcinogenicity of 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin in rats.

The potential carcinogenic activity of 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin (DMSC) was examined by oral administration in rats. In Experiment I, all of eight effective ACI/N rats given DMSC in the diet at a concentration of 50 p.p.m. developed neoplastic nodules of the liver. Five rats developed hepatocellular carcinomas and four rats had hemangioendothelial sarcomas of the liver. Two other rats developed osteosarcomas. In Experiment II, F344 rats were given DMSC by gavage once every 2 weeks at dose of 2 mg/0.15 ml dimethylformamide. Out of 24 effective animals 19 rats developed neoplastic nodules of the liver, and eight rats had hepatocellular carcinomas. Hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver was seen in one rat. Two rats developed osteosarcomas in the upper legs. Proliferative fibrous lesions which were considered to be a preneoplastic change of the bone tumors were seen in the thighbones of four rats. Results obtained from these two experiments indicate that DMSC is hepatocarcinogenic, as is sterigmatocystin, and that the compound is probably weakly carcinogenic for the bone.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

A Rhizobium meliloti homolog of the Escherichia coli peptide-antibiotic transport protein SbmA is essential for bacteroid development.

Alfalfa nodules induced by a Rhizobium meliloti strain carrying the bacA386::TnphoA mutation (formerly fix386::TnphoA) were examined by light and electron microscopy. These ineffective nodules were found to contain bacteria within infection threads, but no mature bacteroids were observed. A closer examination revealed that there were undeveloped senescent bacteroids in the plant cells of the nodule invasion zone, strongly suggesting that the symbiotic defect of the bacA386::TnphoA mutant is attributable to an early block in bacteroid development. The expression of the bacA gene in effective nodules was monitored with a bacA-phoA fusion and found to be strongest in the region where developing bacteroids are found. The bacA+ gene was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that BacA is probably an integral inner membrane protein with seven transmembrane domains and that it is extremely homologous to Escherichia coli SbmA, an inner membrane protein required for the uptake of microcin B17, a peptide antibiotic. Southern blotting experiments indicate that a gene closely related to bacA/sbmA is found in many bacteria, including some that invade eukaryotic cells. Possible roles for BacA in symbiosis are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

[Ultrastructure of bacteroid-containing tissue of Pisum sativum L. peas having various regulatory mechanisms of nodulation].

The infected root nodule cells of Pisum sativum cvs. Torsdag, Rondo and its supernodulating mutant nod3 have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and morphometrically. Torsdag and nod3 developed effective nodules, when grown with or without nitrates in the growth medium. The nodules developed by Rondo were ineffective in the presence of nitrates, and otherwise effective. An obvious similarity in the fine structure of bacteroid tissue of root nodules has been observed in Torgsdag (Nod5) and the supernodulating mutant nod3, both forms being nitrate-tolerant, but nodulation being controlled by different genetic systems. The statistical processing results showed significant differences in the respective morphometric parameters of nodule cells between the plants grown according to either scheme: with and without nitrates. Combined nitrogen is likely to affect the ratio of symbionts in the infected nodule cells of cultivars with nitrate-tolerant nodulation.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

Phaseolus ENOD40 is involved in symbiotic and non-symbiotic organogenetic processes: expression during nodule and lateral root development.

ENOD40 is an early nodulin gene, recently isolated from legume species forming nodules either after Rhizobium infection or spontaneously. ENOD40 cDNAs from Phaseolus plants were isolated and nucleotide sequence determination revealed 85% and 88.5% homology with the reported soybean cDNA clones. The putative polypeptide deduced coincides with the soybean one but a stop codon, almost in the middle of the respective ORF, renders it much shorter. This polypeptide was overexpressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Although the spatial expression pattern of the gene in the root pericycle and nodule primordium at early stages of development as well as in the pericycle of the vascular bundles and uninfected cells in mature nodules is comparable to the gene's expression pattern in soybean, differences in developmental regulation are evident. We have shown that ENOD40 transcripts are also detected at very early stages of lateral root development, in the dividing pericycle cells of the root stele that give rise to the lateral root primordia. The presence of Rhizobium causes an enhancement of the gene's expression and also induction of the gene in the vascular tissues of developed lateral roots. Interestingly, a discrimination on the gene's expression level in adventious and acropetal incipient lateral root primordia, emerging in infected and uninfected roots, is observed. This indicates that the gene's product may be involved in the hormonal status of the plant and that ENOD40 may be used as a molecular marker in lateral root initiation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

A giant rheumatoid nodule.

Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules occur commonly in advanced cases of rheumatoid arthritis and are the most common extra-articular lesion of this disease. We present a case of a very unusual giant rheumatoid nodule that developed on the lateral side of a knee. The case was devoid of systemic symptoms of arthritis and the lesion was limited to a rheumatoid nodule. The nodule was successfully treated by surgical excision. However, other new nodules developed in her hand. Her clinical course has not been satisfactory.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

The histopathology and biochemistry of phenobarbitone-induced liver nodules in C3H mice.

The sequential development of hepatic nodules induced by phenobarbitone (PB) has been studied in the C3H/He strain of mouse, a strain prone to the development of spontaneous liver tumours. PB was administered in the diet to young male animals at a dose level of 85 mg/kg/day for up to 91 weeks. Control and PB-treated mice developed hepatic nodules within 60 weeks. In control animals the nodules consisted of small basophilic cells, and by 80 weeks a small proportion of the animals had developed unequivocal hepatocellular carcinoma. The basophilic nodules were similar in many respects to those induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine. In PB-treated mice the incidence of basophilic nodules was similar to that in controls. These animals also developed hepatic nodules formed of large eosinophilic cells which were readily dissectable from the surrounding host tissue by 60 weeks. Biochemical investigations into the large eosinophilic nodules from PB treated mice showed that both Phase I and Phase II types of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities were induced to levels either similar to, or greater than in the surrounding host tissue. In contrast, enzyme activities in basophilic nodules from untreated mice killed at 91 weeks, were generally similar to or lower than in the surrounding host tissue. The presence of eosinophilic nodules did not lead to an increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the PB-treated C3H/He mice. Concurrent experiments conducted in the C57BL/6 strain of mouse did not result in the development of liver nodules at 60 weeks. Thus, the eosinophilic nodules induced by phenobarbitone in C3H/He mice appear to be distinctly different from the basophilic liver nodules arising spontaneously or to basophilic nodules produced by the hepatocellular carcinogen N-nitrosodiethylamine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cells expressing ENOD2 show differential spatial organization during the development of alfalfa root nodules.

We have used in situ hybridization to examine the spatial organization of cells expressing the early nodulin gene (ENOD2) during the development of alfalfa root nodules. ENOD2 gene expression was found in the nodule parenchyma, uninfected cells surrounding the symbiotic region of both effective and ineffective nodules. However, in empty nodules, ENOD2 gene expression was found in a mass of parenchyma cells at the base of the nodule. Similar results were also observed in 11-day-old nodules that contained infected cells but that had not yet begun to express leghemoglobin. Although early events of nodulation result in the induction of ENOD2 expression in cells at the nodule base, the pattern of cells expressing ENOD2 during nodule growth appears to be correlated with the development of other peripheral tissues.

Fabaceae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prognostic value of peritoneoscopic findings in cirrhosis of the liver.

The prognostic value of peritoneoscopy was examined in 372 patients with liver cirrhosis according to the degree of development and size of regenerating nodules, the development of reddish markings, the development of small lymphatic vesicles, the presence or absence of patchy markings, the size of the right and left hepatic lobes, and the degree of splenomegaly. The cumulative survival rate was compared with these peritoneoscopic parameters. The usefulness of peritoneoscopic and histological findings in the prognosis of liver cirrhosis was evaluated using the proportional hazard model of Cox. Significant differences were observed in the cumulative survival rate with respect to the degree of development of regenerating nodules, the size of the right hepatic lobe, the formation of small lymphatic vesicles, and the degree of splenomegaly. Analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model indicated that peritoneoscopic findings are of greater clinical use than histological findings in determining the prognosis of liver cirrhosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Distinct classes of mitotic cyclins are differentially expressed in the soybean shoot apex during the cell cycle.

Protein phosphorylation by the complexes of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase plays a key role in cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes. The amplification by polymerase chain reaction of a cyclin box from developing root nodules and root apices of soybean showed the expression of a number of different molecular species of mitotic cyclins in plant meristems, and they were classified into five distinct groups based on their sequence similarities. The complete soybean cyclin cDNAs, cyc1Gm to cyc5Gm, corresponding to each group were isolated, and their predicted amino acid sequences showed clear similarities to mitotic cyclins identified from various organisms. These genes are expressed predominantly in such meristematic tissues as root and shoot apices and young developing nodules. Double-target in situ hybridization involving histone H4 as an S-phase marker allowed us to estimate the phases during which these cyclin genes are abundantly expressed. The results indicated that cyc5Gm is expressed in G2-to-M phases and cyc3Gm is expressed from late S-to-G2 phases. These expression patterns, together with the sequence criteria, strongly suggest that cyc3Gm and cyc5Gm encode the plant cognates for A- and B-type cyclins, respectively. In addition, the expression of cyc1Gm was restricted during a short period in S phase, suggesting that it belongs to a novel class of plant cyclins. Sequence comparison of 18 plant mitotic cyclins cloned thus far showed that they can be divided into four distinct structural groups with different functions in cell cycle progression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Nodular development of spontaneous epithelial thymoma in (ACI/NMs x BUF/Mna)F1 rats.

The BUF/Mna strain is a high thymoma line of rats, and virtually all rats develop overt thymomas by the age of 40 weeks. To reveal the early morphologic changes in this thymomagenesis, thymuses and thymomas were studied in (ACI/NMs x BUF/Mna)F1 (ABF1) rats, which inherit a thymoma susceptibility gene (Tsr-1) from the BUF/Mna strain. At 50 weeks of age, 18% of ABF1 rats had developed medium to large thymomas, 54% had just began to develop multiple, small round nodules in their involuted thymuses, and the remaining 29% had involuted thymus only. The nodules were, microscopically, composed of cortex-like tissues with a starry-sky pattern, showing a quite similar structure to that of the large macroscopic thymomas of predominantly lymphocytic type seen in 104-week-old ABF1 or BUF-Mna rats. Thus, the nodule was actually a small thymoma. In fact, their epithelial cells often had larger atypical nuclei than those in the adjacent involuted thymus cortex. At 104 weeks of age, the incidences of the medium to large thymomas and the small thymoma nodules in ABF1 rats were 64 and 19%, respectively. These results suggest that the thymoma of ABF1 rats occurs initially as multiple small nodules which develop further into medium to large overt thymomas as a result of growth and fusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Nodulin gene expression in effective alfalfa nodules and in nodules arrested at three different stages of development.

Nodulin gene expression was analyzed in effective and ineffective root nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv Iroquois) elicited by three different Rhizobium meliloti mutants: an exoB mutant having defective acidic exopolysaccharide that does not fluoresce on plates containing the fluorescent brightener Calcofluor; fix21, a spontaneous mutant that has defective lipopolysaccharide and is Calcofluor bright; and a Rhizobium mutant resulting from a Tn5 insertion in the nifH gene of the nif operon. The ineffective nodules elicited by these various mutant rhizobia are blocked at different stages of nodule development and have unique phenotypes. A distinctive pattern of nodulin gene expression as determined by in vitro translations of total nodule RNA characterizes each nodule phenotype. Seventeen nodulins are found in effective nodules including five leghemoglobins. Only one nodulin gene is expressed in the bacteria-free nodules elicited by the exoB mutant. Other nodulin genes (leghemoglobin and nine others) are expressed in fix21-induced nodules. The genes for nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase as well as for all the other nodulins are expressed in nodules induced by the nifH mutant. The expression of genes for the nodulins, including leghemoglobin, is independent of the nitrogen-fixing ability of the nodule and appears to correlate with the differentiation of densely cytoplasmic host cells in the nodule and, to some extent, with bacterial release from infection threads.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

CD4(+) cells are indispensable for ulcer development in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.

One of the most characteristic clinical features in cutaneous leishmaniasis is the development of nodules followed by ulcerations at the site of infection. Leishmania amazonensis-infected mice show similar ulcerative lesions. Leishmania-infected severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, however, have been shown to develop nonulcerative nodules. In the present study, the roles of T cells in ulceration were examined using SCID mice in cell reconstitution experiments. After development of nonulcerative nodules, SCID mice were inoculated with splenocytes from either Leishmania-infected or naive immunocompetent mice, resulting in ulceration in all mice. When naive splenocytes were depleted of CD4(+), CD8(+), or B220(+) cell populations and the remaining cells were injected into Leishmania-infected SCID mice after the development of nodules, only SCID mice inoculated with splenocytes depleted of CD4(+) cells did not show ulceration. The evidence obtained in this study clearly shows that the CD4(+) cell population is indispensable for ulceration in leishmaniasis lesions of SCID mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rheumatoid nodules located in the penis of a methotrexate-treated patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

A case is reported in which a patient with a rheumatoid factor-negative rheumatoid arthritis developed rheumatoid nodules in the penis during treatment with methotrexate. The development of rheumatoid nodules in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis patients is extremely rare. An acceleration of rheumatoid nodules in methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients is reported in literature. Regarding the case reported here, we propose a causal relationship between methotrexate-treatment and the development of rheumatoid nodules in our patient. Methotrexate should not be the preferential treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis developing rheumatoid nodules and suffering from vasculitis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1980

Identification of "nodule-specific" host proteins (nodoulins) involved in the development of rhizobium-legume symbiosis.

Infection of legume roots with Rhizobium species results in the development of a root nodule structure in which the bacteria form an intracellular symbiosis with the plant. We report here that the infection of soybean (Glycine max L.) roots with Rhizobium japonicum results in the synthesis by the plant of at least 18-20 polypeptides other than leghemoglobin during the development of root nodules. Identification of these "nodule-specific" host polypeptides (referred to as nodulins) was accomplished by two-dimensional gel analysis of the immunoprecipitates formed by a "nodule-specific" antiserum with in vitro translation products of root-nodule polysomes that are free of bacteroidal contaminations. Nodulins account for 7-11% of the total 35S-methionine-labeled protein synthesized in the host cell cytoplasm, and the majority of them are of 12,000-20,000 molecular weight. These proteins are absent from the uninfected roots, bacteroids and free-living Rhizobium, and appear to be coded for the plant genes that may be obligatory for the development of symbiosis in the legume root nodules. Analysis of nodulins in ineffective (unable to fix nitrogen) nodules developed due to Rhizobium strains SM5 and 61A24 showed that their synthesis is reduced and their expression differentially influenced by mutations in rhizobia. Two polypeptides of bacterial origin were also found to be cross-reactive with the "nodule-specific" antiserum, suggesting that they are secreted by Rhizobium into the host cell cytoplasm during symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1978

Gangliosides of liver tumors induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide. I. Ganglioside alterations in liver tumorigenesis and normal development.

Hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in livers of rats by a low-protein diet containing 0.05% of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Ganglioside amounts and composition were determined for histologically different hepatocellular carcinomas and compared with those for control livers, hyperplastic nodules, and liver tissue surrounding hepatomas and nodules as well as those for livers of fetal, newborn, 1-week-old, weanling, and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Ganglioside sialic acid levels were elevated above those of normal adult liver in all liver tissues following the carcinogen treatment regimen. Livers of fetal and newborn rats contained nearly twice the amount of ganglioside sialic acid on a protein or DNA basis as did livers of adult rats. Analyses of individual nodules and hepatomas revealed two populations of tumors in which the levels of ganglioside sialic acid were 2.3 and 3.8 times normal. Ganglioside sialic acid content was at hepatoma levels in small nodules. Individual gangliosides were evenly distributed between products of the monosialoganglioside and disialoganglioside pathways in normal liver with a ratio of [N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)] (NAN)-galactose (Gal)-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-(NAN)-Gal-glucose (Glc)-ceramide (Cer) (GD1a) to Gal-GalNAc-(NAN)2-Gal-Glc-Cer (GD1b) of about one. In contrast, the monosialogangliosides predominated in liver tissues following administration of the carcinogen. Increased levels of specific monosialogangliosides were present in nodules, in liver of carcinogen-treated animals prior to the appearance of tumors, and in the liver tissues surrounding nodules and hepatomas. In single hepatomas, ganglioside patterns correlated with tumorigenicity. A well-differentiated hepatoma had a normal complement of most gangliosides but was deficient in trisialogangliosides. In a poorly diferentiated but well-circumscribed hepatoma, the relative levels of all higher gangliosides were reduced. The monosialoganglioside Gal-GalNAc-(NAN)-Gal-Glc-Cer (GM1) accounted for 80% of the total ganglioside in a poorly circumscribed and poorly differentiated hepatoma. The ganglioside pattern of fetal livers most closely resembled that of a poorly differentiated hepatoma. During the first week post natum, levels of all higher monosialogangliosides and disialogangliosides declined, but the decline was most pronounced for gangliosides GM1 and GD1a. The ratio of GM1 + GD1a to GD1b + NAN-Gal-GalNAc-(NAN)2-Gal-Glc-Cer or (NAN)3-Gal-Glc-Cer (GT), used as an index of the relative predominance of the monoslaloganglioside and disialoganglioside pathways, fell from 2.7 for fetal liver to 0.4 for adult liver. Pools of precursor gangliosides increased during development, transiently for GalNAc-(NAN)-Gal-Glc-Cer and for more than 3 weeks for NAN-Gal-Glc-Cer. When hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas were compared, a reverse pattern was observed. The ratio of GM1 + GD1a to GD1b + GT rose steadily to values of 2.7 and 11...

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗