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"This paper is a report on continuing research on the application of age profiles in migration analysis. In particular, it is an update of previous work published in this journal with an analysis of 1981 Census data for local authority areas in England. The changes in migration patterns over the intercensal period from 1971 to 1981 are described." The focus is on internal migration
"The United States and other post-industrial societies have recently undergone a form of population deconcentration characterized as rural-urban 'population turnaround'. This phenomenon may be attributed to changes in internal migration patterns. Explanations for such changes frequently imply that they have been accompanied by changes in the structure, or determinants, of migration. This study examines that thesis for a specific region, the American Deep South, for the 1950-1978 time period." The results suggest "that a structural transformation has occurred. During the 1950s, a decade of heavy net emigration, nonmetropolitan migration patterns were closely linked to the patterning of sustenance activity and metropolitan accessibility. By the 1970s, such linkages had weakened considerably. But this structural transformation can be detected in some parts of the region in the 1960s. Elsewhere, it still had not occurred in the 1970s."
The case is made for developing a reliable system of data on international migration in Latin America and the Caribbean which would enable countries in the region to develop appropriate migration policies. The author describes the systems that currently exist in Europe and Latin America and "explores the possibility of implementing a regional registry and information system for migrations in the region." Locating the proposed system within the UN regional operation in Santiago, Chile, is proposed.
The authors present a theoretical description of the migration process and criticize the conventional interpretation of the migration efficiency ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the net number of moves of individuals between areas to the gross number of moves that take place. "The conventional interpretation of the migration efficiency ratio is that the closer it lies to zero the less efficient the migration process....However, [the authors] feel that this is a somewhat misleading conception of the notion of efficiency in migration in that it emphasizes the physical efficiency of the migration process rather than focusing on the contribution of migration to a socially efficient allocation of population. Thus, to redirect attention, [they] have chosen to judge migration efficiency on the basis of its contribution to producing an equilibrium population distribution." The focus is on internal migration.
"This paper attempts to identify the factors that influence motivations for migration among the migrants [in Nigeria] (push and pull factors). The empirical results from the national survey of internal migration on which this study is based showed that the differences observed in the weights migrants attached to motivations for migration were statistically significant and did not just occur by chance. Though both the push and pull factors were important in explaining migration [decisions], the push factors were more important in the decision to migrate than the pull factors. This calls for a more comprehensive and coherent attention on the push factors in government efforts to stem anti-developmental migration patterns in Nigeria."
The author examines population issues facing countries in Oceania and Southeastern Asia. "Analysis is based on recently released population projections from the United Nations Population Division. There are great differences among the countries.... There are nonetheless important areas of commonality: all nations are facing the problem of raising levels of schooling in line with parents' aspirations and economic needs, all face problems of caring for a rising proportion of aged, and all have difficulties with the monitoring and control of international migration. Also, since minority groups in many countries are majority polities in neighbouring states, there is potential for establishing international dialogues aimed at relieving internal tensions." Consideration is given to the role of Australia in promoting international cooperation to deal with these issues.
"This article argues for an alternative conceptualization of migration which emphasizes its situatedness within everyday life. Our argument is constructed largely with the use of studies of internal migration from the developed world, but it must be stressed that the general theoretical argument could be extended to the study of migration in the developing world. Furthermore, our criticisms of current conceptualizations apply primarily to research into present-day migration rather than to more historical studies."
"The number of people that move to, from or within large cities is, in a relative sense, far greater than the corresponding figure for the other parts of the Netherlands. Big city mobility concerns mostly internal migration. The 1995 migration statistics on sections of Rotterdam show dissimilarities between the different sections of the city with respect to composition and intensity of population flows. This article focuses on the differences between two sections of Rotterdam." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
The age structure of the world population between 1950 and 1985 is analyzed according to changes in fertility, mortality, and international migration in developing and developed countries. "Relying on the results of the medium scenario of the population forecasts prepared by the U.N. Division of International Economic and Social Affairs, the author demonstrates that aging of the world population will become a global phenomenon, characteristic of every region and county of the world, between 1985 and 2025." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
A critical survey of the most commonly used indexes of infant mortality rates by year is presented. "The most reliable index per year is Beck's coefficient. It improves with the migration balance of the external and internal migration of children which is observed in accordance with 'elementary aggregates'. The number of live-born children is corrected by two-thirds of the migration balance in the lower elementary aggregate. The number of children born during the previous year who have survived until the beginning of the current one is corrected by one-third of the migration balance in the upper elementary aggregate. These corrections can be improved by the ratio of the migration balances in the lower and upper elementary aggregates. The final results for the infantile mortality are evaluated stochastically." The method is illustrated using Bulgarian data. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)
"In this paper [the authors] describe the development and application of two approaches to the analysis of age and sex specific interarea migration. The data relate to local authority areas in England and Wales. These approaches are developments of established migration profile-fitting and cluster analytic methods. The paper shows how these methods have been used to develop complementary classifications from which potentially valuable criteria for migration analysis can emerge. The work described is part of a wider project concerned with the development of methods to improve the official estimation of internal migration in England in the context of local area population forecasting."
These three papers on the future of migration make up a summary report on the Conference of National Experts held at the OECD in Paris, May 13-15, 1986. The papers concern possible policy options, international migration as a basic element of economic development, and conclusions about migration trends from the present to the long-term future. The author of the concluding paper remarks that "the Conference brought representatives of all of the Organization's Member countries together with eminent economists and social scientists to discuss the possible and probable outlook for migratory movements in the years to come. The purpose was not to define international norms in this respect, nor to draft one or more international agreements or a legal instrument having the force of law, but to review all the problems raised by that outlook."
"The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the post-unification East to West transfer of the German population on levels of spatial concentration and deconcentration in Eastern and Western Germany. Using 1991 internal migration data, it was found that German East-to-West migration served to deconcentrate regional population in the West, but concentrate population in the East. Regional variations in German East-to-West migration during 1991 can be explained by the availability of employment and housing, a distance-minimisation effect, and the location of relatives and friends."
"This article argues that, for the short to medium term, [New Zealand population] projections can be improved upon by adopting econometric methodologies which take explicitly into account the demographic-economic two-way interaction in certain components of international migration. Specifically, the article summarizes research on the causes and consequences of trans-Tasman migration, which is the dominant component of the volatility in New Zealand's net migration. It is shown how these findings can aid population forecasting."
The author reviews the U.N.'s draft proposal concerning the rights of migrant workers and their families. "This article examines the nature and scope of obligations under the United Nations Convention and contrasts them with existing international standards. In the light of the elaboration of the U.N. Convention, the conditions of future normative activities to limit negative consequences of a proliferation of instruments and supervisory mechanisms are outlined." Consideration is given to human and trade union rights, employment, social security, living and working conditions, workers' families, expulsion, and conditions of international migration. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)
"There is increasing evidence that south east Queensland is emerging as the growth centre of Australia during the 1990s as a result of an accelerating redistribution of Australia's population.... This paper highlights the magnitude and characteristics of internal migration impacting on Queensland and south east Queensland based on an examination of migration data from the 1991 Census. In addition, some more recent data on the level and distribution of migration are presented."
"This article examines the probable effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on migration from Mexico to the United States, disputing the view that expansion of jobs in Mexico could rapidly reduce undocumented migration. To the extent that NAFTA causes Mexican export agriculture to expand, migration to the United States will increase rather than decrease in the short run. Data collected in both California and the Mexican State of Baja California show that indigenous migrants from southern Mexico typically first undertake internal migration, which lowers the costs and risks of U.S. migration. Two features of employment in export agriculture were found to be specially significant in lowering the costs of U.S. migration: first, working in export agriculture exposes migrants to more diverse social networks and information about U.S. migration; second, agro-export employment in northern Mexico provides stable employment, albeit low-wage employment, for some members of the family close to the border (especially women and children) while allowing other members of the family to assume the risks of U.S. migration."
"This paper identifies the economic and demographic factors responsible for migration flows between Australia and New Zealand by means of a probabilistic model of emigration in both directions. The largely uncontrolled flows between the two countries have the same determinants as those commonly found in studies of internal migration. The cost of migration (proxied by the real cost of air travel), labour market conditions and the potential earnings differential play a role, although the results are modified by the incidence of return migration and age composition."