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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Optimized expression of a thermostable xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus in Pichia pastoris.

Highly efficient production of a Thermomyces lanuginosus IOC-4145 beta-1,4-xylanase was achieved in Pichia pastoris under the control of the AOX1 promoter. P. pastoris colonies expressing recombinant xylanase were selected by enzymatic activity plate assay, and their ability to secrete high levels of the enzyme was evaluated in small-scale cultures. Furthermore, an optimization of enzyme production was carried out with a 2(3) factorial design. The influence of initial cell density, methanol, and yeast nitrogen base concentration was evaluated, and initial cell density was found to be the most important parameter. A time course profile of recombinant xylanase production in 1-liter flasks with the optimized conditions was performed and 148 mg of xylanase per liter was achieved. Native and recombinant xylanases were purified by gel filtration and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and physicochemical behavior. Three recombinant protein species of 21.9, 22.1, and 22.3 kDa were detected in the mass spectrum due to variability in the amino terminus. The optimum temperature, thermostability, and circular dichroic spectra of the recombinant and native xylanases were identical. For both enzymes, the optimum temperature was 75 degrees C, and they retained 60% of their original activity after 80 min at 70 degrees C or 40 min at 80 degrees C. The high level of fully active recombinant xylanase obtained in P. pastoris makes this expression system attractive for fermentor growth and industrial applications.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2000

Age differences in genetic and environmental influences on eating attitudes and behaviors in preadolescent and adolescent female twins.

A sample of 680 11- and 602 17-year-old female twins was used to examine (a) age differences in genetic and environmental influences on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors and (b) associations between body mass index (BMI) and eating attitudes and behaviors. Univariate, biometrical model-fitting analyses indicated that 11-year-old twins exhibited less genetic and greater shared environmental influence on eating attitudes and behaviors than 17-year-old twins. Bivariate model-fitting analyses indicated that the relationship between BMI and eating attitudes was mediated primarily by common shared environmental influences in 11-year-old twins and common genetic influences in 17-year-old twins. Nonetheless, the majority of genetic influences on eating attitudes and behaviors in older twins were due to genetic effects that are independent of those operating in BMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Overpopulation of Omega; in pp collisions: a way to distinguish statistical hadronization from string dynamics.

The Omega/Omega ratio originating from string decays is predicted to be larger than unity in proton-proton interactions at SPS energies ( E(lab) = 160 GeV). The antiomega dominance increases with decreasing beam energy. This surprising behavior is caused by the combinatorics of quark-antiquark production in small and low-mass strings. Since this behavior is not found in a statistical description of hadron production in proton-proton collisions, it may serve as a key observable to probe the hadronization mechanism in such collisions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Reinventing mass communication: a World Health Organization tool for behavioral change to control disease.

Most of the WHO's vertical programs, because they were ill-conceived, ill-designed, and defectively implemented, have fallen far short of expectations. These limitations have been doggedly ignored by the WHO, although the authorities in India have now realized that such vertical programs are expensive and not sustainable. Launching of Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) appears to mark a desperate effort to revive their performance. It represents yet another deviation from the mandate given to the WHO. In 1983, the then director general warned against motivational manipulation of people to sell health ideas, but the WHO has now brazenly come forward to look for help from the private sector. COMBI uses the jargon and language of the market place to "market" health programs; it calls this "cause-related marketing." The WHO has been most a historical in conceptualizing COMBI, as it has not learned from the failure of UNICEF's earlier venture to market child survival by employing experts in social marketing to bring about "community mobilization." The WHO should have reviewed the large body of literature on work in the health social sciences, health education, and the many programs based on the concept of "information, education, and communication." The pointed neglect of such key issues raises serious moral, ethical, and human rights questions. The COMBI approach amounts to be a breach of trust--a threat to human dignity.

Communication↗
PubMed1985

[Animal experimental and clinical studies on the behavior of an in vitro electrically produced thrombus mass].

In the electric field the solid blood components will move to the anode because of their negative surface charge. When influenced by a direct current of constant force and duration a thrombus differing in size will develop depending on the composition of the coagulation system. This regularity could be used for diagnostic purposes. By means of experiments with animals and clinical examinations the development of the "electro-clot" is observed in vitro before and after the administration of heparin. In addition, the behaviour of the thrombus developed in vitro in the electric field is checked in patients affected with obstructive lung diseases. Here a correlation existing between the mass of the thrombus and hematocrit could be proved.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Lack of metabolic and behavioral adaptations in rural Gambian men with low body mass index.

Energy expenditure was measured by means of a respiratory chamber in two groups of adult rural Gambian men. The first group (n = 29) had a low body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) < 18.5), whereas the control group (n = 29) had a higher BMI (> 22). This study shows that the energy expenditure of Gambian men with low BMI is not different from that of Gambian men with normal BMI when the results are normalized for fat-free mass or for weight by analysis of covariance. In Gambian men the nutritional status thus does not seem to affect energy metabolism notably. No differences in respiratory quotient, diet-induced thermogenesis, net work efficiency, spontaneous physical activity, heart rate, or urinary catecholamine excretion were observed between the two groups. It is, however, interesting to note that the basal metabolic rate of Gambian men, regardless of their nutritional status, is approximately 10% (range 4-12% depending on the reference value used) lower than that predicted for individuals living in industrialized countries.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1969

Queuing behavior of spiny lobsters.

Autumnal mass migrations of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, involve diurnal movements of thousands of individuals in single-file queues. Initiation, posture, and alignment of a queue can be effected entirely by tactile cues received through antennular inner rami, pereiopods, and antennae. Since spiny lobsters queue when deprived of shelter, this behavior may serve a defensive function. Specimens captured while migrating maintain the queue indoors for up to several weeks, whereas at other times the queue lasts only a few hours. Hence, the migratory behavior probably depends in part upon environmentally induced neurohormonal changes.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed2003

Acculturation and overweight-related behaviors among Hispanic immigrants to the US: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

Little is known about the factors underlying the striking increase in overweight occurring between first and second generation US immigrants. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study addressed two goals. First, we determined which measures of acculturation (defined as the acquisition of dominant cultural norms by members of a non-dominant group) were important. Second, we determined how the acculturation process affected differences in overweight and its proximate determinants (e.g., physical activity, diet, and smoking) as immigrants acculturated to American society. In addition, we sought to elucidate the role of underlying structural factors (e.g., family income and crime) and acculturation factors (e.g., language spoken at home and proportion of foreign-born neighbors) in generation differences in overweight. Results showed clear structural and acculturation differences between foreign and US-born immigrants to the US. Foreign-born immigrants were more likely to have lower family income and maternal education, and to live in areas of higher immigrant density and greater linguistic isolation. In addition, results suggested rapid acculturation of overweight-related behaviors, such as diet, smoking, and inactivity, in US-born relative to foreign-born immigrants. Multivariate analysis indicated that longer US residence was associated with increased overweight among Puerto Ricans and Cubans. Predicted probabilities showed that controlling for acculturation and proximate factors increased overweight among foreign-born adolescents, but had minimal impact for US-born adolescents. Thus, without the beneficial pattern of: acculturation factors, diet, and physical activity, first generation Hispanic adolescents would have higher overweight prevalence. We found important generation differences in structural, acculturation, and proximate overweight determinants. These lifestyle differences between foreign- and US-born Hispanic adolescent immigrants are likely to underlie the striking increase in overweight prevalence between first and subsequent generation of US residence.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food source makes a difference in diet quality.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between diet quality and source of food among U.S. adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional sample of adults who participated in the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals divided into clusters based on their food source. SETTING: In-person interviews conducted nationwide. PARTICIPANTS: A national sample of 9407 adults over 18 years of age. METHOD: Data gathered from the interviews consisted of two 24-hour dietary recalls; self-reported demographic characteristics; body mass index (BMI); and health behaviors such as physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score and the percentage of total grams of food consumed from each source. ANALYSIS: Multivariate linear regression evaluated the association between food source pattern determined by cluster analysis, and HEI scores, while controlling for demographic characteristics, BMI, and health behaviors. RESULTS: Ten primary food source patterns were identified from the clusters. The food source clusters were statistically significant in predicting HEI score and were stronger predictors than most demographic and health behaviors included. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: The success of cluster analysis in identifying food source patterns and associating them with diet quality suggests that identifying an individual's food source pattern may be more predictive of diet quality than demographic characteristics, and other health behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mass media involvement in education and information about HIV/AIDS].

AIDS is the first international mass media disease. Throughout the world, most people have learned more about AIDS from radio, television and the press than from personal contacts with health professionals. Mass media AIDS materials influence behavior most when they are designed and developed for different segments of the audience, with the specific needs and concerns of those segments in mind. In the past mass media evoked fear, anxiety and other negative emotional responses to AIDS and didn't proposed practical and realistic ways of action. The journalists made frequently distinctions between innocent victims of HIV, that are infants and recipients of infected blood or blood products through health care, and other "guilty" infected people such as gays, sex workers or african people. Mass media can change behavior and if journalists accept their responsibility in presenting the news, the publicity about AIDS may have a great and positive impact in HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Behavior of interacting species in capillary electrophoresis described by mass transfer equation.

Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) has been used to estimate thermodynamic constants of binding interactions with linear or nonlinear regression methods. The accuracy of this approach relies heavily on the binding interaction mechanism, which is controlled by both the nature of the interaction and the experimental conditions. The development of a highly efficient computer-simulated ACE system makes it possible to demonstrate the detailed behavior of any interacting species of a given interaction under any conditions. The order of the mobilities of the complex and the two binding species in their free forms is a key factor to determine what molecules in what locations of the column are involved in the interaction, and the peak shape resulting from such interactions, of a given ACE experiment. In this paper and the supporting materials, 18 scenarios in 6 different combinations of migration orders of the free analyte, free additive, and complex formed are studied by a computer simulation program based on the mass transfer equation. From the study of these situations, we conclude high additive concentration (ensuring high capacity factor) and low analyte concentration (ensuring fast fill-in of the free additive in the analyte plug) are crucial for obtaining accurate results when using the regression methods. On the other hand, the approach to estimate binding constants with computer simulation can be much more accurate as long as accurate and efficient simulation models can be developed, especially when the ratio of the additive and analyte concentrations is not large enough.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interstrain differences in the the behavior of mice selected for greater and lesser brain mass].

The capability for extrapolation of movement direction of stimuli and learning ability in T-maze were studied in F15-F18 mice generations, selected for large (LB) and small (SB) brain weight. There were no significant or stable differences between strains in capacity for extrapolation. Learning ability was higher in mice of the LB strain. In these mice, the behavioral asymmetry (the tendency to move to the right) was observed during performance of both extrapolation and T-maze tasks. Since such an asymmetry was absent in mice of initial heterogeneous population, we think that the observed phenomenon may be a concomitant result of brain weight selection. The described strains present a model for studying the functional relationships between brain weight and behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A research note on body mass, physical aggression, and the competitiveness of Asian-Pacific Islander adolescents in Guam.

This study uses the evolutionary model to guide an exploration of the effects of body mass on aggressive and competitive behaviors among Asian-Pacific adolescents in Guam. Using a probability sample of Guam's high-school students, the results of logistic regressions suggest that adolescent females with greater body mass are more likely to engage in physical fights (aggression) and to participate in team sports (competitiveness). Ethnic differences indicate the possibility that individuals with lower body mass may be less likely to participate in physically aggressive acts and team sports. Alternate theoretical explanations for the results are also considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescence: ethnic and socioeconomic differences.

OBJECTIVE: To assess developmental trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British adolescents in relation to sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). DESIGN: A 5-year longitudinal study of a diverse cohort of students aged 11-12 years at baseline in 1999. SETTING: 36 London schools sampled using a stratified random sampling procedure. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5863 students categorised as white, black or Asian, and stratified for SES using the Townsend Index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of days per week of vigorous activity leading to sweating and breathing hard. Hours of sedentary behaviour, including watching television and playing video games. Data were analysed using multilevel, linear, mixed models. RESULTS: Marked reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behaviour were noticed between ages 11-12 and 15-16 years. Boys were more active than girls, and the decline in physical activity was greater in girls (46% reduction) than in boys (23%). Asian students were less active than whites, and this was also true of black girls but not boys. Black students were more sedentary than white students. Levels of sedentary behaviour were greater in respondents from lower SES. Most differences between ethnic and SES groups were present at age 11 years, and did not evolve over the teenage years. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity declines and sedentary behaviour becomes more common during adolescence. Ethnic and SES differences are observed in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British youth that anticipate adult variations in adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk. These are largely established by age 11-12 years, so reversing these patterns requires earlier intervention.

Adolescent↗