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PubMed2004

Assessing the impact of SSRI antidepressants on popular notions of women's depressive illness.

This study examines how Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants have played a contributing role in expanding categories of women's "mental illness" in relation to categories of "normal" behavior. We hypothesized that between 1985 and 2000, as Premenopausal Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), postpartum depression, and perimenopausal depression were increasingly treated with SSRIs, popular categories of depressive illness expanded to encompass what were previously considered normative women's life events such as motherhood, menstruation, or child birth. We quantified and qualified this expansion through an in-depth analysis of popular representations of depressive illness during the time period when SSRIs were introduced. Using established coding methods, we analyzed popular articles about depression from a mix of American magazines and newspapers spanning the years 1985-2000. Through this approach, we uncovered a widening set of gender-specific criteria outside of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria for dysthymic or depressive disorders that have, over time, been conceived as indicative of treatment with SSRIs. Our results suggest that SSRI discourse may have helped shift popular categories of "normal/acceptable" and "pathological/treatable" womanhood, in much the same way that the popularity of Ritalin has shifted these categories for childhood.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

Healthy or druggy? Self-image, ideal image and smoking behaviour among young people.

Recent research indicates that there is an important, though complex, relationship between the social image of smoking and young people's self- and aspirational images. This study explored how young people see themselves (self-image), how they would like to be (ideal image), and whether these differ according to age, gender and smoking status. Focus groups were used to elicit attributes which young people use to describe smoking and non-smoking images taken from fashion pages in youth magazines. These attributes were incorporated into a self-completion questionnaire which was administered to 897 young people from three age groups (12-13 years, 15-16 years and 18-19 years). The respondents rated their self- and ideal images on each of these attributes. Overall, there were few differences between the rank order of attributes by age, sex or smoking status. However, there were differences in the trait scores, with males and smokers tending to rate themselves more positively. The two traits which most clearly differentiated smokers and non-smokers were druggy/takes drugs (self- and ideal image) and healthy (self-image). It appears that smokers in general, and male smokers in particular, embraced certain dimensions of self- and aspirational image of which druggy, tough and tarty are signifiers. In contrast, the differences between female smokers and non-smokers were less consistent and differed with age. The implications for health promotion are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Representing doctors: discourses and images in the Australian press.

Reports of incidents and issues related to members of the medical profession and the practice of medicine often feature in the western news media. Such intense coverage has incited the interest of both medical sociologists and members of the profession themselves. Thus far, however, very few detailed studies addressing the tenor of news reporting on the medical profession have been published, particularly in relation to the Australian media. This article presents the findings of a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the representation of doctors and the medical practice over a period of 15 months (January 1994 to March 1995) in metropolitan Australian newspapers and major news magazines. The method of critical discourse analysis was employed, including both quantitative analysis and interpretive analysis of the language and visual imagery of the news texts. The study revealed that negative portrayals of doctors were countered by positive representations. While cases of medical negligence, sexual assault and avarice on the part of doctors were often reported, medical successes were also frequently covered. Doctors were overwhelmingly reported as the major authorities on medical matters and as active agents in interacting with patients and other groups such as government officials. It is concluded that while the nature of reporting would suggest that members of the medical profession may be constantly under the spotlight of media scrutiny, they enjoy a significant degree of cultural and social authority in the Australian press.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

Online resources for news about toxicology and other environmental topics.

Technology has revolutionized researchers' ability to find and retrieve news stories and press releases. Thanks to electronic library systems and telecommunications--notably the Internet--computer users in seconds can sift through millions of articles to locate mainstream articles about toxicology and other environmental topics. But that does not mean it is easy to find what one is looking for. There is a confusing array of databases and services that archive news articles and press releases: (1) some are free; others cost thousands of dollars a year to access, (2) some include hundreds of newspaper and magazine titles; others cover only one publication, (3) some contain archives going back decades; others have just the latest news, (4) some offer only journalistically balanced reports from mainstream news sources; others mix news with opinions and advocacy and include reports from obscure or biased sources. This article explores ways to find news online - particularly news about toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health and the environment in general. The article covers web sites devoted to environmental news; sites and search engines for general-interest news; newspaper archives; commercial information services; press release distribution services and archives; and other resources and strategies for finding articles in the popular press about toxicology and the environment.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed2001

Multicenter field trial on possible health effects of toluene. III. Evaluation of effects after long-term exposure.

In rotogravure industry, contributing considerably to mass color printing of catalogues and magazines, toluene is still extensively used as paint solvent, and many printers have been exposed to this chemical for several decades. Information on adverse health effects associated with long-term toluene exposure is still controversial. In a multi-center study, adverse health effects possibly associated with long-term toluene exposure were evaluated. In 12 rotogravure factories, 1226 male volunteers were recruited, and sufficient information on exposure and on medical data was compiled for about 1077 of them. Evaluations included: physical examination, standard tests of psycho-physiological and psycho-motoric performances, self-report of subjective symptoms, and data on a variety of laboratory blood tests. The medical data were correlated with the length (months) of toluene exposure, and a rough estimate of the extent of exposure (i.e. highly exposed printers and their helpers versus employees working at locations with low or negligible toluene exposure). A small reference group (n=109) was selected from companies of the paper industry. When linear regression curves were calculated (test results versus duration of exposure), extremely low overall coefficients of determination (r(2) adj.) of a few percent were estimated within the data clouds, with sometimes statistically significant P-values. Closer analyses revealed a strong influence of the confounding factor age, no clustering of abnormal values of highly toluene-exposed volunteers, and the vast majority or all values of the highly and long-term toluene-exposed participants staying within the reference ranges. Thus, no medical relevance of P-values <0.05 could be recognized in this evaluation, and there may have been some border-line deviations or results largely occurring by chance in the large trial. In a small cluster of the many rotogravure printers toluene-exposed for more than 20 years, the highest systolic blood pressure values of the study were found, but many possible confounding factors were not taken into account. Data on acute exposure and possible effects are presented in accompanying papers (Neubert et al., 2001a, Neubert et al., 2001b). Restricting the conclusions to the end points evaluated as well as the apparent limitations of the evaluation, no evidence was found that long-term occupational toluene exposure extending over several decades in the rotogravure industry in the Western part of Germany was convincingly associated with chronic adverse health effects or convincingly altered surrogate markers in still working male volunteers. Several peculiarities and pitfalls arising when interpreting medical data associated with such a type of environmental exposure must be considered. Reversibility of alterations previously induced at higher levels of toluene-exposure, as well as a healthy workers effect, cannot be excluded for some of the medical end points evaluated.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Basolateral amygdala lesions disrupt latent inhibitionin rats.

Latent inhibition (LI) refers to the retardation of acquisition of conditioned responding produced by repeated non-reinforced preexposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS) prior to its pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (US) during conditioning. LI has recently been shown to depend upon the integrity of temporal lobe structures, including regions of the hippocampal formation such as the entorhinal cortex. The present study investigated the effects of excitotoxic lesions of another temporal lobe structure, the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), on LI. LI was studied in a within-subjects appetitive conditioning preparation in which an auditory CS was paired with food US. In this procedure, preexposure to the CS results in slower acquisition of magazine approach behaviour. Lesions of the BLA reduced the effect of preexposure, disrupting LI. This result suggests that the BLA can play a crucial role in LI. The possible involvement of interactions between BLA and entorhinal cortex in LI is discussed.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2001

Context modulation of US signal value following explicit and nonexplicit training.

Context modulation of an unconditioned stimulus (US) signal value was examined in three groups of rats. In Group A+/B-, subjects received explicit training in which a single food pellet US was followed by three additional pellets after either a short delay (in Context A) or a long delay (in Context B). Two other groups received nonexplicit training in which subjects received either the same conditions in Context A, but simple exposure to Context B (Group A+/Bo), or the same conditions in Context B, but simple exposure to Context A (Group Ao/B-). In the test, only Group A+/B- showed significantly more magazine entries shortly after the single food pellet in Context A, compared to Context B. Implications for theories of occasion setting and context modulation are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

4-MTA: a new synthetic drug on the dance scene.

4-MTA (p-methylthioamphetamine) is a new synthetic sulphur derivative of amphetamine that has been associated with six deaths since it was first identified in Europe in 1997. Sold as 'ecstasy' or 'Flatliners', the drug like MDMA is a potent serotonin releaser. Using a self-nominated sampling methodology we accessed over 1000 dance drug users through a magazine survey. Ten percent of respondents thought that they had used 4-MTA. Those with experience of 4-MTA tended to come from a sub-population of heavy 'ecstasy'-users. Responses to the effects of the drug were mixed, although about a quarter of those who believed that they had tried 4-MTA thought that they would use it again.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Hormone replacement therapy: knowledge, attitudes, self-reported use - and sales figures in Nordic women.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate knowledge about, attitudes towards and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in Norwegian women - and to compare self-reported use with sales statistics of HRT in the Nordic countries during recent years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Random samples of Norwegian women age 16-79 were interviewed by the Central Bureau of Statistics in 1994 (n=737), in 1996 (n=665) and in 1998 (n=680). Statistics on the sale of estrogen were provided by the Norwegian Medical Depot and Nordic Council on Medicines. RESULTS: One in three women had received information about HRT during the last 2 years (1994), mainly through weekly magazines and physicians. The proportion answering in accordance with the prevailing view of HRT's effects ('correct knowledge') varied from 36.4 to 47.2%. Those informed by a physician possessed correct knowledge, had positive attitudes towards HRT and were willing to use HRT more often than women informed through other channels. Women with a high level of education had received information and had correct knowledge more often than others, but they were still less willing to use HRT and did not use HRT more often than the less educated. In the age group 45-69 years the use of HRT was 16.3% in 1994, 19.1% in 1996 and 19. 1% in 1998 (P=0.421, trend). In addition to received information, attitudes towards and knowledge about estrogen were the most important factors predicting use of HRT after adjusting for other variables. According to sales figures, the use of systemic estrogen in Norway has increased more than 360% since 1990. Although no other Nordic country has experienced a corresponding increase, Iceland had the highest sales figures in 1997. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the limited proportion of women receiving information on HRT and the ambivalence found in groups of educated women, we suggest that more and better information should be given middle-aged women to make them better able to make informed choices regarding use of HRT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Accidental autoerotic deaths between 1978 and 1997. Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical School Hannover.

Between 1978 and 1997 the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Hannover Medical School examined 17 fatal autoerotic deaths. The incidence for the Hannover region was 0.49 cases per million inhabitants per year. The victims included 17 men with an average age of 36.8 years; a peak in the age distribution was seen between 20 and 29 years. Twelve of the men were found by friends or family in a domestic environment, while other situations in which the victims were found included the victim's own car, a hotel room, a canal embankment, a public parking lot as well as the holding cell of the youth detention center. The men were of varying socioeconomic status and held a number of different types of jobs or still attended school. Five of the men were found completely nude, while five were only undressed below the waist. Four men wore women's clothes and two were fully clothed with exposed genitals. Besides women's clothes, other objects found at the scene included various types of sexual aids, including ropes, chains, metal bars, locks, sex magazines, condoms, plastic bags, rubber items, etc. In four cases blood alcohol levels between 0.1 and 2.5 per thousand (urine alcohol levels between 0.2 and 2.5 per thousand ) were found. Toxicologic examination revealed chloroform, ketamine, a propane-butane gas mixture in one case each, and in two cases cocaine and morphine. Causes of death included central paralysis after strangulation (seven cases), asphyxiation (4), subarachnoid hemorrhage (2), intoxication (1), hypothermia (1), left heart failure (1), and drowning (1). The history, findings at scene, and autopsy findings and, in individual cases, other investigations are of utmost importance to accurately reconstruct a fatal autoerotic accident.

Accidents↗
PubMed2001

Risks associated with the use of herbs and other dietary supplements.

The use of dietary supplements (herbs, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, enzymes, and other compounds) is common in horses. They are heavily marketed in retail stores, magazines, and on the Internet. There is the perception that since these compounds are "natural" they are devoid of toxicity, and, therefore, they are safe to use. Some of the active compounds in supplements, however, have inherent toxicity, and using them may cause adverse effects. Even relatively non-toxic ingredients may be toxic if used over-zealously or for a long period of time. By and large, these compounds have not been tested for safety or efficacy when used as marketed, and, unfortunately, there is little regulatory oversight for such products. Other deleterious consequences of dietary supplement use include interaction of compounds in the products with conventional drugs, resulting in unexpected adverse effects, or the occurrence of violative residues in urine samples collected from show or performance horses. This article provides a brief overview of potential problems associated with dietary supplements, primarily focusing on products containing herbs and essential oils.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Health policy and legislation: impact on cancer nursing and care.

OBJECTIVES: To review policy and legislative initiatives in which nursing has played roles and to provide insight into trends and issues that characterize the policy and political agendas in which oncology nurses can play advocacy roles in the new millennium. DATA SOURCES: Professional journals, books, newspapers, news magazines, and internet web sites. CONCLUSIONS: Oncology nurses can offer solutions to the dilemmas posed by fiscal realities, unique American values and expectations, and the complexities of cancer care in the United State's market-based health care system. Oncology nurses must assume roles as health policy specialists. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: For nurses to gain acceptance in health policy arenas, individual nurses and groups of nurses must become expert in assessing the environment, the interpretation of cues, and the development and implementation of realistic strategies targeting priority health policy and legislative issues.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2000

Receipt of preventive health care services by lesbians.

BACKGROUND: We measured receipt of age-appropriate preventive health services by lesbians and assessed whether provider and individual characteristics, including disclosure of sexual orientation, are independently associated with receipt of these services. METHODS: A questionnaire was printed in a national biweekly gay, lesbian, and bisexual news magazine, and self-identified lesbians living in all U. S. states (N =6935) responded to the survey. Main outcome variables were receipt of a Pap smear within the preceding 1 and 2 years and, for women aged > or= 50, receipt of a mammogram within the past 1 and 2 years. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent had Pap smears within 1 year and 71% within 2 years, with increasing rates among older and more educated respondents. Seventy percent of respondents aged > or = 50 had a mammogram in the past year, and 83% within 2 years; rates did not vary significantly controlling for education. Sixty percent had disclosed their sexual orientation to their regular health care provider. Controlling for patient and provider characteristics, disclosure was independently associated with receipt of Pap smears, but not mammograms. CONCLUSIONS: It is important for providers to identify their lesbian patients' unmet needs for preventive health care. Additionally, it is important for providers to provide complete and appropriate preventive health care for their lesbian patients. Further research is needed to determine why lesbians are not receiving Pap smears at the recommended rate and whether this disparity is reflective of aspects of cervical cancer screening or indicates a more general problem with access to health care including receipt of preventive services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Videotaped assessment of parenting practices: a preliminary report.

Assessment of parenting skills was based upon a standardized videotape of vignettes of parents reading a magazine while their children were playing, playing with their children, or trying to get them to clean up. Parents who viewed this videotape came from 40, 2-parent families referred to an outpatient clinic for behavior problems (Behavior Problem group) or 20 nonreferred 2-parent families (Nonclinic group). They were compared on the degree to which they selected: (1) positive responses to children's prosocial behavior (praise), (2) ignoring children's inappropriate behavior (ignore), and (3) punishing children's aversive behavior (punish). The Nonclinic group was more accurate than the Behavior Problem Group and mothers were more accurate than fathers in their selection of praise to children's prosocial behavior. Nonclinic mothers were more accurate than all other combinations of Group and Parent Sex in their selection of ignore for children's inappropriate behavior. Sensitivity calculations suggested that this instrument could potentially be useful as a screening tool in clinical pediatric practice and early intervention. Implications for nursing research and practice were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Examination of the adolescent patient.

Adolescent patients need knowledge and motivation to practice a healthy lifestyle. The provider of adolescent health care is uniquely qualified to provide factual health information and practical advice. Enlisting parental support for confidential adolescent health services usually is not problematic when parents and health care providers share common goals and responsibility. The health care provider must develop rapport to foster high-risk health behavior disclosure and must promote health messages that are stronger than those received from peers, television, movies, and magazines. Adolescents who elect to abstain from sexual activity need as much support as sexually active patients. Depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders must be recognized and treated. Preventative health care services for adolescents can be optimized when office staff understand the special needs of these young women. The physician's concerns regarding the health of adolescent patients will be welcomed by patients, their parents, and the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Ernst Haeckel's ontogenetic recapitulation: irritation and incentive from 1866 to our time.

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) must count among the most widely known biologists of his time. His monographs on radiolarian skeletons, sponges and medusae immediately became standard works, owing partly to lavish illustrations that later on culminated in his "Art Forms in Nature", which markedly influenced the "art nouveau" of the early 20th century. Haeckel's main impact, however, came from his numerous popular books that were crucial in transferring Darwin's ideas to continental Europe. Haeckel's main addition was his claim that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. It was partly founded on pre-Darwinian observations by J.F. Meckel and K.E. v. Baer who noticed that vertebrate embryos of different species resemble each other more strongly during early ontogenesis than later on. Wishing to illustrate this clearly, Haeckel clandestinely generalized some figures showing early embryos of animals and Man. This "fraud" provided ammunition for his many adversaries, most of whom felt provoked by his antireligious campaigns. The resulting controversies continued well into the 20th century but then subsided. Quite recently, however, they have flared up again, perhaps in connection with progress in molecular embryology that revealed an amazing evolutionary conservation of genes and their cooperation in signal transduction chains. The scientific publications that triggered this flare, and a selection of "Letters to the Editor" in both international science magazines and the German popular press, serve here to show that Haeckel's idea of recapitulation, while having proven its heuristic value, is still causing considerable irritation. This results from the widespread intuition that the marvels of ontogenesis and other biological phenomena must reflect some "intelligent design" rather than Darwinian evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Youth, sexuality and sex education messages in Indonesia: issues of desire and control.

Since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, the need for sexuality education for youth has been articulated, and numerous activities in Indonesia, especially Java, have been directed at young people. However, many parents, teachers and religious leaders have considered it essential that such education should suppress youth sexuality. This article reflects upon current discourses on youth sexuality in Java as against the actual sexual behaviour of young people. Using examples from popular magazines and educational publications, and focus group discussions with young men and women in Surabaya, East Java, we argue that the dominant prohibitive discourse in Java denounces youth sexuality as unhealthy, reinforced through intimidation about the dangers of sex. In contrast, a discourse of competence and citizenship would more adequately reflect the actual sexual behaviour of youth, and raises new challenges for sexuality education. Information should be available to youth concerning different sexualities, respecting the spectrum of diversity. Popular youth media have an especially important role to play in this. The means to stay healthy and be responsible--contraceptives and condoms--should be available at sites where youth feel comfortable about accessing them. Meanwhile, young Indonesians are engaging in different forms of sexual relationships and finding their own sources of information, independent of government, religion and international organisations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Media and youth: access, exposure, and privatization.

PURPOSE: To describe U.S. youth's access and exposure to the full array of media, as well as the social contexts in which media exposure occurs. METHODS: A cross-sectional national random sample of 2065 adolescents aged 8 through 18 years, including oversamples of African-American and Hispanic youth, completed questionnaires about use of television, videotapes, movies, computers, video games, radio, compact discs, tape players, books, newspapers, and magazines. RESULTS: U.S. youngsters are immersed in media. Most households contain most media (computers and video game systems are the exception); the majority of youth have their own personal media. The average youth devotes 6 3/4 h to media; simultaneous use of multiple media increases exposure to 8 h of media messages daily. Overall, media exposure and exposure to individual media vary as a function of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and family socioeconomic level. Television remains the dominant medium. About one-half of the youth sampled uses a computer daily. A substantial proportion of children's and adolescents' media use occurs in the absence of parents. CONCLUSIONS: American youth devote more time to media than to any other waking activity, as much as one-third of each day. This demands increased parental attention and research into the effects of such extensive exposure.

Adolescent↗