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PubMed1997

Towards a clinically and empirically sound theory of motivation.

The author outlines a theory of motivation that attempts to integrate psychoanalytic theory with current psychological thinking and research. Emotions and other sensory feeling states are evolved mechanisms for channelling behaviour in directions that foster adaptation. The avoidance of unpleasant states and pursuit of pleasant ones leads to goal-directed mental and behavioural processes, including defences and compromise formations. Affects provide a flexible motivational mechanism in humans, as they become associated with representations of perceived, feared, wished-for, or otherwise valued states through the interaction of environmental events and highly specific naturally-selected biological proclivities. This reconceptualisation of motivation points towards a resolution of a contradiction in Freud's models of affect and motivation between a theory of drive-reduction and a theory of affect regulation, and of the apparent contradiction between motivational models that emphasise either sexual desire or relational needs. The model also has implications for the theory of transference, since it suggests that neutrality is not the feature of the analytic situation that evokes meaningful transferential processes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

[Realization, affiliation and power: which one of these three factors is responsible for nurses' motivation in an university hospital?].

The nursing develops it's activities through the staff work, therefore, the quality of its work depends on the performance of the work group. For this reason, the nursing knowledge about human motivation and the different motivational factors which interfere in people actions are very important. For some persons is important to do things (realization necessity), for others, is important to influence people (power necessity), and for others to valorize the fellowship with the work group (affiliation necessity) is the most important. The present study is based on "three motives" of the McClelland (1965) approach. The authors also used the Souza (1972) model with the aim to identify which factors are responsible for nurses motivation in adults clinical wards in an university hospital. The results shows that Realization (80%) is the predominant motivational factor, the Affiliation and Power are in the second place with the same rate (7%).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivational interviewing: an intervention tool for child welfare case workers working with substance-abusing parents.

Child welfare case workers have long known that abuse of alcohol and drugs is a major problem with many parents on their caseloads. This article discusses motivational interviewing, an intervention technique used with substance abusers. Motivational interviewing, which is based on the principles of motivational psychology, postulates that motivation is created in an interaction between the client and worker. Principles of motivational interviewing are discussed and illustrated in a case example.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Motivation and continuation of professional development.

Variations in levels of motivation to learn among established general practitioners (GPs) have received scant attention. Building on previous work, we present an analysis of factors contributing to the development of motivation to learn in those who are entering and already established in practice. This approach suggests that individual motivation is both complex and unstable in response to external factors. We draw attention to the possibility of motivational immaturity in recruits to general practice, the contribution of values, and the presence of demotivators. The implications of our analysis are explored in relation to individual professional development and continuing education provision. We suggest that motivational audit will identify individual and contextual factors that are reducing the capacity of GPs to continue learning. A number of approaches addressing these factors are proposed.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1986

High motivation toward food increases food-sharing in cotton-top tamarins.

In order to explore whether or not adult motivation influences transfer of food to infants in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus), 2 experiments were carried out with 3 large captive family groups. Examination of (a) natural changes in food motivation during feeding, and (b) elevated motivation toward food by giving highly preferred items, showed that the adult monkeys shared food more when their own level of motivation was high. This suggests that food-transfer is not merely a consequence of adult satiation, but that matching sharing with high adult motivation is a mechanism which ensures that infants receive ample food, the best items, and also rare items of high quality.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Variations on an Expectancy-Value Model of Motivation in Science.

Relationships among motivational variables from goal theory and expectancy-value theory were investigated in this correlational study of high school students. Self-report surveys of motivation in science were collected during biology classes from 69 males and 80 females. Outcome measures were effort, persistence, and achievement. Gender differences were noted in the pattern of zero-order correlations. Internal motivation variables were related to achievement in males but not females. Regression analyses indicated that the motivation variables explained large proportions of variance in the outcomes. However, the contribution of individual variables differed by gender. Most notable was perceived ability, which contributed significantly to predicting outcome measures for females but not males. Findings suggest that interventions may need to focus on different motivational aspects depending on gender. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

An Achievement Goal Theory Perspective on Issues in Motivation Terminology, Theory, and Research.

There are a number of important issues raised by Murphy and Alexander in the lead article of this issue. In this response, four general issues are discussed in light of current research and achievement goal theory. The four issues include: (1) the general definition and theoretical clarity of motivational constructs, (2) the accessibility and consciousness of motivational beliefs, (3) the interdependent or independent nature of the relations between motivational constructs, and (4) the stability of motivation over time, domains, and contexts. These issues are considered in the context of current achievement goal theory research with the hope that the discussion will help to clarify the four issues for both motivational theory and research in general as well as for specific theoretical and empirical efforts within goal theory research. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Coming to Terms with Motivation Constructs.

The field of motivation is beset with a lack of clear definition of motivational constructs and specification of their operation within larger theoretical frameworks. These problems have implications for interpretation of research results and applications to practice. The articles in this collection represent an important step in attaining greater clarity. Future research should be directed toward clarifying conditions under which motivational constructs predict achievement behavior, delineating the role of social processes in motivation, and exploring long-term motivation in the face of obstacles and competing demands. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions.

Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory. Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. The relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are discussed. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Thyroid hormone effects on the State IV proton motive force in rat liver mitochondria.

In order to further investigate the mechanisms regulating the control of mitochondrial respiration by thyroid hormone, the proton motive force was measured during State IV respiration in liver mitochondria isolated from euthyroid, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid and T3-treated hypothyroid rats. The proton motive force was significantly higher in the hyperthyroid group due to an increased delta pH. The proton motive force of hypothyroid mitochondria was lower than controls due to a decreased membrane potential. The proton motive force for the T3-treated hypothyroid group did not differ from the euthyroid group due to negating changes in the pH gradient and the membrane potential. The intramitochondrial volume was decreased in the hyperthyroid group and unchanged in the other groups. The results indicate that the thyroid status alters the proton motive force in State IV through individual changes in the pH and membrane potential components of the force. The component that changes in hyperthyroid mitochondria is different from that changing in hypothyroid mitochondria.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Proton motive force mediates a reorientation of the cytosolic domains of the multidrug transporter LmrP.

LmrP from Lactococcus lactis is a 45-kDa membrane protein that confers resistance to a wide variety of lipophilic compounds by acting as a proton motive force-driven efflux pump. This study shows that both the proton motive force and ligand interaction alter the accessibility of cytosolic tryptophan residues to a hydrophilic quencher. The proton motive force mediates an increase of LmrP accessibility toward the external medium and results in higher drug binding. Residues Asp128 and Asp68, from cytosolic loops, are involved in the proton motive force-mediated accessibility change. Ligand binding does not modify the protein accessibility, but the proton motive force-mediated restructuring is prerequisite for a subsequent accessibility change mediated by ligand binding. Asp142 cooperates with other membrane-embedded carboxylic residues to promote a conformational change that increases LmrP accessibility toward the hydrophilic quencher. This drug binding-mediated reorganization may be related to the transition between the high- and low-affinity drug-binding sites and is crucial for drug release in the extracellular medium.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2004

Neuroanatomical evidence for indirect connections between the medial preoptic nucleus and the song control system: possible neural substrates for sexually motivated song.

In European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) as in other seasonally breeding songbirds, a major function of song during the breeding season is mate attraction, and song in this context is highly sexually motivated. Song learning, perception, and production are regulated by nuclei of the song control system, but there is no evidence that these nuclei participate in the motivation to sing. Evidence suggests that the medial preoptic nucleus (POM), a diencephalic nucleus outside of the song control system, might regulate the motivation to sing, at least in a sexual context. If the POM is involved in the regulation of sexually motivated song, then this structure must interact with the song control system. To examine possible neuroanatomical connections between the POM and song control nuclei a tract-tracing study was performed in male starlings using the antero- and retrograde tract tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). No direct connections were identified between the POM and song control nuclei; however, labeled fibers were found to terminate in a region bordering dorsal-medial portions of the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA). Additionally, several indirect routes via which the POM might communicate with the song control system were identified. Specifically, POM projected to dorsomedial nucleus intercollicularis (DM), mesencephalic central gray (GCt), area ventralis of Tsai (AVT), and locus ceruleus (LoC), structures projecting directly to nuclei involved in song production (DM --> vocal-patterning and respiratory nuclei; GCt, AVT, LoC --> RA and HVC, and the context in which song is sung (AVT --> area X). These results are consistent with the possibility that the POM regulates sexually motivated song through interactions with brain regions involved in vocal production.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Coping motives and trait negative affect: testing mediation and moderation models of alcohol problems among American Red Cross disaster workers who responded to the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks.

This study explored the mechanism by which trait negative affect and alcohol coping motives are associated with alcohol-related problems in a sample of American Red Cross workers who participated in the relief operation following the attacks in New York City, the Pentagon, and the Pennsylvania crash site on Sept. 11th 2001. The results supported the mediation but not moderation model of coping motives. The support for the mediation model was fairly strong, including small to moderate associations between negative affect and alcohol problems, moderate to strong associations between negative affect and coping motives, and evidence of coping motives mediating the negative affect to alcohol problems relationships. The association between negative affect and coping motives was stronger among younger participants.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Contributions from research on anger and cognitive dissonance to understanding the motivational functions of asymmetrical frontal brain activity.

Research has suggested that approach-related positive emotions are associated with greater left frontal brain activity and that withdrawal-related negative emotions are associated with greater right frontal brain activity. Different explanations have been proposed. One posits that frontal asymmetry is due to emotional valence (positivity/negativity), one posits that frontal asymmetry is due to motivational direction (approach/withdrawal), and one posits that frontal asymmetry is due to a combination of emotional valence and motivational direction (positive-approach/negative-withdrawal). Because research had confounded emotional valence and motivational direction, the theoretical explanation was muddled. Solely supporting the motivational direction model, recent research has revealed that anger and cognitive dissonance, emotions with negative valence and approach motivational tendencies, are related to relatively greater left frontal activity.

Anger↗
PubMed2006

An RCT of the effect of motivational interviewing on medication adherence in hypertensive African Americans: rationale and design.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension disproportionately affects African Americans compared to whites, and it is the single most common explanation for the disparity in mortality between African Americans and whites. Adherence with antihypertensive medications can help reduce risk of negative hypertension-related outcomes. Motivational interviewing is a promising patient-centered approach for improving adherence in patients with chronic diseases. In this paper we describe the rationale and design of an ongoing randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of motivational interviewing versus usual care in improving medication adherence among 190 African American uncontrolled hypertensive patients, who receive care in a primary care setting. METHODS: The usual care group receives standard medical care, while those in the intervention group receive standard care plus four sessions of motivational interviewing at 3-month intervals for a period of 1 year. This technique consists of brief, patient-driven counseling sessions to facilitate initiation and maintenance of behavior change. The primary outcome is adherence to prescribed antihypertensive medication, assessed with the electronic medication events monitoring system (MEMS) and the Morisky self-report adherence questionnaire. Secondary outcomes are within-patient changes in blood pressure, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation between baseline and 12 months. We report the baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the potential utility of motivational interviewing, little is known about its effectiveness in improving medication adherence among hypertensive patients, especially African Americans. In addition to the baseline data this study has generated, this trial should provide data with which we can assess the effectiveness of this approach as a behavioral intervention.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

The effect of infection with the abomasal nematode, Haemonchus contortus, on the avoidance behaviour of sheep in a motivational-choice test.

The behaviour of immune and non-immune sheep infected with H. contortus and undergoing a variety of experimental treatments was investigated in a motivational-choice test, the arena test. This test evaluates motivational state in sheep by pitting the motivation of test animals to approach a small flock of sheep against the motivation to avoid a human decoy located directly in front of the small flock. Approach distance is decreased by infection in immune ewes but was unaffected by infection in non-immune weaner lambs in the present study. Experimental drug-treatments with the opiate-antagonist nalorphine, the antihistamine chlorpheniramine, and the immunosuppressive glucocorticoid dexamethasone, affected avoidance behaviour but did not shed light on possible mechanisms involved in the changes observed when immune sheep are infected with the parasite. These substances may affect motivational state directly and not through a pharmacological action on processes triggered by infection in immune sheep. Arena tests conducted in immune ewes at 4, 7 and 11 days after challenge infection showed a fluctuating locomotor behaviour, which may arise from either the dynamics of a standard secondary immune response or particular antigens released during larval development. The immune-mediated changes in behaviour in the arena test will have entailed information-processing or cognitive pathways, but it is not known whether they also involved the physiological manifestations of emotion.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Perceptions and motivations of Canadian autologous blood donors.

Preoperative autologous blood donation in Canada has increased in the last decade due to concerns about allogeneic blood safety. As economic policies necessitate the validation of autologous blood donation, it is important to assess potential changes. This study examines the motivations and perceptions of patients participating in a Canadian autologous blood donation programme. The study was conducted at the Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus. Questionnaires were developed and then administered to 100 consecutive adult autologous blood donors. The questionnaires assessed patient demographics, motivation for participation and perceptions about blood safety. Autologous donation was presented to 82% of patients as an option by their physicians. However, 59% of all patients felt that they were motivated to donate by their own fears. Patients (87%) also felt that directed blood donation should be offered due to their perception that directed donation is safer. Three-quarters of patients would be willing to pay for autologous donation. Patients are concerned about the safety of allogeneic blood and they are motivated to seek other alternatives despite the fact that allogeneic blood is very safe. These perceptions and motivations must be taken into account as health care policy changes are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Efficacy of media in motivating patients with panic disorder to visit specialists.

In 97 patients who visited Akasaka Clinic, their chief complaints, the form of media which motivated patients to visit the clinic, and their DSM-IV diagnoses were examined. The media which most frequently motivated the patients were books (35%), TV programs (23%), and the Internet (16%). While many of patients complained of panic attacks, 74.2% were diagnosed as having anxiety disorder, 12% had somatoform disorder and 8% did not have any mental illness. The rate of panic disorder tended to be higher in patients motivated by TV programs (70%) and significantly lower in those motivated by the reading of books (48%). These results suggest that enlightenment of panic disorder using the media, especially that by TV programs, effectively motivates patients with panic disorder.

Adult↗