SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Linguistic experience affects phonetic perception. However, the critical period during which experience affects perception and the mechanism responsible for these effects are unknown. This study of 6-month-old infants from two countries, the United States and Sweden, shows that exposure to a specific language in the first half year of life alters infants' phonetic perception.
Psycholinguists have commonly assumed that as a spoken linguistic message unfolds over time, it is initially structured by a syntactic processing module that is encapsulated from information provided by other perceptual and cognitive systems. To test the effects of relevant visual context on the rapid mental processes that accompany spoken language comprehension, eye movements were recorded with a head-mounted eye-tracking system while subjects followed instructions to manipulate real objects. Visual context influenced spoken word recognition and mediated syntactic processing, even during the earliest moments of language processing.
Aphasic patients were given tests assessing pantomime recognition, reading comprehension, aural comprehension, and naming ability to determine whether defective pantomime recognition could be the result of a disturbance of symbolic thinking also affecting linguistic functioning. Defects in pantomime recognition always occurred in conjunction with reading defects of at least comparable severity, but reading defects sometimes occurred without comparable defects in pantomime recognition. The relationship of pantomime recognition with both aural comprehension and naming ability was significantly weaker than that between pantomime recognition and reading comprehension. The implications of the findings with regard to other nonverbal aphasic symptoms and the role of sensory modality factors are discussed.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Linguistic adaptation and validation into Spanish of the ARTS questionnaire, a self reported instrument designed to measure four osteoarthritis treatment satisfaction dimensions: treatment advantages, treatment convenience, apprehension about treatment and satisfaction with medical care. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Adaptation was performed using conceptual equivalence, supervised by a panel of 6 experts and 4 independent translators, who were in charge of performing translation and back-translation of the items. A sample of patients suffering from knee, hip or column osteoarthritis was used to estimate the psychometric properties of feasibility, reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. Three groups were identified: adequate analgesic effect and tolerability, treatment-switch because of a weak analgesic effect, and treatment- switch due to poor tolerability. The ARTS was administered at baseline, 1 week later for retest, and after 4 weeks of treatment with NSAIDs or Cox II-inhibitors. RESULTS: A sample of 163 patients was formed (67.7 [9.2] years old). No floor or ceiling effects were found, items were well understood and non- response rates were below 1%. Cronbach's alpha for the total scales was 0.85, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.81. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 4 dimensions which were coherent with those proposed by the original authors. Concurrent validity was measured with SF-36, a pain VAS instrument, a treatment compliance VAS, and the Morisky-Green compliance questionnaire. The adapted instrument showed a good discriminatory validity, and it was able to distinguish between patients needing a change in treatment and those who did not need it. It was also sensitive to changes in patients' treatment effectiveness after a 30 days follow up. CONCLUSIONS: A psychometrically valid and conceptually equivalent ARTS questionnaire has been produced to explore satisfaction with treatment in patients with osteoarthritis in Spanish speaking countries.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study was intended to achieve a linguistic adaptation and validation into Spanish of the LANNS scale for the differential diagnosis of neuropathic pain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional validation study carried out in two phases: first, cultural adaptation into Spanish language, by means of a conceptual equivalence approach, including forward and backward translations in duplicate and review by experts; and second, validation study of the scale in patients with neuropathic, noniceptive and mixed pain, in which the scale properties of reliability (internal consistency and inter-rater agreement with kappa and intra-class correlation coefficients) and validity (ROC curves analisys, agreement with reference diagnosis and determination of sensitivity, specificity and positive and negatives predictive values) were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 156 subjects (90 women, 58.4%), 89 with pain of neuropathic origin (mean age [SD], 59.6 [19.4] years, 22 with mixed pain due to radiculopathy) and 67 with nociceptive pain (66.6 [11.8] years) were included in the study. Diagnosis of the type of pain was performed by standard clinical criteria. The scale was administrated by trained interviewers, in duplicate and blinded to the reference diagnosis. The scale showed good reliability (internal consistency: Cronbach and Guttman split-half coefficients between 0.68 and 0.71; inter-rater agreement: kappa coefficient of 0.70 and intra-class correlation coefficients between 0.77 and 0.92) and validity for a cut-off value > or = 12 points, which represented the best value to discriminate between patients with neuropathic and nociceptive components of pain (kappa coefficient = 0.70; CI 95%, 0.59-0.81; p < 0.0001); area under the curve, 0.929; (p < 0.0001); specificity, 89.4% (CI 95%, 79.4%-95.6%) and positive value, 91.1%; CI 95%, 82.6%-96.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the LANSS scale is reliable and valid for the differential diagnosis of neuropathic pain.
Expressed Emotion (EE) is a form of assessment of the family environment: it is highly reliable and has proved to be predictive for symptomatologic relapse with schizophrenic subjects. Rating is obtained by offering to relatives living with the schizophrenic patient a structured interview, the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). In the present study we will undertake a linguistic analysis (with quantitative and semantic evaluation) of 16 CFI, in order to detect communication parameters likely to be correlated with basic EE categories (high and low EE). The results obtained demonstrate that high EE relatives show a more immediate response style and a greater amount of speech. Moreover, these subjects tend to neglect their task during the interview, starting in most cases a self-referred communication.
It remains a matter of controversy precisely what kind of neural mechanisms underlie functional asymmetries in speech processing. Whereas some studies support speech-specific circuits, others suggest that lateralization is dictated by relative computational demands of complex auditory signals in the spectral or time domains. To examine how the brain processes linguistically relevant spectral and temporal information, a functional magnetic resonance imaging study was conducted using Thai speech, in which spectral processing associated with lexical tones and temporal processing associated with vowel length can be differentiated. Ten Thai and 10 Chinese subjects were asked to perform discrimination judgments of pitch and timing patterns presented in the same auditory stimuli under two different conditions: speech (Thai) and nonspeech (hums). In the speech condition, tasks required judging Thai tones (T) and vowel length (VL); in the nonspeech condition, homologous pitch contours (P) and duration patterns (D). A remaining task required listening passively to nonspeech hums (L). Only the Thai group showed activation in the left inferior prefrontal cortex in speech minus nonspeech contrasts for spectral (T vs. P) and temporal (VL vs. D) cues. Thai and Chinese groups, however, exhibited similar fronto-parietal activation patterns in nonspeech hums minus passive listening contrasts for spectral (P vs. L) and temporal (D vs. L) cues. It appears that lower level specialization for acoustic cues in the spectral and temporal domains cannot be generalized to abstract higher order levels of phonological processing. Regardless of the neural mechanisms underlying low-level auditory processing, our findings clearly indicate that hemispheric specialization is sensitive to language-specific factors.
The authors studied the language patterns of schizophrenic mothers and their 4-year-old children, and compared them with the speech of normal mothers and children and normal mothers with autistic children. They found that children of schizophrenic mothers showed lags in language development and language distortions less severe than but in some ways similar to those seen in autistic children. Schizophrenic mothers were more likely to produce more deficient and/or distorted language in interactions with their children. Mothers of autistic children produced language that was equal to or above that of mothers of normal children on most parameters and adjusted their language to the chronological rather than the linguistic age of the child.
Barriers to early identification of children with developmental delays include time constraints during well-child visits and lack of easily administered, quantitative measures that can be used by pediatricians. This study assesses the ease of administration of the Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) during well-child visits from 2 to 36 months of age. During a single visit 177 children were assessed by either a developmental pediatrician (n = 121) or a third-year pediatric resident (n = 56). The mean time required to complete the CAT/CLAMS for all subjects was 6 minutes and 10 seconds (SD 2 minutes 44 seconds); less than 10 minutes was required in 92% of children assessed. There were no significant differences in the time required by the 2 examiners at any age level. Its ease of administration and psychometric properties make the CAT/CLAMS an excellent choice for the assessment of early development by primary care pediatricians.
The Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was designed for use by primary pediatric health care providers to identify children with developmental delays. This study assesses the concurrent and predictive validity of CAT/CLAMS developmental quotient (DQ) scores and the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development in healthy children without risk factors for developmental delay. Overall CAT/CLAMS DQ scores correlated significantly with Bayley MDI scores at both 12 (r = 0.393; p = 0.008) and 30 months (r = 0.742; p = 0.0001) of age. Overall CAT/CLAMS DQ scores at 12 months of age also correlated modestly with Bayley MDI scores at 30 months of age (r = 0.181; p = 0.036). Despite its modest predictive validity at 12 months, its satisfactory concurrent validity plus its ease and speed of administration make the CAT/CLAMS a reasonable choice for assessment of early development by primary pediatric health care providers.
Although language is recognized as one of the best predictors of development, the lack of a simple evaluation tool has contributed to the general pediatrician's unfamiliarity with linguistic milestones. Here described is a 32-item instrument for the recording and assessment by the practicing pediatrician of language milestones during the first two years of life.
The Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) is a relatively new test of language, problem-solving abilities, and visual-motor skills for children ages 0 to 36 months of age. This instrument was compared to the Bayley Mental Developmental Index (MDI), the generally accepted standard of infant developmental tests. This study evaluates 328 normal children tested in infancy and then at 18 and 30 months of age. Specificity was excellent (95% to 100%) at both 18- and 30-month levels when compared to the Bayley MDI. Sensitivity, however, was 21% at the 18-month level and 67% at the 30-month level. Predictive validity (.65) and within-test validity (.69) are good. The CAT/CLAMS compares favorably with the Bayley MDI assessment of children between 18 and 30 months of age and can be used for clinical assessment of toddlers referred for development assessment prior to admission to early intervention programs.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends regular developmental screening as a part of routine child health supervision. However, the pediatrician has a limited number of tools available to further evaluate a child who is found to be suspect or abnormal on a developmental screening test. The Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was therefore developed to provide pediatricians with a technique to assess infants and toddlers with suspected developmental delay. The CAT/CLAMS demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Concurrent validity with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) was demonstrated in 43 children ages 12 to 19 months who were tested on three occasions with both instruments (correlation coefficient ranging between 0.63 and 0.87; P < .001). Predictive validity 6 and 12 months later was also demonstrated in this population with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.73 and 0.77, significant at the P = .001 level. Utilizing the CAT/CLAMS as part of the pediatrician's evaluation of children with developmental concerns would allow the pediatrician to compare language and nonlanguage problem-solving abilities and, therefore, aid in diagnosis and appropriate referral.
Pediatric neuro-AIDS may be the first clinical manifestation of HIV infection in children born to HIV-infected mothers. As part of the neurodevelopmental examination of children, the Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was investigated as a tool for pediatricians to use to monitor the development of children at risk for HIV infection. The CAT/CLAMS was found to detect neurodevelopmental differences between HIV-infected and uninfected children at 12 and 18 months of age. Good correlations were found between the CAT/CLAMS and concurrently administered Bayley Scales of Infant Development. These findings suggest that the CAT/CLAMS should be considered as a part of the neurodevelopmental examination of children at risk for pediatric neuro-AIDS.
Eighty-one preterm infants (mean gestational age 29 weeks, range 24-36 weeks) discharged from The Johns Hopkins Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit were followed up sequentially from birth to 2 years of age by use of the Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS) to evaluate language development. Children were studied during three time intervals: Interval 1: 3-5 months chronologic age (CA); Interval 2: 9-14 months (CA); and Interval 3: 18-24 months (CA). Psychometric test scores were compared with CLAMS Language Quotients (LQ) by use of full, partial (75%, 50%, 25%), and no "correction" for weeks of prematurity to determine whether "correcting" for prematurity would yield a more accurate estimate of eventual cognitive outcome. CLAMS LQ at Interval 1 was highly correlated with CLAMS LQ at Interval 2 and CLAMS LQ at Interval 2 correlated well with CLAMS LQ at Interval 3 (r = 0.57 and 0.64, respectively, P = 0.0001). Correlations indicated that there was an orderly, sequential development of language in the preterm infant. CLAMS evaluations correlated significantly with psychometric test results during Interval 2 and Interval 3 (r = 0.34, P < 0.02 and r = 0.75, P = 0.0001, respectively). The CLAMS proved to be a useful instrument for monitoring preterm language development in the primary pediatric care setting.
This article discusses characteristics of educational environments that facilitate success for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners, thereby reducing inappropriate referrals to special education, and offers recommendations for adapting referral and assessment processes to better serve CLD students suspected of having learning disabilities. Effective instructional practices are considered, and competencies needed by teachers who serve CLD students with learning disabilities are suggested. Specific attention is given to identifying and serving students with learning disabilities who are also limited English proficient.
In response to the need for linguistically and culturally appropriate cancer survivorship materials for Latinos, the Office of Education and Special Initiatives and the Office of Cancer Survivorship at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) set out to test, adapt, and refine a Spanish translation of an English-language booklet for adult cancer survivors titled Facing Forward: Life After Cancer Treatment (Siga adelante: la vida después del tratamiento del cáncer). The authors used a process called "transcreation," which involves translating existing English-language materials into Spanish and then adapting them for Latino audiences. The Spanish version of the booklet was reviewed by nine Spanish-speaking reviewers who were cancer survivors. The multistage transcreation process reinforced the importance of conducting formative research as well as adjusting the methodology to address the needs of changing demographics.
Digital-first public health efforts often miss linguistically isolated immigrant communities because of structural barriers and stigma. Ethnic legacy media can reach these groups, but keeping programs funded and operational over the long term is frequently difficult. This Practice Note examines a Cantonese-language radio health program in "Los Angeles County" that ran 128 live broadcasts across a full 12-year Chinese zodiac cycle. Instead of a top-down clinical model, the show endured by acting as an informal community navigation hub. We examine two recurring administrative frictions: anonymous off-air calls about urgent economic needs (e.g., hotel job referrals) and on-air audience corrections of mispronounced medical terms. We argue these interactions should be seen not as disruptions but as measurable indicators of structural trust that sustain programs. We offer practical guidance for recruiting undergraduates to expand reach via ethnic print newspapers, using peer-recovery milestones to amplify impact. The note concludes with a pragmatic blueprint for health educators to manage professional boundaries, preserve commercial-clinical separation, and uphold cultural safety in isolated communities.