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PubMed2004

[Gender and leisure-time physical activity].

This article discusses the relationship between gender and the social construction of the body, specifically focusing on physical exercise during leisure time. The Pró-Saúde Project is a prospective study consisting of 4,030 employees of a university in Rio de Janeiro, in which we analyzed the answers on leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) by 3,740 participants. The results show a prevalence of males in LTPA. Age, schooling, and per capita family income were directly associated with exercise among women, as compared to per capita family among men. Men were more frequently involved in group sports and physical activities that required more strength than women, including football, tennis, volleyball, martial arts, jogging, and weight lifting. Women performed more individual physical activities and those demanding less strength, like walking, dance, gymnastics, and hydrogym. The results suggest that LTPA is a domain of daily life that is organized according to certain conventions, amongst which gender-related conceptions concerning the ideal body, where men and women display distinct behaviors in relation to physical exercise.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of ulcers of the squamous gastric mucosa in standardbred horses.

This study was performed to determine the prevalence of ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa in Standardbred racehorses. Observations were performed at monthly intervals between the beginning of their training season and their 1st qualifying race. This study also identified risk factors at different levels of race training. Forty-eight Standardbred racehorses from 3 training stables in Quebec, Canada, were studied. Baseline historical information and gastroscopic findings were recorded at the beginning of the trial, and once a month thereafter, between December 2001 and June 2002, until the horse's 1st qualifying race or the end of the training. Intensity of training ranged from jogging to intensive training just before the 1st race and was assigned an ordinal score. Location of squamous ulcers and their appearance were observed on gastroscopy, and an ordinal score was assigned. Prevalence of squamous ulcers from the 2nd through the 4th month (72-88%) of training remained at a significantly higher level (P = .002 to .04) than at the onset of the study (38%) and was also higher in intensely trained horses than in joggers (93% versus 56%). Moderate or more intensive training increased the odds (odds ratio [OR], 3.39; confidence interval [CI], 1.34-8.56; and OR, 11.4; CI, 3.21-40.5, respectively) of detecting ulcers with higher scores. These odds were also higher in trotters (OR, 2.17; CI, 1.07-4.43) than in pacers and generally increased with the duration of training. Duration of training, training level, and gait type also influenced the number of sites with ulcers in the same way. Ulcers had higher scores along the lesser curvature (LC) and the margo plicatus (MP) areas of the stomach. It was concluded that squamous ulcers appeared early in the training of Standardbred racehorses, that the number of sites affected and the ulcer score are related to the intensity of training, and that trotters are more prone to squamous ulcers than pacers.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Self-reported physical activity in a rural county: a New York county health census.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have described physical activity in rural populations. This study describes the frequency, types, and correlates of physical activity in 29,304 free-living adults in a rural county in New York State. METHODS: Self-reported responses about regular physical activity (maintained long enough to work up a sweat) were analyzed from a private household census of Otsego County with an 86.6% response rate. RESULTS: This survey categorized 46.2% of county residents as sedentary. Walking, the most frequent choice of activity (62% of the women, 36% of the men), increased in frequency with age of respondents whereas cycling, jogging, aerobics, team sports, and swimming (listed in rank order of frequency) generally tended to decrease in frequency with age. Farmers demonstrated an increased amount of "sweat activity" compared with persons in most other occupations. CONCLUSIONS: This descriptive study of physical activity in a rural county shows that sedentary lifestyle is of high prevalence. The high frequency of walking and the gender differences in both the levels and choice of activity suggest that further research and public policy recommendations focus on these issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in patients who are at least forty years old. A long-term follow-up and outcome study.

The long-term results were reviewed for seventy-two patients (seventy-five knees) who had had a bone-patellar ligament-bone intra-articular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament between August 1984 and May 1992. The mean age of the patients at the time of the operation was forty-five years (range, forty to sixty years). Three patients had a bilateral procedure. The primary mechanisms of injury were accidents that occurred during skiing (thirty-two knees), tennis (fourteen knees), and soccer (five knees). We analyzed the responses to subjective questionnaires, the functional results, and the objective clinical data. The clinical examination included assessment of the range of motion, performance of Lachman and pivot-shift tests, and measurements with use of a KT-1000 arthrometer. All knees were evaluated with use of three common rating scales: that of Lysholm and Gillquist; that of The Hospital for Special Surgery, as modified by Insall et al.; and the International Knee Ligament Standard Evaluation Form. At the latest follow-up evaluation, at a mean of fifty-five months (range, twenty-six to 117 months), three patients reported pain or swelling. No patient reported giving-way or symptoms related to the patellofemoral joint. The mean range of extension was -12 to 6 degrees, compared with -8 to 42 degrees preoperatively, and the mean range of flexion was 112 to 150 degrees, compared with 52 to 154 degrees preoperatively. Flexion was limited to 112 degrees in one patient, but this was 5 degrees greater than that of the uninvolved knee. Sixty knees (80 per cent) had a negative pivot-shift test, and ten knees (13 per cent) had a grade of 1+. On testing with the KT-1000 device at maximum manual pressure, the mean difference between the injured and uninjured knees was found to have improved by 5.1 millimeters, from 6.4 millimeters preoperatively to 1.4 millimeters postoperatively (p < 0.01). The grade on the International Knee Ligament Standard Evaluation Form improved markedly; seventy-two knees (96 per cent) had a grade of C or D preoperatively, whereas seventy knees (93 per cent) had a grade of A or B postoperatively. The Hospital for Special Surgery score improved from a mean of 69 points preoperatively to a mean of 92 points postoperatively (p < 0.01). The mean score according to the scale of Lysholm and Gillquist increased from a mean of 63 points preoperatively to a mean of 94 points postoperatively (p < 0.01). All patients indicated that they were pleased with the result of the procedure. Bicycling was resumed at a mean of four months; jogging, at a mean of nine months; skiing, at a mean of ten months; and tennis, at a mean of twelve months.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Physical characteristics and decrement in muscular performance after whole body cooling.

The dependence of cooling-induced decrement in muscular performance on several physical characteristics was studied. The characteristics were: the amount of subcutaneous fat, body weight, height and surface area, maximal aerobic capacity and maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the trunk flexors. Ten male subjects wearing shorts and jogging shoes were exposed to 27 degrees C and 10 degrees C for 60 min. The cooling resulted in a decrease of 6.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C (mean +/- SE) in mean skin temperature. The temperatures of m. triceps and m. deltoideus were decreased by 2.8 +/- 1.0 degree C and 5.1 +/- 0.4 degree C, respectively. Rectal temperature was virtually unaffected. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.785) was found between the amount of subcutaneous fat and decrease in mean skin temperature after cooling. After the exposures to 27 degrees C and 10 degrees C, the subjects performed an overhead ball throwing test to measure muscular performance. The test was performed in a standing position using both arms. Five balls weighing from 0.27 kg to 3.0kg were thrown. On the average, cooling decreased muscular performance 7.6%. The decrease correlated significantly only with the amount of subcutaneous fat r = -0.710). The results indicate that from the measured physical characteristics, varying within normal range, only subcutaneous fat had significant effect on thermal responses. Accordingly, the decrease in muscular performance correlated only with the amount of subcutaneous fat.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Longitudinal evaluation of aerobic capacity determined by torque auto-controlled system with the feedback of photoelectric pulse].

We have previously developed a unique and simple procedure for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate whether an aerobic index determined by torque auto-controlled system with the feedback of photoelectric pulse could sufficiently approximate the cardiorespiratory fitness represented by anaerobic threshold (AT) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Analysis of the cross-sectional data indicated that the aerobic score (AS: K (WR/Wt)/HR; where WR = mean work rate during 12-min cycling, Wt = weight, and HR = mean heart rate during 12-min cycling) determined by the torque auto-controlled system was significantly correlated with directly measured VO2/AT (r = 0.922, 76 males; r = 0.814, 34 females). Cross-validity of the predicted VO2max from the AS was significant and sufficiently high (r = 0.949, 31 males) for use in the general public. In addition, the effects of cycling or jogging training on the AS were longitudinally investigated on 17 females and 1 male. Major effects of the training were significant improvements in the AS, VO2max, and VO2/AT. Delta percentage change [(post-value - pre-value)/pre-value; delta %] in the AS was closely associated (r = 0.718, 8 females) with delta % in VO2/AT. It appears likely from the present investigation that information obtained through the use of our unique system (i.e., the AS) could provide considerably reliable estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness in both males and females.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influence of water exercise and land stretching on salivary cortisol concentrations and anxiety in chronic low back pain patients.

Land stretching exercises are common exercise therapy for low back pain (LBP) patients. However, recently, water exercise became a popular rehabilitation for LBP patients, and many studies have reported the physical benefits of water exercise. This study compared the psychological and endocrinological effects of water exercise and land stretching by measuring salivary cortisol concentration and anxiety in chronic LBP patients. Seven volunteers (4 female and 3 male, mean age: 61.9 +/- 11.8 yrs) who suffered from chronic LBP (pain duration: 4.5 +/- 1.3 yrs) participated in the sessions of water exercise and land stretching programs (90 minutes) on different days. The land stretching program consisted mainly of stretching, and the water exercise program contained not only stretching, but also walking, jogging, muscle strengthening, swimming and relaxation. After both exercise programs, the subjective pain scores of the patients showed a significant decrease. Salivary cortisol concentrations were also significantly decreased during pre- to post-90 minute water exercise. (P < 0.05). With land stretching, salivary cortisol concentrations also decreased significantly (P < 0.05). State anxiety decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after both water exercise and land stretching compared with pre-exercise scores (P < 0.05), though no significant changes were found in the patients' trait anxiety scores. No significant correlation was found between salivary cortisol concentrations and state anxiety with water exercise and land stretching. The findings of the present study suggested both exercises showed similar tendencies, and had decreased salivary cortisol level and state anxiety.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1990

Nonoperative treatment of acute knee ligament injuries. A review with special reference to indications and methods.

Nonoperative treatment has received little attention in the numerous scientific reports on knee ligament injuries. Great controversy still exists concerning the proper treatment of a knee with a ruptured ligament, especially the anterior cruciate ligament. However, according to the studies of the authors and an extensive review of the literature the indications for conservative management can be established to be all grade I and II sprains (partial tears) of knee ligaments as well as an isolated grade III sprain (complete tear) of the posterior cruciate ligament. In addition, an isolated complete rupture of an anterior cruciate, or medial or lateral collateral ligament may be treated nonoperatively in an older sedentary person. Other injuries obviously call for an operative approach at the acute stage. Nonoperative therapy protocols must be based on the knowledge of the biological phenomenon occurring during connective tissue healing process. In the first phase of ligament healing the injured knee needs 2 to 3 weeks immobilisation for undisturbed fibroblast invasion and proliferation of collagen fibres. This is achieved by immobilising the knee in a rehabilitative knee brace locked in 40 to 45 degrees of flexion. Thereafter, a gradually increasing controlled mobilisation is allowed in the brace to avoid the deleterious effects of immobilisation to cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons and ligaments, and to enhance the orientation of collagen fibres to the stress lines of the healing ligament. After 4 to 8 weeks the goal for rehabilitation is rapid and full recovery to work and sports. A functional knee brace may be used at this phase to give extra protection before final strengthening of the injured ligament. During the mobilisation and muscle training of the therapy protocol various specific techniques can be used for strengthening of the hamstring and quadriceps muscles, including isometric, isotonic, isokinetic and eccentric exercises with or without resistive equipments. In addition, electrical stimulation may help prevent muscle wasting due to immobilisation, and continuous passive motion may be used to correct persistent extension or flexion deficit. Normally, jogging is allowed approximately 3 to 6 months after the injury, and an athlete is generally able to return to full activity and competitive sports after 6 to 12 months. Quite frequently the whole question of successful rehabilitation after a knee ligamentous injury is more motivational rather than methodological and is thus often independent of attending physician's or physiotherapist's skill or will. Therefore, one of the most important things during rehabilitation is to motivate and encourage the patient for longstanding, intensive work.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

Health effects of recreational running in women. Some epidemiological and preventive aspects.

Estimated maximum oxygen uptake of middle-aged nonelite road race entrants is around 45 to 50 ml/kg/min, which is 40 to 100% higher than values from the female general population. Endurance training, low bodyweight, and nonsmoking of runners explain part of, but not the whole, difference in aerobic capacity observed between athletes and the general population. Sedentary women can improve cardiorespiratory fitness through aerobic exercise programmes, and the women with the lowest level of initial fitness have the highest proportional improvement following training. Regularly exercising women have a significantly reduced risk of fatal and nonfatal coronary events, and low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with an increased risk of death and nonfatal stroke. The influence of habitual running on the female blood lipid profile is not clear. Cross-sectional studies have found elevated HDL cholesterol concentrations in distance runners, but intervention studies on the effect of jogging on lipid and lipoprotein levels have provided equivocal results. A higher level of physical fitness is associated with a lower risk to subsequently develop hypertension. Experimental studies have shown that moderate intensity aerobic exercise (40 to 60% VO2max) is able to reduce blood pressure significantly in hypertensive subjects. An athletic lifestyle may be associated with a reduced risk of adult-onset diabetes mellitus (via an exercise-induced increase in insulin-sensitivity), and with a reduced risk of cancers of the reproductive system, breast, and colon. Recreational running is also correlated with better weight control. Surveys of recreational and elite distance runners show a great variability in the prevalence of secondary amenorrhoea, between 1 and 44%. Environmental factors determining the risk of amenorrhoea in runners are low body fat content, mileage, and nutritional inadequacy, with low intakes of calories, protein, and fat. Amenorrhoeic athletes in their third and fourth decade have lower vertebral bone density, which is improved after resumption of menses but does not completely reach age-specific average values. Regardless of menstrual status, the effectiveness of exercise to maintain bone mass throughout life is an important issue. Habitual exercise is associated with increased bone density of the spine both in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Several controlled training studies suggest that postmenopausal women may at least retard their bone loss with regular aerobic exercise. Running-related injuries and complaints are common in recreational joggers, even though the reported 1-year incidence, varying between 14 and approximately 50%, depends on injury definition. Mileage and a history of previous running injury are known risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Exercise and heart transplantation. A review.

Results of heart transplantation as therapy for end-stage cardiac diseases are encouraging not only because of actuarial survival curves but also because of the recovered quality of life for the heart transplant recipient. Although heart transplantation drastically improves the physical capacity of the patients, heart recipients still have a reduced maximal aerobic capacity compared to healthy people. Altered resting and exercise haemodynamics, due to cardiac denervation, are a common finding after orthotopic heart transplantation: increases in heart rate and stroke volume at exercise are first linked with the augmented venous return and later with the increased plasmatic nor-adrenaline level. Maximal heart rate and stroke volume are both reduced when compared to innervated heart. Reduced cardiac output response to exercise therefore results in early anaerobic metabolism, acidosis, hyperventilation and diminished physical capacity. In spite of an altered ventilatory adaptation to exercise, characterised by hyperpnoea in most transplant patients, ventilation is not the limiting factor for exercise in heart recipients without associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Endurance training restores lean tissue, decreases submaximal minute ventilation, increases peak work output, maximal ventilation and peak heart rate. Guidelines for prescribing exercise are not yet standardised due to the limited number of studies on a sufficient cohort of heart recipients. Nevertheless, recommendations similar to those used for persons with coronary heart disease, with modifications due to the denervated heart, seem to be used. The cardiocirculatory and pulmonary capacity of heart transplant recipients allow them to undertake endurance sports activities such as walking, jogging, cycling and swimming, and these should be encouraged.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed1999

Physical activity and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: what is the relationship?

High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are strongly, inversely and independently associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). Increased physical activity is associated with reduced CHD mortality. This protection against CHD may partially be explained by the increase in HDL-C levels observed following aerobic exercise training. Many also agree that an exercise threshold needs to be met before such favourable changes in HDL-C metabolism can occur. Most likely, the exercise-induced changes in HDL-C are the result of the interaction amongst exercise intensity, frequency, duration of each exercise session and length of the exercise training period. Although a relative contribution of each exercise component (intensity, duration and frequency) is also likely, it has not been established. There is also substantial support for a dose-response relationship. Favourable changes in HDL-C appear to occur incrementally and reach statistical significance at approximately 7-10 miles per week or 1200 to 1600kcal. Exercise-induced changes in HDL-C may also be gender dependent. The volume of exercise required to increase HDL-C levels appears to be substantially more for women than men. This perhaps is due to higher HDL-C levels in women at baseline compared with men. However, the many other health benefits derived from increased physical activity should encourage women to participate in regular exercise regardless of the exercise effects on HDL-C levels. A practical approach in prescribing exercise for patients is to use moderate intensity exercises (70 to 80% of predicted maximal heart rate), 3 to 5 times per week, for a total of 7 to 14 miles per week. This is equivalent to approximately 1200 to 1600kcal per week. Moderate to low intensity exercise should be preferred because such exercise carries a lower risk for cardiac complications. In addition, patients are more likely to participate and sustain a lower than higher intensity exercise programme. It is also important to recognise that other modes of physical activity can also be encouraged for patients. Such activities should be associated with similar increases in HDL-C levels as long as they meet or exceed the caloric expenditure of 1200 to 1600kcal (7 to 14 miles per week of jogging).

Cholesterol, HDL↗
PubMed2001

Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a quantitative analysis.

Dose-response relationships between exercise training volume and blood lipid changes suggest that exercise can favourably alter blood lipids at low training volumes, although the effects may not be observable until certain exercise thresholds are met. The thresholds established from cross-sectional literature occur at training volumes of 24 to 32 km (15 to 20 miles) per week of brisk walking or jogging and elicit between 1200 to 2200 kcal/wk. This range of weekly energy expenditure is associated with 2 to 3 mg/dl increases in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) reductions of 8 to 20 mg/dl. Evidence from cross-sectional studies indicates that greater changes in HDL-C levels can be expected with additional increases in exercise training volume. HDL-C and TG changes are often observed after training regimens requiring energy expenditures similar to those characterised from cross-sectional data. Training programmes that elicit 1200 to 2200 kcal/wk in exercise are often effective at elevating HDL-C levels from 2 to 8 mg/dl, and lowering TG levels by 5 to 38 mg/dl. Exercise training seldom alters total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). However, this range of weekly exercise energy expenditure is also associated with TC and LDL-C reductions when they are reported. The frequency and extent to which most of these lipid changes are reported are similar in both genders, with the exception of TG. Thus, for most individuals, the positive effects of regular exercise are exerted on blood lipids at low training volumes and accrue so that noticeable differences frequently occur with weekly energy expenditures of 1200 to 2200 kcal/wk. It appears that weekly exercise caloric expenditures that meet or exceed the higher end of this range are more likely to produce the desired lipid changes. This amount of physical activity, performed at moderate intensities, is reasonable and attainable for most individuals and is within the American College of Sports Medicine's currently recommended range for healthy adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Stretching and injury prevention: an obscure relationship.

It is generally accepted that increasing the flexibility of a muscle-tendon unit promotes better performances and decreases the number of injuries. Stretching exercises are regularly included in warm-up and cooling-down exercises; however, contradictory findings have been reported in the literature. Several authors have suggested that stretching has a beneficial effect on injury prevention. In contrast, clinical evidence suggesting that stretching before exercise does not prevent injuries has also been reported. Apparently, no scientifically based prescription for stretching exercises exists and no conclusive statements can be made about the relationship of stretching and athletic injuries. Stretching recommendations are clouded by misconceptions and conflicting research reports. We believe that part of these contradictions can be explained by considering the type of sports activity in which an individual is participating. Sports involving bouncing and jumping activities with a high intensity of stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs) [e.g. soccer and football] require a muscle-tendon unit that is compliant enough to store and release the high amount of elastic energy that benefits performance in such sports. If the participants of these sports have an insufficient compliant muscle-tendon unit, the demands in energy absorption and release may rapidly exceed the capacity of the muscle-tendon unit. This may lead to an increased risk for injury of this structure. Consequently, the rationale for injury prevention in these sports is to increase the compliance of the muscle-tendon unit. Recent studies have shown that stretching programmes can significantly influence the viscosity of the tendon and make it significantly more compliant, and when a sport demands SSCs of high intensity, stretching may be important for injury prevention. This conjecture is in agreement with the available scientific clinical evidence from these types of sports activities. In contrast, when the type of sports activity contains low-intensity, or limited SSCs (e.g. jogging, cycling and swimming) there is no need for a very compliant muscle-tendon unit since most of its power generation is a consequence of active (contractile) muscle work that needs to be directly transferred (by the tendon) to the articular system to generate motion. Therefore, stretching (and thus making the tendon more compliant) may not be advantageous. This conjecture is supported by the literature, where strong evidence exists that stretching has no beneficial effect on injury prevention in these sports. If this point of view is used when examining research findings concerning stretching and injuries, the reasons for the contrasting findings in the literature are in many instances resolved.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Iliotibial band syndrome in runners: innovations in treatment.

Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is the most common cause of lateral knee pain in runners. It is an overuse injury that results from repetitive friction of the iliotibial band (ITB) over the lateral femoral epicondyle, with biomechanical studies demonstrating a maximal zone of impingement at approximately 30 degrees of knee flexion. Training factors related to this injury include excessive running in the same direction on a track, greater-than-normal weekly mileage and downhill running. Studies have also demonstrated that weakness or inhibition of the lateral gluteal muscles is a causative factor in this injury. When these muscles do not fire properly throughout the support phase of the running cycle, there is a decreased ability to stabilise the pelvis and eccentrically control femoral abduction. As a result, other muscles must compensate, often leading to excessive soft tissue tightness and myofascial restrictions. Initial treatment should focus on activity modification, therapeutic modalities to decrease local inflammation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and in severe cases, a corticosteroid injection. Stretching exercises can be started once acute inflammation is under control. Identifying and eliminating myofascial restrictions complement the therapy programme and should precede strengthening and muscle re-education. Strengthening exercises should emphasise eccentric muscle contractions, triplanar motions and integrated movement patterns. With this comprehensive treatment approach, most patients will fully recover by 6 weeks. Interestingly, biomechanical studies have shown that faster-paced running is less likely to aggravate ITBS and faster strides are initially recommended over a slower jogging pace. Over time, gradual increases in distance and frequency are permitted. In the rare refractory case, surgery may be required. The most common procedure is releasing or lengthening the posterior aspect of the ITB at the location of peak tension over the lateral femoral condyle.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Sports activity after total hip and knee arthroplasty : specific recommendations concerning tennis.

Lower extremity total joint arthroplasties are among the most successful operations in orthopaedics. Presently, it appears that some patients wish to not only have general functions restored, but also desire the opportunity to return or continue on a high level of activity. This review summarises the literature concerning athletic activity, and tennis in particular, in relation to lower extremity total joint arthroplasties. Orthopaedic surgeons frequently recommend participation in low-impact sports such as swimming, walking, bicycling, bowling and golf. The patient's return to these recreational activities appears to be without problems. In contrast, there has been a general consensus from surgeons to avoid high-impact sports such as tennis and jogging after total joint arthroplasty, but there have been numerous studies that reported functional results being compatible with these activity levels. Conflicts emerge with some studies that describe lower survival rates for hip and knee arthroplasty in patients participating in high-impact sports. Most of these studies report that participation in sporting activities following total joint arthroplasty refers to increased polyethylene wear and debris, which could eventually result in implant failure. With recent advances in implant technology and surgical technique, the survival rates for modern prosthetic designs and patients with these high demands are promising. Various studies assessing the association between clinical outcome and participation in tennis did not demonstrate a harmful effect on implant survival rates. Although the majority of these studies do not reflect a true representation of the average patient undergoing total joint arthroplasty, more surgeons are confronted with the patients' desire to continue with sports activity. To optimise results, patients who demand higher levels of activity must be carefully selected, and must have the motivation and drive to optimise their results. In general, all patients should be encouraged to remain physically active to improve general health, maintain good bone quality, and improve implant fixation. There is still a need for prospective, randomised controlled studies concerning high activity and its impact on total joint arthroplasty.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed1995

Leisure-time physical activity patterns in the U.S. diabetic population. Findings from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey--Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the scientific community's recognition of the importance of exercise, little is known about the epidemiology of exercise among persons with diabetes in the U.S. Our goals were to examine whether people with diabetes were more sedentary than people without diabetes, to examine the effect of activity limitations on the prevalence of exercise, and to examine whether the choice of activities differs among people with and without diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We examined the 1990 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey to describe leisure-time physical activity patterns in a representative sample of the U.S. population with diabetes. RESULTS: People with diabetes were less likely to report exercising regularly than people without this disease (34.3 +/- 2.2% vs. 40.9 +/- 0.5%, P < 0.05). When the data were stratified by activity limitation status, no significant differences were observed. People with diabetes were equally likely to have engaged in exercise in the preceding 2 weeks and to have expended > or = 2,000 kcal/week as people without diabetes. Walking was the activity of choice for both groups: 49.2 +/- 2.1% of people with diabetes reported walking during the previous 2 weeks compared with 44.2 +/- 0.5% of people without diabetes (P < 0.05). People with diabetes were less likely to engage in jogging, aerobics, dancing, calisthenics, bicycling, weight lifting, several ball sports, and skiing than people without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for activity limitations and age, people with and without diabetes are equally likely to exercise. The majority of people with diabetes, like their nondiabetic counterparts, are not meeting national physical activity goals. Individuals with diabetes should be encouraged to exercise regularly in accordance with their capabilities, physical limitations, and personal interests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and muscle mitochondrial enzymes but unchanged blood glucose control in type I diabetics after physical training.

Nine male, insulin-dependent diabetic patients participated in a 16-wk training program consisting of 1 h of jogging, running, ball games, and gymnastics, performed 2-3 times/wk. The training resulted in an 8% increase of maximal oxygen uptake (P less than 0.01). Insulin sensitivity as determined by the insulin clamp technique increased 20% (P less than 0.05). Glycosylated hemoglobin showed no change (10.4 +/- 0.7% versus 11.3 +/- 0.5%), 24-h urinary glucose excretion was not reduced, and home-monitored urine tests were unchanged. The frequency of hypoglycemic attacks did not change during the training period and body weight remained constant. There was a 14% fall in plasma cholesterol (P less than 0.01) and a rise in the proportion of HDL-cholesterol from 24 +/- 2% to 30 +/- 3% (P less than 0.01). Thigh muscle oxidative capacity increased, as indicated by a 24% increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity (P less than 0.05). The number of capillaries/muscle fiber increased 15% (P less than 0.01). However, as the mean muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased to a similar extent (11%, P less than 0.05), capillary density (cap x mm-2) was unchanged. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that physical training in insulin-dependent diabetics results in increased peripheral insulin sensitivity, a rise in muscle mitochondrial enzyme activities, decreased total plasma cholesterol levels, and unchanged blood glucose control. The findings suggest that in the absence of efforts to alter dietary regulation and insulin administration, physical training consisting of 2-3 weekly bouts of moderate exercise may not of itself improve blood glucose control in type I diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Empirical description of effects of exercise on mood.

18 experienced joggers showed altered Mood Adjective Check List responding after jogging 12.5 miles, highlighted by increased pleasantness. Results support a broad-spectrum, unipolar approach to quantification of exercise-induced mood change.

Adolescent↗