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PubMed2006

On the ternary spatial relation "between".

The spatial relation "between" is a notion which is intrinsically both fuzzy and contextual, and depends, in particular, on the shape of the objects. The literature is quite poor on this and the few existing definitions do not take into account these aspects. In particular, an object B that is in a concavity of an object A1 not visible from an object A2 is considered between A1 and A2 for most definitions, which is counter intuitive. Also, none of the definitions deal with cases where one object is much more elongated than the other. Here, we propose definitions which are based on convexity, morphological operators, and separation tools, and a fuzzy notion of visibility. They correspond to the main intuitive exceptions of the relation. We distinguish between cases where objects have similar spatial extensions and cases where one object is much more extended than the other. Extensions to cases where objects, themselves, are fuzzy and to three-dimensional space are proposed as well. The original work proposed in this paper covers the main classes of situations and overcomes the limits of existing approaches, particularly concerning nonvisible concavities and extended objects. Moreover, the definitions capture the intrinsic imprecision attached to this relation. The main proposed definitions are illustrated on real data from medical images.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual analysis of gel-free proteome data.

We present a visual exploration system supporting protein analysis when using gel-free data acquisition methods. The data to be analyzed is obtained by coupling liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS). LC-MS data have the properties of being nonequidistantly distributed in the time dimension (measured by LC) and being scattered in the mass-to-charge ratio dimension (measured by MS). We describe a hierarchical data representation and visualization method for large LC-MS data. Based on this visualization, we have developed a tool that supports various data analysis steps. Our visual tool provides a global understanding of the data, intuitive detection and classification of experimental errors, and extensions to LC-MS/MS, LC/LC-MS, and LC/LC-MS/MS data analysis. Due to the presence of randomly occurring rare isotopes within the same protein molecule, several intensity peaks may be detected that all refer to the same peptide. We have developed methods to unite such intensity peaks. This deisotoping step is visually documented by our system, such that misclassification can be detected intuitively. For differential protein expression analysis, we compute and visualize the differences in protein amounts between experiments. In order to compute the differential expression, the experimental data need to be registered. For registration, we perform a nonrigid warping step based on landmarks. The landmarks can be assigned automatically using protein identification methods. We evaluate our methods by comparing protein analysis with and without our interactive visualization-based exploration tool.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed2003

The analytic nursery: Ferenczi's 'wise baby' meets Jung's 'divine child'.

In 1923, Sandor Ferenczi wrote a paper entitled 'The dream of the clever baby', in which he identified a phenomenon he discovered through his clinical work: the notion that young children who had been traumatized often had accelerated developmental characteristics that led them to acquire highly acute sensitivities and intuitions--in short, wisdom beyond their years. He characterized them as 'wise' babies. Similarly, C. G. Jung, with Karl Kerenyi, (1949) elaborated a myth known as the 'divine child'--identifying an archetype which activates healing and intuitive understanding in children and adults. In their work, Jung (and Kerenyi) explored the 'divine child' archetype from a mythological and a psychological perspective. The following paper elaborates aspects of Ferenczi's 'wise child' and Jung's 'divine child', comparing and contrasting them, and suggesting new perspectives on the connections between Ferenczi's and Jung's theoretical and clinical perspectives, and the two men themselves. As well, and specifically, the paper explores a comparative understanding of the development of two different modalities of early psychodynamic concepts with regard to children and their response to trauma, aspects that continue through theoretical and clinical practice today.

Austria↗
PubMed1998

Genetic and environmental influences on the continuous scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: an analysis based on twins reared apart.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was administered to a sample of 61 monozygotic twins reared apart (MZA), 49 dizygotic twins reared apart (DZA), and 92 spouses, who participated in the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA) from 1979 to 1995. Twins' scores on the continuous scales were subjected to behavior genetic model-fitting procedures. Extraversion-Introversion and Thinking-Feeling yielded heritabilities of about .60, consisting largely of nonadditive genetic variance. Sensing-Intuition and Judgment-Perception yielded heritabilities of about .40, consisting largely of additive genetic variance. Spouse correlations for three of the four scales were near zero and not statistically significant; one spouse correlation (Sensing-Intuition) was modestly positive and statistically significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Medicalization as a moral problem for preventative medicine.

Preventive medicine is sometimes criticised as it contributes to medicalization of normal life. The concept 'medicalization' has been introduced by Zola to refer to processes in which the labels 'health' and 'ill' are made relevant for more and more aspects of human life. If preventive medicine contributes to medicalization, would that be morally problematic? My thesis is that such a contribution is indeed morally problematic. The concept is sometimes used to express moral intuitions regarding the practice of prevention and health promotion. Through analysis of these intuitions as well as some other moral concerns, I give an explication of the moral problems of medicalization within the context of preventive medicine.

Altruism↗
PubMed2002

A note on estimating crude odds ratios in case-control studies with differentially misclassified exposure.

Morrissey and Spiegelman (1999, Biometrics 55, 338 344) provided a comparative study of adjustment methods for exposure misclassification in case-control studies equipped with an internal validation sample. In addition to the maximum likelihood (ML) approach, they considered two intuitive procedures based on proposals in the literature. Despite appealing ease of computation associated with the latter two methods, efficiency calculations suggested that ML was often to be recommended for the analyst with access to a numerical routine to facilitate it. Here, a reparameterization of the likelihood reveals that one of the intuitive approaches, the inverse matrix method, is in fact ML under differential misclassification. This correction is intended to alert readers to the existence of a simple closed-form ML estimator for the odds ratio in this setting so that they may avoid assuming that a commercially inaccessible optimization routine must be sought to implement ML.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

Capacities, context and moral status of animals.

According to a widely shared intuition, normal adult humans require greater moral concern than normal, adult animals in at least some circumstances. Even the most steadfast defenders of animals' moral status attempt to accommodate this intuition, often by holding that humans' higher-level capacities (intellect, linguistic ability, and so on) give rise to a greater number of interests, and thus the likelihood of greater satisfaction, thereby making their lives more valuable. However, the moves from capacities to interests, and from interests to the likelihood of satisfaction, have up to now gone unexamined and undefended. I argue that context plays a morally significant role both in the formation of an individual's capacities, and in the determination of the individual's interests and potential for satisfaction based on those capacities. Claims about an individual's capacities and interests are typically presented as unconditional; but on closer examination, they are revealed to be contingent on tacit assumptions about context. Until we develop an understanding of how to account for the role of context within our moral theories, attempts to defend special moral concern for human beings based on their superior capacities are less firmly grounded than is commonly thought.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1987

Raising standards of clinical practice--the fundamental issue of effective nursing practice.

The proposition put forward in this paper is that standards of nursing practice can only be assured if the profession is able to find ways of responding to the intuitions and gut reactions of its practitioners. Rather than deny them, nurses have to know how to test and thus legitimize them. Such a validation process demands more clinically based nursing research projects and the proliferation of arrangements such as clinical nursing practice units. It is further argued that by linking the intuitive and rational aspects of nursing in this way the profession is in a better position not only to fulfil its societal obligations but also to build up its own knowledge and skills.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1992

The ethical enterprise of nursing.

This paper examines the ethical nature of nursing. Examples are taken from coronary care units. A critical view is taken whereby it is felt that nursing models do not truly reflect this nature. It is suggested that nurses make most ethical decisions without dilemma using intuition. The traditions behind using this intuition are examined. Such normative traditions may be summarized as teleological, deontological and axiological. Lastly, it is suggested that nurses would benefit in several ways from some education in ethics.

Coronary Care Units↗
PubMed2004

Decision-making models used by 'graduate nurses' managing patients' medications.

BACKGROUND: Nurses in a graduate programme in Australia are those who are in the first year of clinical practice following completion of a 3-year undergraduate nursing degree. When working in an acute care setting, they need to make complex and ever-changing decisions about patients' medications in a clinical environment affected by multifaceted, contextual issues. It is important that comprehensive information about graduate nurses' decision-making processes and the contextual influences affecting these processes are obtained in order to prepare them to meet patients' needs. AIM: The purpose of this paper is to report a study that sought to answer the following questions: What are the barriers that impede graduate nurses' clinical judgement in their medication management activities? How do contextual issues impact on graduate nurses' medication management activities? The decision-making models considered were: hypothetico-deductive reasoning, pattern recognition and intuition. METHODS: Twelve graduate nurses who were involved in direct patient care in medical and surgical wards of a metropolitan teaching hospital located in Melbourne, Australia participated in the study. Participant observations were conducted with the graduate nurses during a 2-hour period during the times when medications were being administered to patients. Graduate nurses were also interviewed to elicit further information about how they made decisions about patients' medications. RESULTS: The most common model used was hypothetico-deductive reasoning, followed by pattern recognition and then intuition. The study showed that graduate nurses had a good understanding of how physical assessment affected whether medications should be administered or not. When negotiating treatment options, graduate nurses readily consulted with more experienced nursing colleagues and doctors. STUDY LIMITATIONS: It is possible that graduate nurses demonstrated a raised awareness of managing patients' medications as a consequence of being observed. CONCLUSIONS: The complexity of the clinical practice setting means that graduate nurses need to adapt rapidly to make sound and appropriate decisions about patient care.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparative phylogeographic summary statistics for testing simultaneous vicariance.

Testing for simultaneous vicariance across comparative phylogeographic data sets is a notoriously difficult problem hindered by mutational variance, the coalescent variance, and variability across pairs of sister taxa in parameters that affect genetic divergence. We simulate vicariance to characterize the behaviour of several commonly used summary statistics across a range of divergence times, and to characterize this behaviour in comparative phylogeographic datasets having multiple taxon-pairs. We found Tajima's D to be relatively uncorrelated with other summary statistics across divergence times, and using simple hypothesis testing of simultaneous vicariance given variable population sizes, we counter-intuitively found that the variance across taxon pairs in Nei and Li's net nucleotide divergence (pi(net)), a common measure of population divergence, is often inferior to using the variance in Tajima's D across taxon pairs as a test statistic to distinguish ancient simultaneous vicariance from variable vicariance histories. The opposite and more intuitive pattern is found for testing more recent simultaneous vicariance, and overall we found that depending on the timing of vicariance, one of these two test statistics can achieve high statistical power for rejecting simultaneous vicariance, given a reasonable number of intron loci (> 5 loci, 400 bp) and a range of conditions. These results suggest that components of these two composite summary statistics should be used in future simulation-based methods which can simultaneously use a pool of summary statistics to test comparative the phylogeographic hypotheses we consider here.

Classification↗
PubMed2004

Chromokinetics of metabolic pathways.

Some methods to study and intuitively understand steady-state flows in complicated metabolic pathways are discussed. For this purpose, a suitable decomposition of complex metabolic schemes into smaller subsystems is used. These independent subsystems are then interpreted as basic colors of a chromatic coloring scheme. The mixture of these basic colors allows an intuitive picture of how a steady state in a metabolic pathway can be understood. Furthermore, actions of drugs can be more easily investigated on this basis. An anaerobic variant of pyruvate metabolism in rat liver mitochondria is presented as a simple example. This experiment allows measurement of the percentage that each basic color contributes to the steady states resulting from different experimental conditions. Possible implementations of existing algorithms and rational design of new drugs are discussed. A MATHEMATICA program, based on a new algorithm for finding all basic colors of stoichiometric networks, is included.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Killing, letting die and moral perception.

There are a number of arguments that purport to show, in general terms, that there is no difference between killing and letting die. These are used to justify active euthanasia on the basis of the reasons given for allowing patients to die. I argue that the general and abstract arguments fail to take account of the complex and particular situations which are found in the care of those with terminal illness. When in such situations, there are perceptions and intuitions available that do not easily find propositional form but lead most of those whose practice is in the care of the dying to resist active euthanasia. I make a plea for their intuitions to be heeded above the sterile voice of abstract premises and arguments by examining the completeness of the outline form of the pro-euthanasia argument. In doing so, I make use of Nussbaum's discussion of moral perception and general claims to be found in the literature of moral particularism.

Altruism↗
PubMed1995

Form-function correspondences in children's inference.

Perceptual similarity among concept members has been viewed as inadequate to motivate concept formation. Instead, it has been argued that intuitive beliefs about the world offer more structured motivation for concepts. Our research explores children's beliefs about the relations between perceptually based similarity among things and their predicted behaviors. We focus on form-function correspondences as fundamental components of very young children's belief systems. Groups of 2- and 4-year-old children were asked to choose which of 2 line-drawn animals evidenced a particular "function," a special behavior. Even the youngest children showed sensitivity to form-function correspondences by selecting the animal whose form afforded the particular function. A second study investigated how form-function correspondences affect the relative influences of perceptual similarity and shared labels over patterns of children's inference. Perceptual similarity, if "motivated" by intuitive beliefs about correspondences between form and function, was found to be sufficient basis for inference and a more robust basis than shared labels when children attributed meaningful functions to novel animal forms.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Emanuel Miller lecture: confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Hans Asperger drew attention to individuals who show the core symptoms of autism in the presence of high verbal intelligence. METHODS: A review of the literature explores current issues concerning the diagnosis and nature of Asperger syndrome. RESULTS: The behavioural and neurophysiological evidence to date suggests that Asperger syndrome is a variant of autism typically occurring in high-functioning individuals, and not a separate disorder. One of the problems of diagnosis is that the typical impairment of social communication may be difficult to identify in early childhood, and can be camouflaged in adulthood by compensatory learning. The range and nature of the social impairments in Asperger syndrome are still in need of investigation, but appear to be less severe than in autism. Experimental evidence suggests that individuals with Asperger syndrome may lack an intuitive theory of mind (mentalising), but may be able to acquire an explicit theory of mind. Brain imaging studies pinpoint a network that links medial prefrontal and temporal cortex as the neural substrate of intuitive mentalising. This network shows reduced activation and poor connectivity in Asperger syndrome. While some individuals with Asperger syndrome have written eloquently about their lives, their ability to talk about their own emotions appears to be impaired (alexithymia). This impairment may be linked to depression and anxiety, which is common in adulthood. Little is as yet known about the often considerable cognitive strengths in Asperger syndrome, or about the difficulties observed in higher-level executive skills. CONCLUSIONS: Studies are needed that define the developmental course of the disorder and the nature of the strengths and weaknesses in both social and non-social domains. This requires more sensitive assessment instruments than are currently available. Questions about the prevalence of Asperger syndrome, about associated and secondary features, and about optimal education and management, urgently call for such studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

International headache society criteria and childhood headache.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the intuitive clinical diagnosis of a headache type made by paediatric neurologists would also have fulfilled International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for that type. Clinical information was recorded on data sheets. The neurologists made clinical diagnoses without referring to a fixed set of criteria. An independent physician then used the information on the data sheets to classify the child's headache by IHS criteria. Complete data sheets were available for 72 children, aged between four and 18 years. The intuitive clinical diagnosis was completely concordant with the criterion diagnosis of the IHS in 61 per cent, partially concordant in 31 per cent and at complete variance in 8 per cent. These data suggest that the IHS criteria can be applied to a majority of children in a referral-based population such as this, but that minor revisions to the criteria are necessary to make them even more applicable to children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

On the degeneracy of the IMRT optimization problem.

One approach to the computation of photon IMRT treatment plans is the formulation of an optimization problem with an objective function that derives from an objective density. An investigation of the second-order properties of such an objective function in a neighborhood of the minimizer opens an intuitive access to many traits of this approach. A general finding is that only a small subset of the parameter space has nonzero curvature, while the objective function is entirely flat in a neighborhood of the minimizer in most directions. The dimension of the subspace of vanishing curvature serves as a measure for the degeneracy of the solution. This finding is important both for algorithm design and evaluation of the mathematical model of clinical intuition, expressed by the objective function. The structure of the subspace of great curvature is found to be imposed on the problem by conflicts between objectives of target and critical structures. These conflicts and their corresponding modes of resolution form a common trait between all reasonable treatment plans of a given case. The high degree of degeneracy makes the use of a conjugate gradient optimization algorithm particularly favorable since the number of iterations to convergence is equivalent to the number of different eigenvalues of the curvature tensor and is hence independent from the number of optimization parameters. A high level of degeneracy of the fluence profiles implies that it should be possible to stipulate further delivery-related conditions without causing severe deterioration of the dose distribution.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Core knowledge of geometry in an Amazonian indigene group.

Does geometry constitute a core set of intuitions present in all humans, regardless of their language or schooling? We used two nonverbal tests to probe the conceptual primitives of geometry in the Mundurukú, an isolated Amazonian indigene group. Mundurukú children and adults spontaneously made use of basic geometric concepts such as points, lines, parallelism, or right angles to detect intruders in simple pictures, and they used distance, angle, and sense relationships in geometrical maps to locate hidden objects. Our results provide evidence for geometrical intuitions in the absence of schooling, experience with graphic symbols or maps, or a rich language of geometrical terms.

Adolescent↗