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PubMed1994

Effects of childhood trauma on psychological functioning in adults sexually abused as children.

Standardized symptom measures were used to determine the effect of childhood trauma experiences on adults sexually victimized as children. One hundred eighty-eight sexually abused individuals were tested for mean scores for depression, self-esteem, general levels of trauma symptoms, sexual dysfunction, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and dissociation. Childhood traumatic experiences (parents fighting, physical abuse by father or by mother, other childhood traumas) of a nonsexual nature correlated with increased symptom levels and accounted for significant changes in percentage of variance ranging from 5.2% (general trauma symptoms) to 12.3% (posttraumatic stress disorder). Even after controlling for nonsexual-abuse trauma, sexual trauma in childhood continued to contribute significantly to increased adult symptom levels. Variables tested included number of perpetrators; incest; age of first abuse; whether force, bribes, or threats were used by the perpetrator; and penetration. The use of force was the single most significant individual sexual abuse variable. Sexual abuse as a whole contributed significantly to all the symptom measures with the most change in variance noted for dissociation (20.5%). Gender contributed significant differences only for sexual dysfunction when men scored significantly worse.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inconsistencies in genetic counseling and screening for consanguineous couples and their offspring: the need for practice guidelines.

PURPOSE: To determine current practices of genetic counseling and screening for consanguineous couples, their pregnancies and children, and to compare these practices to recommendations in the literature. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 1,582 board certified genetic counselors and medical geneticists in the United States. RESULTS: The return rate was 20% (n = 309). There was wide variation in the risk figures quoted to consanguineous couples to have offspring with birth defects and mental retardation (1% to 75% for incest between first-degree relatives, and 0.25% to 20% for first cousin unions). Suggested screening practices differed for consanguineous unions before conception, during pregnancy, following birth, and for children placed for adoption. Most respondents recommended screening based on ethnicity, yet disagreed as to which genetic disorders to include. CONCLUSIONS: To standardize genetic services, guidelines for screening the offspring of consanguineous unions are needed. A consensus should be reached as to the empirical risks for genetic disorders, birth defects, and mental retardation that may impair the offspring of consanguineous unions, with definition as to what these disorders are, and if the data applies to global populations. Guidelines should consider costs, the sensitivity and specificity of DNA and biochemical testing, and current practices of prenatal and newborn screening. Consideration should be given to screening based on ethnicity, particularly in populations where consanguineous unions are common, while remaining sensitive to cultural belief systems. Recommendations for screening healthy children from consanguineous unions to be placed for adoption pose ethical challenges.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Incestuous paternity detected by STR-typing of chorionic villi isolated from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded abortion material using laser microdissection.

Microscopic examination of a blood clot expelled by a physically and mentally disabled woman taken to the emergency room because of genital bleeding revealed the presence of chorionic villi encircled by decidua, hemorrhage, and necrosis. In order to identify the father of the product of conception, sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded abortion material were subjected to laser microdissection: DNA extraction from chorionic villi selectively isolated from the surrounding tissues allowed successful STR-typing of fetal cells, which was otherwise prevented by excess maternal DNA. The large number of homozygous genotypes in the fetal profile suggested incestuous paternity. Analysis of reference DNA samples from male relatives excluded the woman's father, paternal grandfather, and maternal grandfather, whereas the obligate paternal alleles of the fetus were constantly present in the genotypes of the woman's brother, clearly demonstrating brother-sister incest (probability of paternity > 99.99999%).

Aborted Fetus↗
PubMed1991

Sexual abuse of girls: aspects of the genesis of mental disorders and therapeutic implications.

We studied the mental disorders of 33 women with a history of intrafamilial sexual abuse as a child and found a wide range of psychopathological symptoms, but no typical incest syndrome. Several psychosocial factors are presented and the psychodynamics of and the causative circumstances initiating the mental disorders are discussed. These circumstances were mainly situations of separation, which led to ego instability and gave rise to a feeling of helplessness and impotence. The necessity to take into consideration the possibility of sexual abuse during childhood in all cases of mental disorders as well as therapeutic guidelines are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Male survivors' perspectives of incest/sexual abuse.

PURPOSE: To show how understanding the aftereffects of incest and other forms of sexual abuse from male survivors' perspectives may help clinicians identify males with a possible history of sexual abuse. METHODS: Audiotaped interviews with 25 male survivors described the aftereffects in eight life areas. Data were analyzed by the double-coding qualitative method. FINDINGS: Themes identified included isolation, anger, depression/suicidal feelings, addictions, or low sense of self, and distant relationships with men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians need to explore the possibility of a history of sexual abuse with males who seek treatment for addictions, suicidal ideation, depression, and chronic low self-esteem.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Sexual abuse of children: a clinical spectrum.

This paper suggests that incest has been underestimated as a significant determinant of emotional disturbance, and that misuse of sexuality between parents and children can have detrimental consequences that parallel those resulting from other forms of child abuse. The spectrum of parent-child sexuality is classified into ten categories as a guide to the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of sexually abusive behavior.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1979

Incestuous rape: a cause for hysterical seizures in four adolescent girls.

Four cases are presented of hysterical seizures in adolescent girls as a consequence of forced incestuous relationships with their fathers. It is suggested that, for all girls presented to the clinician with symptoms of hysterical seizures, a detailed history should be taken to explore for the possibility of incest.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Father-daughter sexual abuse: an emerging perspective.

This study probes the antecedents of father-daughter sexual abuse, utilizing perspectives of parent-child bonding and an emerging theory of incest avoidance. Data were obtained from a sample of abusive fathers and a comparison group who were not known abusers. Fathers' involvement in the early socialization of their daughters constituted a major differentiating variable.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Perceived causal and treatment factors related to substance abuse: gender differences.

The study aimed to examine gender differences of causal and treatment factors in substance use as perceived by adults who are addicted to drugs in the southern region of Israel. Eighty-one men and a matched group of 81 women recruited from one methadone center and several welfare agencies, average age was about 31 years, about a third immigrated from the former Soviet Union, were administered self-report questionnaires, which measured the following: demographic variables, perceived causal and treatment factors. Results indicated the following: women drug users perceived familial circumstances such as domestic violence or incest to have higher impact on substance abuse than men; men reported curiosity and the influence of addicted friends to have higher impact on substance abuse than women. In addition, women perceived personality characteristics such as willpower to have greater impact on treatment retention than men; men regarded formal and informal social support to have greater impact on treatment retention than women. Results were discussed in light of planning and developing treatment programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Sexually abused children and adolescent identity development.

This study of 29 female adolescents revealed a history of sexual abuse in 18 of the subjects. Four of the girls had an incest history. Results from the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) rating scale revealed two distinct kinds of symptom profiles: the distressed and the no-problem. Treatment implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Boundary transgressions in the psychotherapeutic framework: who is the injured party?

The authors emphasize the therapeutic value of establishing and maintaining boundaries between clinician and patient. No universal definition of a therapeutic boundary exists, and this ambiguous term spans a diverse spectrum from benign crossings to harmful violations. Understanding of the traumatic nature of faulty boundaries in psychotherapy has derived largely from the study of severe sexual transgressions by therapists. In contrast, this paper highlights the importance of recognizing a wider and more subtle variety of boundary crossings, especially those by patients, which can compromise the integrity of treatment and traumatize the vulnerable therapist. This is exemplified here in the case study of an incest survivor and a novice clinician.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder among adult psychiatric inpatients with a history of child abuse.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between three positive symptoms of schizophrenia-hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder-and childhood physical and sexual abuse among psychiatric inpatients was investigated. METHODS: From the records of 100 consecutive admissions to an acute psychiatric inpatient unit in a New Zealand general hospital, the records of the 22 patients in which a history of either physical or sexual childhood abuse was mentioned were examined for data on the frequency and content of hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder. RESULTS: Seventeen of the 22 patients exhibited one or more of the three symptoms. Half of the symptoms for which content was recorded appeared to be related to the abuse. An analysis of the relationships between types of abuse and specific symptoms suggested that hallucinations may be more common than delusions or thought disorder among patients who have been sexually abused, particularly among those who have experienced incest, and that delusions may be more related to having been physically abused. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings confirmed previous findings of a high frequency of auditory hallucinations, particularly command hallucinations to kill oneself, and paranoid ideation among inpatients with a history of abuse. The hypothesis that the hallucinations of abuse survivors are "pseudohallucinations" was not supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Faking sexual preference.

Erectile assessments of sexual preference have been found quite reliable. Their validity, however, has been questioned with some findings that are at variance with the clinical data. These apparently distorted results could be either false positive or false negative responses. The former may be due to faking, which is the act of feigning a spurious positive response to a non-preferred stimulus, and the latter could be from suppressing, which is producing a spurious negative response to one's natural sexual preference. In this study, phallometric testing with a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge and Model 240 Parks Plethysmograph was used in conjunction with a mid-lumbar pressure sensor. Twenty subjects, half of whom were sex offenders, were tested with visual and audiovisual stimuli depicting male and female models at various ages and degrees of sexual development. Other testing included self-report questionnaires and estimates of age and sexual development. It was found that both groups significantly reduced penile tumescence when instructed to suppress to their stated sexual preference in the audiovisual series. A significant reduction was also obtained in suppressing to the category to which they had a maximum response in the same series. When both groups were instructed to fake to a non-preferred stimulus, the levels of arousal generated were quite variable and not significantly different from those obtained before instruction. Extraneous movement as measured by the lumbar pressure device was markedly greater in our three incest offenders. The meaning of this finding is unclear. Sex offenders as a group were found to be significantly more variable in their responses than controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Variability in symptom expression among sexually abused girls: developing multivariate models.

Examined which of several apparent risk variables were predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems in 48 girls who were referred for therapy after disclosing sexual abuse. Specifically, the effects of abuse characteristics, support from nonoffending parents, victims' coping strategies, and victims' cognitive appraisals on symptomatology were assessed. As hypothesized, results indicated that internalizing and externalizing problems were associated with different sets of predictor variables. Victims' self-reports of depression and anxiety were related to lower perceived support from nonoffending parents, more use of cognitive avoidance coping, and more negative appraisals of the abuse. These results were partially replicated when using parent-report measures of depression, but were not replicated for parent reports of victim anxiety. Incest was the only variable that was significantly related to parent-reported anxiety. Parent-reported aggressive behaviors were predicted by level of abuse-related stress; and aggression, social problems, and sexual problems were all related to the tendency to cope by controlling others. Social problems were also related to coping by self-distraction. Regression analyses were done for each dependent variable to examine which predictors accounted for unique variance when controlling for other significant zero-order correlates. Implications of these results for understanding variability in symptom expression among sexual abuse victims are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

An examination of the relationship between child sexual offending and psychopathy.

The participants in this study were adult males (N = 111) who were accused of various sexual crimes against children 16 years of age or younger, and who were evaluated at a state forensic facility in a large Midwestern state. This study examined the relationship of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) scores to type of child sexual offender (same sex extrafamilial, opposite sex extrafamilial, and incest offenders), the presence of violence during the most recent child sexual offense, and criminal versatility. Results indicated that those sexual offenders who employed physical violence against the children they abused were significantly more psychopathic than those who did not. No significant differences were found between types of child sexual offenders or with general criminal versatility.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The eroticized transference: a tool for the reconstruction of childhood sexual trauma.

In this paper the eroticized transference is seen as a tool to reconstruct the childhood trauma through the patient's material and the corresponding countertransference in the therapist. The theses is presented that the eroticized transference is an indicator of the existence in the life of the patient of childhood sexual trauma, often unbeknownst to him or her and that it can be of great value in the reconstruction of the experience. The reason it has not been used may lie in our tendency to deny the reality of incest and in the propensity of the analyst for counterresistance in response to these patients. Between avoidance and acting out lies the opportunity to use the countertransference response of the analyst as a catalyst and to reconstruct the traumatic events through the patient's material and the corresponding response in the analyst. Two cases, a male and a female, exemplify the use of transference and countertransference for recollection and reconstruction of the traumatic childhood experience.

Acting Out↗
PubMed2002

Commonalities between the Isaac and Oedipus myths: a speculation.

From a detailed view of the myth of the binding of Isaac, a speculation emerges that Isaac may have had incest with his mother, Sarah. This would explain the death of Sarah shortly thereafter, his absent virility for twenty years, and his blindness. The commonalities with the Oedipus myth are outlined, along with the themes of filicide, patricide, guilt, punishment, and expiation. This suggests that they are the same myth, with some slight variations. The continued interest in both myths may be due to their utility as cautionary tales to teach control of hostile impulses in parents and children. While the outcome in the Oedipus myth is tragic, it is hopeful in the Isaac myth.

Father-Child Relations↗