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PubMed2004

A review of mood disorders among juvenile offenders.

OBJECTIVES: This article provides an overview of what is known about the prevalence, diagnosis, and effective treatment of mood disorders among youths, particularly among juvenile offenders, and discusses the unique problems that arise for the delivery of treatment services. The relationship between mood disorders and disruptive or delinquent behaviors as well as the particular importance of proper diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in this population are discussed. METHODS: A search was conducted of the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases for articles that had been published since 1980 on mood disorders in the juvenile offender population as well as articles on adolescent mood disorders. RESULTS: The studies on the prevalence of mood disorders among juvenile offenders varied significantly in the methodology used and in the rates of prevalence found, although all studies showed that this population had high rates of mood disorders. The identification and effective treatment of mood disorders is critical because these disorders are a leading cause of suicide among adolescents and because mood disorders may contribute to or exacerbate delinquent and disruptive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Juvenile detainees have a constitutional right to needed mental health treatment. More comprehensive mental health services are required to ensure that juvenile offenders with mental illness are identified and cared for appropriately. Doing so not only will alleviate painful symptoms but may also contribute significantly to improvements in psychosocial functioning, interpersonal relations, and school performance and to decreases in delinquent, disruptive, and suicidal behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Schizoid personality disorder: a synthesis of developmental, dynamic, and descriptive features.

Various views of schizoid personality disorder in descriptive psychiatry, psychoanalysis, DSM-III and DSM-III-R are reviewed and synthesized to develop a composite picture of the syndrome. The disorder is seen as consisting of characteristic deficits in six areas of psychosocial functioning: (1) self-concept, (2) interpersonal relations, (3) social adaptation, (4) ethics, standards and ideals, (5) love and sexuality, and (6) cognitive style. Such a view maintains historical continuity in the use of the term "schizoid," combines descriptive and psychodynamic observations and correlates the behavioral and psychostructural aspects of the schizoid pathology. The paper also identifies guidelines for distinguishing the schizoid personality from other personality disorders as well as areas needing continued research.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Improving the validity of measures of patient satisfaction with psychiatric care and treatment.

Surveys of consumer satisfaction with psychiatric services are frequently included in program evaluations, ostensibly providing the patient's perspective. However, the consistently high levels of satisfaction reported, despite a wide variety of measures, suggest that these surveys may be of questionable validity. Recognizing that most surveys ask patients to rate aspects of care that professionals feel are important, the authors used a focus-group method to generate attributes of ideal care from the patient's viewpoint. A pool of 50 patient-generated items were rated for importance by a second group of inpatients on locked units of a provincial psychiatric hospital. A factor analysis and mean importance ratings identified interpersonal relations with staff as a key factor of patient satisfaction. The authors designed a seven-item measure of satisfaction based on this key factor.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Post release adjustment of day and inpatients.

A comparison was made of the post-release adjustment of patients who were treated in the day hospital and those by the inpatient service. The patients diagnosed as schizophrenics, psychopaths and neurotics, living with their families, who were able to work prior to hospitalization were chosen for samples. In addition, the patients of the two samples were matched with regard to age, the number of hospitalizations and the length of the last one. The day hospital sample consisted of 85 patients and the inpatient sample of 92. Four aspects of social adjustment during the 18 months after discharge were particularly stressed: rehospitalization, working ability, interpersonal relations and role functioning in the family. No significant difference between day and full-time patients with regard to these aspects of post-release adjustment were revealed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Classroom behavior and family climate in students with learning disabilities and hyperactive behavior.

The present study aimed to identify subtypes of the learning disabilities (LD) syndrome by examining classroom behavior and family climate among four groups of Israeli students ranging in age from 7 to 10 years: 22 students with LD and hyperactive behavior (HB), 22 nonhyperactive students with LD, 20 nondisabled students with HB, and 20 nondisabled nonhyperactive students. Schaefer's Classroom Behavior Inventory and Moos's Family Environmental Scale were administered to teachers and mothers, respectively. The results revealed that higher distractibility and hostility among both groups with HB differentiated between the two groups with LD. Families of children with HB were reported as less supportive and as emphasizing control less. The academic competence and temperament of the nondisabled students with HB were rated as similar to those of the two groups of students with LD. Both groups with LD were characterized by dependent interpersonal relations and by more conflictual families who fostered more achievement but less personal growth.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

Ageism and death: effects of mortality salience and perceived similarity to elders on reactions to elderly people.

The present research investigated the hypotheses that elderly people can be reminders of our mortality and that concerns about our own mortality can therefore instigate ageism. In Study 1, college-age participants who saw photos of two elderly people subsequently showed more death accessibility than participants who saw photos of only younger people. In Study 2, making mortality salient for participants increased distancing from the average elderly person and decreased perceptions that the average elderly person possesses favorable attitudes. Mortality salience did not affect ratings of teenagers. In Study 3, these mortality salience effects were moderated by prior reported similarity to elderly people. Distancing from, and derogation of, elderly people after mortality salience occurred only in participants who, weeks before the study, rated their personalities as relatively similar to the average elderly person's. Discussion addresses distinguishing ageism from other forms of prejudice, as well as possibilities for reducing ageism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The apple does not fall far from the tree: attachment styles and personality vulnerabilities to depression in three generations of women.

The intergenerational transmission of attachment insecurity was examined in a community sample of 300 participants consisting of 100 three-generation triads of women. It was hypothesized that personality vulnerabilities mediate the association between attachment insecurity and depression within each generation. Findings show significant intergenerational congruence of trait vulnerabilities and attachment styles. Moreover, the second generation's attachment dimensions and personality vulnerabilities were found to mediate the association between first- and third-generation scores on attachment and vulnerability variables. Findings supported the following hypothesized within- and between-generation paths: Within generations, self-criticism was found to mediate the association between attachment insecurity and depression; between generations, depression, but not self-criticism, mediated the association between assessments of attachment insecurity in mothers and their daughters. This study constitutes a first approach to the delineation of the role played by self-criticism in the association between negative models of the self and depression across generations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Habitual exercisers: a blood serum and personality profile.

In summary, this study indicated that those subjects who participated in regular physical activity were distinguished from nonexercisers by being more tough-minded, prudent, and relaxed in so far as their personality characteristics (16 PF) are concerned. If we consider the above mentioned statement by Birren, it is our feeling that these traits are highly desirable for interpersonal relations and are antithetic to the theory of avoidance behavior shown to increase with age. In relation to the blood serum profile, the habitual exercisers were seen to possess, in particular, lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase. This finding may be indicative of the compressive or tensile effect of chronic physical activity on the skeletal system and has led us to embark upon further studies in this area.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

[The Capgras syndrome].

A new case of Capgras' syndrome is presented with a short review on the subject. Since there are many controversies about the etiology of this syndrome, and since some authors explain it with organic factors, others with psychodynamic factors, or a combination of the two, one should be careful with this syndrome to eliminate the presence of organic factors with a meticulous physical examination and appropriate neuropsychological tests. A thorough examination of early interpersonal relations is necessary to verify psychodynamic hypothesis, the most plausible being the splitting of internalized object representations.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A psychotherapist engages in behaviour therapy.

The article reviews clinical findings that led an experienced psychotherapist to favour behaviour therapy over psychotherapy for patients who have anxiety disorders involving avoidance of specific situations or avoidance of specific activities. It is maintained that anxiety disorders are best treated through psychotherapy when they are demonstrably connected to disturbances in interpersonal relations. Three basic procedures in behaviour therapy are described: desensitization, direct exposure, and cognitive restructuring. Transference patterns in each of these procedures are delineated. A fourth procedure, "clinical bargaining," helps patients relinquish avoidances by experimenting with new behaviours outside the consulting room. Selected aspects of transferase and counter-transference in clinical bargaining are discussed. In dealing with single patients, it is recommended that clinicians separate the non directive position of the psychotherapist from the directive role of the behaviour therapist, since these two roles are largely irreconcilable.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Peplau's theory in practice.

Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations provides a useful framework for investigating clinical phenomena and guiding nurses' actions. The author describes clinical application of selected concepts from Peplau's theory which supports this assumption. While the case data are encouraging, it is suggested that there is a need to test the clinical effectiveness of Peplau's concepts by utilizing experimental research designs.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1994

The nurse's challenge in coping with ethical dilemmas in occupational health.

This paper discusses the occupational health nurse's dilemmas by illustrating two cases faced by nurses in occupational health practice and setting out their analysis according to a decision-making model. The counter-interests, which may offend the principles of conserving professional occupational ethics among service consumers and employers as well as fellow professionals, are emphasized. This paper also describes the complex problems involved in the worker's safety and the safeguarding of their autonomy, while preserving interpersonal relations among the various people concerned.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

Mutual caring of elderly Korean couples.

The article described the experiences of elderly couples caring for each other using ethnographic methodology. Ten couples were interviewed in depth. The presence of a support system was found to be the primary requirement of elderly couples. Three taxonomies comprised the support system: (a) desire for respect in care, (b) desire for reliance, and (c) expectation. The close linkage and interaction of desire for care, desire for reliance, and expectations were confirmed. The findings suggested establishing a holistic support network for these elders.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Messages of psychiatric patients who attempted or committed suicide.

The stigma attached to suicide, and a qualitative analysis of psychiatric patients' suicide messages that emerged from a study of psychological characteristics and communications of suicidal psychiatric patients, are described. In this retrospective study, the suicide messages from clinical records of 25 suicide completers and a matched cohort of suicide attempters from a Veterans Affairs Medical Center were analyzed. A qualitative method developed by Leenaars in 1992 was used to examine themes in suicide messages. Analysis indicated that clear suicidal messages are sent by most psychiatric patients, and that some useful distinctions exist between messages of completers and attempters. Suicide messages offer worthwhile indicators of suicide that assist clinicians in their therapeutic and preventive roles. The themes of the psychiatric patients' suicide messages included unbearable psychological pain, interpersonal relations, and aggression-rejection. The present study enhances clinicians' recognition of themes in suicide messages and improves the estimation of suicide risk among psychiatric patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Social adjustment in panic-agoraphobic patients reconsidered.

Forty-eight depressed panic-agoraphobic patients--clinically matched for severity of depression with 35 primary chronic depressives--had significantly better adjustment in most areas of social functioning, especially those related to interpersonal contact, work, leisure activities, and sexual life. Even when depressed, panic-agoraphobic patients appear to possess sufficient interpersonal skills--that is, by learning on significant others--to engage in a range of social activities, both at home and beyond. These data, which are open to different interpretations, nonetheless suggest that anxiety and mood disorders differently affect certain key areas of social adjustment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The "stimulus field" for interpersonal phenomena: the source of language and thought about interpersonal events.

This article introduces the concept of "stimulus field" and describes the role it plays in understanding common thought and language. A stimulus field specifies the psychophysical reality of any particular domain of phenomena. Consistent with various writings in "ecological psychology" this article proposes that cognition about interpersonal phenomena is adapted to the stimulus field of those phenomena and, therefore, that our understanding of the relevant thoughts and language should specify and take account of that reality . The central assumption of this article is that, in the absence of knowing the true stimulus field for interpersonal phenomena, interdependence theory can fruitfully serve as a provisional specification of that field. After an overview of interdependence theory, this article summarizes some of the implications of this strategy. It shows that the theory helps us understand some of the presently known facts about the cognition of interpersonal phenomena and suggests hypotheses about other features of such cognitions. It highlights the abstract level at which interpersonal events are often viewed and identifies advantages and disadvantages of such thought. It suggests the basic terms in which schematic representations of interpersonal relations are cast. It suggests the bases in the stimulus field for the distinctions that people make between "person," "situation," and "interaction" and for the differentiations they make within each of those broad categories. At the same time, it shows why these distinctions are often blurred, identifies the connections in the stimulus field that underlie the implicit meanings of words and the stories people construct, and illustrates how the various connections enter into common assumptions and attributions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The benefits of abstract functional analysis in theory construction: the case of interdependence theory.

In this article I argue for the benefits of an abstract functional analysis in theory construction, suggesting that an understanding of the nature of situations of interdependence will provide theoretical insights into basic processes in interpersonal relations. That is, mechanisms and basic processes such as social cognition are best understood by describing their functional relation to the social problems with which they were designed to cope, rather than studying them in their own right in isolation from the purpose they serve. I discuss the tenets of ecological psychology, the scientific philosophy underpinning this way of thought. I then link this approach to the development of my own theoretical ideas on trust in close relationships, providing a description of how a functional analysis rooted in the assumptions of interdependence theory shaped the questions I posed and the answers to which I was drawn.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Increasing research impact through partnerships: evidence from outside health care.

There is growing interest in using closer partnerships between researchers and research users to increase the appropriate application of research evidence in policy and practice. While this supplement reports and assesses a number of these initiatives in health care, this article reviews the evidence in support of partnerships from elsewhere. Drawing on a substantial cross-sector review of research impact initiatives, we extract lessons for health care from partnership evaluations in social care, education and criminal justice services. A reasonable and robust evidence base supports the use of partnerships as one means of increasing research uptake. Although requiring substantial investments of time, resources and commitment, and suffering from a number of possible pitfalls, we conclude that such partnerships offer great potential for increasing research use.

Cooperative Behavior↗