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PubMed2004

Comparing the clinical outcomes of intrauterine insemination by two different density gradient preparation methods.

BACKGROUND: Sperm preparation has play an integral part in the success of in-vitro fertilization. The aim of this study was to compare 2 different density gradient preparations for sperm separation in respect to sperm recovery, motility, motion parameters and clinical outcome after intrauterine insemination. METHODS: One-hundred and 21 women who received intrauterine insemination due to ovulation dysfunction were randomly allocated into 2 groups, using either the Percoll (Amersham, Pharmacia Biotech AB, Sweden) or the PureSperm (Nidacon, Göteborg, Sweden) density gradient method for sperm preparation. The characteristics of sperm before and after separation and the clinical outcome of intrauterine insemination were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: PureSperm and Percoll demonstrated comparable ability to recover the sperms with progressive motility. There was no difference in motion parameters and the number of sperm recovered with progressive motility between the Percoll and the PureSperm density gradient preparations. The clinical pregnancy rate was also comparable between the 2 groups, 12.5% (7/56) in the PureSperm group compared to 13.8% (9/65) in the Percoll group, (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite using different density composition and volume, PureSperm demonstrated clinical effect comparable to that of Percoll in preparing sperm for intrauterine insemination.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Insemination rates of hybrids between Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus or Culex pipiens pallens at high temperature.

Females of Culex pipiens pallens are rarely inseminated at temperatures above 30 degrees C. Insemination and egg-hatching rates (F2) were examined in females of hybrids (F1) between Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C to examine temperature-dependent reproductive activity. Insemination rates were very high in hybrid females (F1) at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, and egg-hatching rate (F2) also was high at both temperatures. Crosses between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus did not show insemination rates and egg-hatching rates similar to the rates observed in Cx. p. pallens, suggesting that the hybrids expressed reproductive activity characteristic of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus.

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PubMed2005

[Factors influencing conception rate after synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination--a review].

This review describes factors that affect conception rate after synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination. Intervals of 7 days between GnRH and PGF2alpha, 48 hours to the second GnRH treatment and a further 16 to 20 hours to the timed insemination have been proven to be most effective. Conception rates (CR) increase as lactation progresses up to 100 days in milk. Primiparous cows have higher CR than older cows. Anovular cows at the start of the synchronization protocols have poor CR. These are highest for cows started in early dioestrus. While poor body condition and some post partum and post insemination health disorders have negative effects on the CR, a significant effect of postpartum chronic endometritis could not be demonstrated. High milk yield was also not shown to have a negative effect on CR in almost all studies, while the negative effect of heat stress on fertility is also found in Ovsynch cows. However, the negative effects of high milk yields and heat stress on AI submission rates are overcome by the timed insemination protocol.

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PubMed1992

Abnormal findings on hysterosalpingography: effects on fecundity in a donor insemination program using frozen semen.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the effect of abnormal baseline hysterosalpingography (HSG) on subsequent fecundity during the first six cycles of treatment. METHODS: Hysterosalpingography was performed on 208 asymptomatic ovulatory women with no history of pelvic disease who were referred for donor insemination. The findings were categorized into five groups: 1) normal study, 2) uterine anomaly or filling defect with bilateral tubal patency, 3) normal uterine anatomy with unilateral tubal patency, 4) normal uterine anatomy with bilateral tubal blockage, and 5) normal uterine anatomy with hydrosalpinx. Subjects in groups 4 and 5 received inseminations only if patency of at least one fallopian tube was demonstrated with laparoscopy. Life-table analysis was performed to calculate the average monthly fecundity and cumulative conception rates for each group. The Mantel-Haenszel test was used to compare group fecundities. RESULTS: A total of 1460 donor insemination cycles were performed. The number of cycles in each group were as follows: group 1, 1173 (80%); group 2, 153 (10%); group 3, 90 (6.2%); group 4, 16 (1.1%); and group 5, 28 (1.9%). None of the patients in group 4 or 5 conceived. The cumulative conception rates in the first three groups were 46, 34, and 40%, respectively, and were not significantly different from one another (P greater than .05). Although a high incidence of uterine filling defects and unilateral tubal blockage was observed (19.2%), the incidence of an abnormal HSG finding that significantly decreased fecundity was only 2.8%. CONCLUSION: In women with no history of tubal or uterine disease, routine HSG before initiation of donor insemination is of limited value for identifying decreased treatment fecundity.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of fresh gander semen and its susceptibility to cryopreservation in six generations derived from geese inseminated with frozen-thawed semen.

The paper summarises seven years experiments designed to determine the effect of continuous insemination with frozen-thawed semen on fresh semen quality and sperm susceptibility to freezing stress in succeeding generations. During course of experiments, semen was collected from 10-12 White Koluda ganders at the age of 8-9 months, then subjected to freezing and used after thawing for insemination of 10 geese in order to obtain the subsequent generation of males. Semen was diluted 1 to 0.5 (v/v) with EK diluent, equilibrated for 15 min at +4 degrees C, mixed with 6 percent (v/v) of dimethyl-formamide (DMF), frozen to temp. -140 degrees C at a rate 60 degree C per min and then transferred into liquid nitrogen container. Semen samples were thawed prior to insemination in a 60 degree C water-bath. It is difficult to conclude whether freezing stress affected the fresh semen quality, since average volume of SQF (index comprising ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and percentage of live normal cells) varied between generations from 19.3 to 56.2. Continuous goose reproduction by insemination with frozen-thawed semen resulted in significant increase (P less than 0.01) in spermatozoa resistance to cryoinjury in every subsequent generation. In the relation to adequate fresh semen the percentage of live morphologically intact spermatozoa which withstood freezing procedure increased from 27.2 in first generation to 74.4 in sixth generation.

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PubMed1992

Retrograde ejaculation: successful treatment with artificial insemination.

Retrograde ejaculation is characterized by aspermia or oligospermia and results from an incompetent bladder neck, often due to a dysfunction of the internal sphincter. In almost 3 years, eight couples who suffered from infertility due to retrograde ejaculation were treated with inseminations with spermatozoa gained from the urine. Ovulation was predicted on the basis of blood LH levels. The urine-semen sample was collected in 100 mL of Hepes medium and 5 mL 1% human albumin (pH 7.4). After centrifuging, the remaining sperm pellet was dispersed on a Percoll gradient. After centrifuging and resuspending, followed by two washing procedures with Ham's F-10 and human albumin 1%, the remaining sample was used for intrauterine insemination. Twelve pregnancies were thus achieved; two women became pregnant twice and one three times. The pregnancy rate per cycle was 44.4%. In seven couples, pregnancy was achieved within three cycles. Four pregnancies ended in spontaneous abortion and five ended in the birth of a healthy child; three pregnancies were continuing at the time of writing. Retrograde ejaculation can be treated successfully with inseminations using spermatozoa obtained from urine. It seems important to collect the urine-semen sample in a buffered medium and to time the insemination on the basis of the LH surge.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Artificial insemination for oligospermia. A critical review.

The study concerns the review of the literature concerning the effectiveness of artificial insemination in cases of oligospermia. Differences in AIH techniques, the lack of standardized methodology explain the wide range of discrepancies in the resulting pregnancy rates. Still, in the course of time, a few certainties have been acquires: A detailed and thorough investigation of the female partner is mandatory. The use of fresh ejaculates is today totally obsolete, even with the help of cups, intra-cervical or eventual intra-uterine insemination. The standardization of seminal parameters still remains an unsolved problem. At the present time, intrauterine insemination with capacitated sperm is the method of choice. Still a basic condition is mandatory: a minimum of 1 M motile capacitated spermatozoa is required. Timing of insemination determined by the LH peak seems the most valuable procedure. The overall benefit is low, +/- 5% conception rate per cycle, and short lived because of the strain involved in an optimalized procedure. The policy to plan 3 to 6 AIH cycles before going over to an IVF procedure is the more debatable.

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PubMed1991

[Detection of estrus and determination of the optimal time for insemination in polar foxes (Alopex lagopus)].

Oestrus cycles were investigated in seven polar foxes: the investigation consisted of evaluation of clinical symptoms of heat (vulva enlargement), measurement of vaginal mucus electrical resistance and determination of progesterone concentrations in the blood plasma of foxes; the objective was to determine optimum insemination time. The females were inseminated with fresh semen intravaginally by means of a pseudopenis, a day following the record of maximum electrical resistance of vaginal mucus and at the minimum progesterone concentration in blood plasma of 30 ng.ml-1. The females were reinseminated on the following day. The insemination dose had a volume of 1 ml with sperm concentrations of 150.10(6). Clinical symptoms of heat were observed in six out of the seven test foxes. Heat detection by means of measuring vaginal mucus electrical resistance was successful also in six females. Progesterone test enabled to detect heat in five females. Out of six inseminated females, five foxes became pregnant (83.3%) and a total of 33 cubs were born; this is 5.5 cubs per female.

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PubMed1991

Adjunctive leuprolide therapy does not improve cycle fecundity in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination of subfertile women.

Problems arising from controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for intrauterine insemination, such as premature luteinization and asynchronous ovarian follicular development, are identical to those encountered with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). It has been suggested that the adjunctive use of GnRH agonists for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation improves the efficiency of GIFT and IVF cycles. We hypothesized that adjunctive use of leuprolide acetate, a GnRH agonist, would have a similarly beneficial effect on cycle quality and cycle fecundity in subfertile women treated with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination. We randomly assigned the first cycle of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination for each of 97 subfertile women to include either human menopausal gonadotropins (hMGs) alone or hMGs following midluteal pre-treatment with leuprolide. If a pregnancy did not occur in the first cycle, the woman was given the other treatment in the second cycle. Although the cycles that included leuprolide required a larger amount of hMGs and more days of stimulation per cycle, the mean estradiol concentrations and numbers of follicles were not different. Despite prevention of premature luteinization with leuprolide, the cycle fecundity was not different between groups (0.11 with adjunctive leuprolide treatment and 0.22 with hMGs alone). We conclude that in unselected subfertile patients, the adjunctive use of leuprolide for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination does not improve cycle fecundity compared with treatment cycles that do not include adjunctive leuprolide therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Direct intraperitoneal insemination--clinical results and comparison between two methods of sperm preparation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare sperm preparation with a new self-migration method in sodium hyaluronate and a centrifugation/swim-up method and to study the efficiency of direct intraperitoneal (IP) insemination. STUDY DESIGN: Sodium hyaluronate and centrifugation/swim-up were used randomly for direct IP insemination in alternating cycles. Treatments were given with an interval of at least one untreated cycle. When ovulation occurred on weekends, the patients received only controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. SETTINGS: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. PATIENTS: Seventy-nine couples with unexplained infertility (n = 53), endometriosis (n = 17), and cervical factor (n = 9). INTERVENTIONS: Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was accomplished by clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sperm parameters and pregnancy rates. RESULTS: Sodium hyaluronate and centrifugation/swim-up resulted in similar conception rates, but sodium hyaluronate recovered more motile spermatozoa than centrifugation/swim-up (P less than 0.0001). The number of patients who became pregnant after direct IP insemination or controlled ovarian hyperstimulation only was significantly higher than that observed after untreated cycles (P = 0.00001 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Sperm preparation with sodium hyaluronate can be used as an alternative to centrifugation/swim-up. Direct IP insemination appears to increase the cycle fecundity, but whether direct IP insemination/controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is more effective than controlled ovarian hyperstimulation alone has yet to be proven.

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PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of intrauterine insemination on uterine activity.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) may lead to very painful uterine cramps, which are due to the effect of the prostaglandin (PG) content of human semen. The purpose of this study is to present the reactivity of the human uterus to the placement of raw semen in the intrauterine space and to evaluate the related response patterns. A statistically significant uterine activity change was observed between the periods before and after intrauterine insemination. Three minutes after IUI, an increase in uterine activity was observed; it became most prominent at five to ten minutes. This stimulation was sustained for 30 minutes and decreased gradually. Although there is an increase in uterine activity following intrauterine insemination, neither pelvic pain nor abdominal discomfort was reported. According to this observation, we suggest that a semen volume of 1 mL might be used safely for intrauterine insemination.

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PubMed1990

Intrauterine insemination with ultrasound guidance in the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

Techniques used for the artificial insemination of macaques have primarily involved instillation of the ejaculate into the vagina or cervical canal. Intrauterine insemination has been performed previously but only as a surgical procedure. The application of ultrasound-guided techniques for this purpose provides a method for efficiently inseminating macaques in a relatively noninvasive fashion. This report describes the successful transabdominal ultrasound-guided insemination of the long-tailed macaque and the potential application of this procedure to a variety of nonhuman primate species.

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PubMed1986

Artificial insemination of Angora- and Boergoats with deep-frozen semen.

A total of 218 goats were inseminated with thawed frozen semen and a non-surgical intra-uterine insemination technique. Of the various groups inseminated the percentage Boergoat does kidding was 60.8% (46) and 70.9% (31), the percentage Angoragoat does kidding was 62.3% (53), 61.8% (68) and 60.0% (20). A dose of 75 X 10(6) sperm/ml was found to be suitable for intra-uterine insemination of Angora does.

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PubMed1979

Effects of synchronization and frequency in insemination on fertility.

Fifty-four normally cycling, non-lactating mares were given 2 injections (i.m.) of PGF-2 alpha (10 mg) 14 days apart without regard to stage of the oestrous cycle. At 19 days after the first PGF-2 alpha treatment, a single i.m. injection of either hCG (3300 i.u.) or a GnRH-analogue (500 micrograms) was administered. Each mare was inseminated with 100 X 10(6) motile spermatozoa at one of the following frequencies: once only on Day 20; every other day during oestrus or at least on Days 19 and 21; or daily during oestrus or at least on Days 19, 20, 21 and 22. Eighteen control mares received saline injections on Days 0 and 14, and were inseminated either on the 4th day of oestrus or every other day or daily beginning on the 2nd day of oestrus. More (P greater than 0.05) PGF-2 alpha treated mares displayed their 1st day of oestrus on Days 14 to 20 than control mares (80.6 versus 27.8%). During cycle 1, fewer (P greater than 0.05) treated mares became pregnant compared to controls; 38.9, 25.0 and 66.7% for PGF-2 alpha + hCG, PGF-2 alpha + GnRH-A and control mares, respectively. After three cycles, the pregnancy rates for mares inseminated every other day or daily were higher (P less than 0.05) than mares inseminated only once during oestrus (88.9 and 88.2 versus 64.7%).

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PubMed1985

Embryonic mortality in heifers after artificial insemination and embryo transfer: differences between virgin and repeat breeder heifers.

Embryos were collected from repeat breeder heifers and virgin heifers seven days after insemination, classified and transferred to the uterine horn contralateral to the corpus luteum of synchronised inseminated recipients. Altogether 35 transfers were performed, all reciprocally between repeat breeder heifers and virgin heifers. The recipients were slaughtered either 16 to 17 days or 32 to 35 days after insemination. The survival rate of the native embryos was lower among the repeat breeder heifers than among the virgin heifers both at 16 to 17 days (six of nine vs six of six) and at 32 to 35 days (three of 10 vs seven of 10) after insemination. A higher proportion of embryos transferred from repeat breeder heifers to virgin heifers than from virgin heifers to repeat breeder heifers survived to days 16 to 17 (five of six vs two of nine), while the same proportion of embryos survived to days 32 to 35 (two of 10) in both heifer categories. The results suggest that the uterine environment in repeat breeder heifers is suboptimal for the support of normal embryonic development.

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PubMed1979

[Some results obtained in artificial insemination on a large rabbit farm (author's transl)].

In commercial rabbit-farming, activities associated with mating take up a great deal of the working hours required. Efforts were made to help to obtain optimum results in rabbit-farming by carrying out artificial insemination. The conception rates following insemination of does which are not prepared to mate naturally, are too low. After preliminary treatment of these animals with 20 I.U. of pregnant mare serum forty-eight hours prior to insemination, the results obtained were more satisfactory. It is concluded that artificial insemination in rabbit farming does not present any technical problems and that satisfactory results should be obtainable on healthy farms.

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Intrauterine insemination in ewes with frozen semen (author's transl)].

110 ewes were allocated for intrauterine insemination. One succeeded to deposite semen intra uterine in 43 of the ewes and 37 (86%) of these lambed. In the remaining 67 the semen was deposited in cervix, and of these 15 lambed (22,4%). Totally 52 (47,3%) of the inseminated ewes lambed. Similar results were obtained by one or two inseminations in the heat. Dilution 1:3 gave a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher lambing rate than dilution 1:9 when the semen was deposited in the cervix, while the results were similar for dilution 1:3 and 1:9 by intra interine deposition. A group of 49 ewes was inseminated according to the conventional method on the first day of heat and the intra uterine method on the second day. Intra uterine deposition of semen succeeded in 31 ewes and 27 (87,1%) lambed. In the 18 remaining ewes the semen was depposited in the cervix and 9 (50%) lambed. Totally 73,5% of the ewes in this group lambed.

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PubMed1978

Artificial insemination in the European hare (Lepus europaeus syriacus).

A simple technique for artificial insemination in hares was performed and used routinely in mass breeding of hares in captivity. Sperm was collected directly from the epididymides of males. Ovulation was induced by intravenous injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Female hares were successfully inseminated throughout the year. Pregnancy occurred in 70% of inseminated females; the range in litter size was 1--3 offspring with a mean of 1.4. It was concluded that artificial insemination greatly simplified the breeding of hares in captivity.

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