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PubMed2002

Assimilative behavior identification can also be resource dependent: the unimodel perspective on personal-attribution phases.

Three studies examine the role of situational constraint information on behavior identification. It was found that where the behavior-identification task is relatively easy assimilation of the behavior-identification to situational constraints is independent of cognitive load. However, where the behavior-identification task is relatively difficult, assimilation is undermined by load. Given that the discounting of situational constraint information, too, can be independent of load where the dispositional-inference task is easy, and is load-dependent when the task is difficult, it appears that both assimilation and discounting behave identically in regard to load. This conclusion is consistent with the judgmental unimodel whereby behavior identification and dispositional inference differ in the contents of the judgmental questions they address while sharing the underlying process whereby these questions are answered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Effect of background information on object identification.

Previous research using briefly presented displays has indicated that objects in a coherent scene are easier to identify than are objects in incoherent backgrounds. Of interest is whether the identification of the target object depends on the identification of the scene or the identification of other diagnostic objects in the scene. Experiment 1 indicated objects are more difficult to identify when located in an "episodically" inconsistent background even when the same diagnostic objects are present in both inconsistent and consistent backgrounds. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the degree to which noncued (cohort) objects are consistent with the target object has no effect on the object identification task. Experiment 3 showed consistent episodic background information facilitated object identification and inconsistent episodic background information did not interfere relative to "nonsense" backgrounds roughly equated on visual characteristics. Implications for models of scene perception are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Orientation congruency effects on the identification of disoriented shapes.

Effects of orientation on identification can be attenuated when other patterns at the same (or a similar) orientation are identified in close temporal contiguity. In Experiments 1 and 2, letters were presented simultaneously in brief masked displays. Identification accuracy was much higher when the letters had consistent orientations than when the letters had different orientations within a display. In Experiment 3, two letters were presented sequentially. Identification accuracy was higher with congruent than with incongruent orientations. The results are unexpected if one assumes that the patterns themselves are rotated until upright prior to their identification, unless pattern rotation processes can be primed, and that priming requires orientation congruence between the priming and primed stimulus. The results are expected if the orientation of a frame of reference can be adjusted to the orientation of the patterns during the identification process.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Common factors in the identification of an assortment of brief everyday sounds.

Acoustic, ecological, perceptual and cognitive factors that are common in the identification of 41 brief, varied sounds were evaluated. In Experiment 1, identification time and accuracy, causal uncertainty values, and spectral and temporal properties of the sounds were obtained. Experiment 2 was a survey to obtain ecological frequency counts. Experiment 3 solicited perceptual-cognitive ratings. Factor analyses of spectral parameters and perceptual-cognitive ratings were performed. Identification time and causal uncertainty are highly interrelated, and both are related to ecological frequency and the presence of harmonics and similar spectral bursts. Experiments 4 and 5 used a priming paradigm to verify correlational relationships between identification time and causal uncertainty and to assess the effect of sound typicality. Results support a hybrid approach for theories of everyday sound identification.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The role of phonological codes in integrating information across saccadic eye movements in Chinese character identification.

Prior research has generally assumed either that phonological codes do not contribute to Chinese character identification or that they do so only through a look-up process at the character level. In 3 experiments, a homophone seen parafoveally aided the identification of a target character that was fixated following an eye movement to the preview location. Moreover, high-frequency phonetically regular characters were named faster than high-frequency, phonetically irregular characters. Thus, both lexical and sublexical phonological codes of Chinese characters are involved early in the process of character identification. Orthographic information from the preview was also used in character identification, as orthographically similar previews facilitated target identification as well. The evidence for the extraction of semantic information from parafoveal previews was mixed, as synonym previews facilitated in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Convergent behavioral and neuropsychological evidence for a distinction between identification and production forms of repetition priming.

Four experiments examined a distinction between kinds of repetition priming which involve either the identification of the form or meaning of a stimulus or the production of a response on the basis of a cue. Patients with Alzheimer's disease had intact priming on picture-naming and category-exemplar identification tasks and impaired priming on word-stem completion and category-exemplar production tasks. Division of study-phase attention in healthy participants reduced priming on word-stem completion and category-exemplar production tasks but not on picture-naming and category-exemplar identification tasks. The parallel dissociations in normal and abnormal memory cannot be explained by implicit-explicit or perceptual-conceptual distinctions but are explained by an identification-production distinction. There may be separable cognitive and neural bases for implicit modulation of identification and production forms of knowledge.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Abstract reasoning in autism: a dissociation between concept formation and concept identification.

The concept identification and concept formation aspects of abstract reasoning were examined in 90 nonmentally retarded individuals with autism and 107 normal controls. It was hypothesized that pronounced deficits would be found on concept formation tests, whereas performance on concept identification tests would be relatively intact. There was a significant difference between individuals with autism and individuals from a matched control group on all abstract reasoning tasks, but, with the exception of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (R. K. Heaton et al., 1993), differences on concept identification tests were not clinically significant. Factor analyses showed that concept formation and concept identification tasks loaded on separate factors in the autism group but not in the control group. Stepwise discriminant function analyses revealed that 2 tests of concept formation correctly classified 78.4% of cases, whereas concept identification tasks did not pass the tolerance test.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The intoxicated witness: effects of alcohol on identification accuracy from showups.

The effect of alcohol on identification accuracy is potentially an important topic. This study examined the effects of alcohol consumption on identification accuracy from showups, the identification procedure most likely to be used by police with intoxicated witnesses. The blood alcohol level of people exposed to a target was measured. In the target-present showup condition, blood alcohol level was not significantly related to correct identification rate. In the target-absent showup condition, the higher the blood alcohol level, the more people were likely to make a false identification. Implications for law enforcement and future research directions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Odorant identification and quality perception following methyl bromide-induced lesions of the olfactory epithelium.

Using a 5-odorant identification confusion matrix task, the authors assessed the consequence of olfactory epithelial damage on odorant quality perception in the rat. After establishing prelesion identification performance, each rat's epithelium was subjected to 330 ppm methyl bromide gas for 6 hr. Comparison of prelesion and 3-day postlesion performance demonstrated a significant decrease in identification as a consequence of 95%-98% epithelial destruction. Further, there was a differential effect of lesion on the ability of different animals to identify the different individual odorants. Evaluation of the anatomical state of the epithelium relative to performance on the identification task demonstrated a significant relationship between the extent and location of anatomical sparing and changes in individual odorant identifications. Assessment of pre- and postlesion quality perception for the individual rats demonstrated a highly significant shift in quality perception that was independent of any decrease in performance. These results provide strong support for the proposition that the regional variations in mucosal sensitivities within and across olfactory receptor gene expression zones are fundamentally important for the encoding of odorant quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Functional anatomy of human odor sensation, discrimination, and identification in health and aging.

Aging of cerebral olfactory regions was studied in 5 younger and 6 older healthy adults, matched by odor discrimination and identification scores, with positron emission tomography during odor sensory stimulation, discrimination, and identification tasks. Sensory stimulation engaged bilateral piriform and orbitofrontal regions, but neither discrimination nor identification evoked added temporal or orbital activity. Discrimination involved the hippocampus, implicating its role in serial odor comparisons (olfactory working memory). Left inferior frontal activity during identification may reflect semantic associations. Older participants deactivated the left gyrus rectus/medial orbital gyrus (GR/MOG) during sensory stimulation but activated GR/MOG during discrimination and identification. Adjusting for detection threshold eliminated GR/MOG group differences during sensory stimulation. Diminished threshold may lead to reduced engagement of olfactory association areas.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Eyewitness identification accuracy and response latency: the unruly 10-12-second rule.

Data are reported from 3,213 research eyewitnesses confirming that accurate eyewitness identifications from lineups are made faster than are inaccurate identifications. However, consistent with predictions from the recognition and search literatures, the authors did not find support for the "10-12-s rule" in which lineup identifications faster than 10-12 s maximally discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications (D. Dunning & S. Perretta, 2002). Instead, the time frame that proved most discriminating was highly variable across experiments, ranging from 5 s to 29 s, and the maximally discriminating time was often unimpressive in its ability to sort accurate from inaccurate identifications. The authors suggest several factors that are likely to moderate the 10-12-s rule.

Crime↗
PubMed2006

The confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: effects of lineup instructions, foil similarity, and target-absent base rates.

Discriminating accurate from mistaken eyewitness identifications is a major issue facing criminal justice systems. This study examined whether eyewitness confidence assists such decisions under a variety of conditions using a confidence-accuracy (CA) calibration approach. Participants (N = 1,200) viewed a simulated crime and attempted 2 separate identifications from 8-person target-present or target-absent lineups. Confidence and accuracy were calibrated for choosers (but not nonchoosers) for both targets under all conditions. Lower overconfidence was associated with higher diagnosticity, lower target-absent base rates, and shorter identification latencies. Although researchers agree that courtroom expressions of confidence are uninformative, our findings indicate that confidence assessments obtained immediately after a positive identification can provide a useful guide for investigators about the likely accuracy of an identification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

LC-NMR: a new tool to expedite the dereplication and identification of natural products.

The rapid identification of known or undesirable compounds from natural products extracts - "dereplication" - is an important step in an efficiently run natural products discovery program. Dereplication strategies use analytical techniques and database searching to determine the identity of an active compound at the earliest possible stage in the discovery process. In the past few years, advances in technology have allowed the development of tandem analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), LC-MS-MS, liquid chromatography nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR), and LC-NMR-MS. LC-NMR, despite its lower sensitivity as compared to LC-MS, provides a powerful tool for rapid identification of known compounds and identification of structure classes of novel compounds. LC-NMR is especially useful in instances where the data from LC-MS are incomplete or do not allow confident identification of the active component of a sample. LC-NMR has been used to identify the marine alkaloid aaptamine as the active component in an extract of the sponge Aaptos sp. This extract had been identified as an enzyme inhibitor by a high throughput screening (HTS) effort. Isolated aaptamine exhibited an IC(50)=120 µM against this enzyme. Strategies for the identification of aaptamine and for the use of LC-NMR in a natural products HTS program are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

An automated turbidimetric method for the identification of certain antibiotic groups in incurred kidney samples.

An automated turbidimetric method was developed for group level identification of penicillinase sensitive penicillins, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in kidney samples. A sample pretreatment procedure was elaborated for the extraction of incurred residues from kidney tissue in a translucent solution to enable the measurement of changes in optical density. The method was comprised of three pairs, one for each antibiotic group: a sensitive test bacterium strain and a resistant strain for the identification of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines, and a sensitive strain with and without penicillinase for the identification of penicillinase sensitive penicillins. The algorithm employed compared the areas under the OD vs. time curves; threshold values and experimentally observed intra-test criteria were also included in the algorithm. Antibiotics were reliably identified to group level, and no false identifications were obtained with antibiotics belonging to groups not included in the reference panel. Incurred penicillin G, oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin-ciprofloxacin residues were identified at or below the MRL levels for kidney tissue. The graphically determined shortest possible identification times varied between 2 and 7 h. The method developed could furthermore easily be diversified to include other antibiotic groups by adding new "sensitive-resistant" bacterium and medium combinations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1977

Order effect of acoustic segments of VC and CV syllables on stop and vowel identification.

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of the vocalic transition relative to other acoustic cues in the perception of both CV and VC syllables. Subjects identified stops, /p, t, k, b, d, g/ and vowels, /i, u, 3/ from the aperiodic, aperiodic + vocalic transition, vocalic transition, and vocalic transition + vowel segments edited from VC and CV syllables. The major findings were as follows: (1) no significant difference was found in consonant identification scores between aperiodic, aperiodic + vocalic transition, and vocalic transition segments in CV syllables compared to those in VC syllables; (2) consonant identifications from vocalic transition + vowel segments in VC syllables were significantly greater than those from vocalic transition + vowel segments in CV syllables; (3) no significant difference was found in vowel identification scores between aperiodic + vocalic transition, vocalic transition + vowel, and vocalic transition segments in CV syllables compared to those in VC syllables; and (4) vowel identifications from aperiodic segments were significantly greater in CV syllables than in VC syllables. The results revealed a significant right-to-left perceptual advantage for both vowels and consonants. The findings for consonant identification emphasize the importance of the temporal order relationship between the vocalic transition and steady-state vowels in the perceptual process.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1998

Identification of unusual Campylobacter-like isolates from poultry products as Helicobacter pullorum.

Twenty-six unclassified Campylobacter-like strains previously isolated from 15 chicken carcasses and caecal contents, together with two more strains isolated from chicken faeces on a different occasion, were identified as Helicobacter pullorum using various phenotypic identification methods. API Campy identification kits and a 16-test identification scheme developed for campylobacters failed to identify these bacteria, or identified them as Campylobacter spp. Eighteen strains (including the two isolated on a different occasion) were chosen for examination using a more comprehensive probabilistic identification scheme. Using this method, 14 of the 18 strains were identified as H. pullorum with ID scores > 95%; two strains were also identified as H. pullorum with lower ID scores. Of the remaining two strains, one was not identified with this scheme and the other was misidentified to the H. acinonyx pylori complex. Whole cell protein profiling by SDS-PAGE confirmed the identity of these isolates as H. pullorum, affirming the value of a polyphasic approach for accurately identifying campylobacteria. The comparatively high prevalence of H. pullorum in poultry determined in this study (60%) suggests that routine isolation and identification methods should be amended to enable a thorough evaluation of its role in human gastroenteritis and avian hepatitis. Some phenotypic characters useful in identifying poultry campylobacteria are presented which could be utilized, along with other technique(s), for improved differentiation of the campylobacteria that are found in poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Validation of a polymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme analysis method for species identification of thermophilic campylobacters isolated from domestic and wild animals.

AIMS: To compare and evaluate a polymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme analysis (PCR/REA) method with standard phenotypic tests for the identification and differentiation of the thermophilic campylobacters Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-two presumptive thermophilic campylobacters from 12 different animal species were tested by a recently published PCR/REA and standard phenotypic tests. By PCR/REA, 95% of the isolates were clearly identified as either one of the four thermophilic Campylobacter species or as not belonging to this group of organisms at all. By standard phenotyping, 174 of the 182 isolates were initially identified as either C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari or C. upsaliensis. Additional genotypic tests and phenotyping showed that 52 of these identifications were either incorrect or unreliable. Of the C. jejuni isolates, 19% were identified as C. coli by initial phenotyping and 27 sheep isolates phenotyped as C. coli or C. lari were, in fact, arcobacters. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR/REA was more reliable than standard phenotyping for the identification of thermophilic campylobacters from different animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Routinely used phenotypic tests often resulted in unreliable identifications, requiring additional testing. The PCR/REA, however, gave unequivocal results and was considered useful for the routine identification of thermophilic campylobacters from different animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A DNA-based method for identification of krill species and its application to analysing the diet of marine vertebrate predators.

Accurate identification of species that are consumed by vertebrate predators is necessary for understanding marine food webs. Morphological methods for identifying prey components after consumption often fail to make accurate identifications of invertebrates because prey morphology becomes damaged during capture, ingestion and digestion. Another disadvantage of morphological methods for prey identification is that they often involve sampling procedures that are disruptive for the predator, such as stomach flushing or lethal collection. We have developed a DNA-based method for identifying species of krill (Crustacea: Malacostraca), an enormously abundant group of invertebrates that are directly consumed by many groups of marine vertebrates. The DNA-based approach allows identification of krill species present in samples of vertebrate stomach contents, vomit, and, more importantly, faeces. Utilizing samples of faeces from vertebrate predators minimizes the impact of dietary studies on the subject animals. We demonstrate our method first on samples of Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) stomach contents, where DNA-based species identification can be confirmed by prey morphology. We then apply the method to faeces of Adelie penguins and to faeces of the endangered pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda). In each of these cases, krill species consumed by the predators could be identified from their DNA present in faeces or stomach contents.

Animals↗