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PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary habits and nutritional status of school aged children in Spain.

The different dietary habits and nutritional status of Spanish schoolchildren have been analyzed. Nutrition affects health throughout the life cycle, and it is best to begin to prevent harm early on. Habits are formed early in life, and habits are a major determinant of food choice in later life. Two trends in particular are worthy of mention in this regard: the progressive globalisation of the food supply and the increase of food intake such as snacks, soft drinks and fast food, wich tipically apport a significant part of daily diet. In Spain, young people are abandoning the "Mediterranean Diet" in favour of industrial products, full of calories and saturated fatty acids but low in nutritional components, wich is contributing to obesity and rising cholesterol levels. Also, breakfast consumption has been identified as an important factor in the nutritional status of children and in Spain we are observing that an increasing percentage of children are omitting breakfast.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of aging, gastric mucosal atrophy and dietary habits on gastric secretion.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Studies in Japan have reported on the association between gastric secretion and age with consideration given to gastric mucosal atrophy but not pepsin secretion. Though recent reports have shown enhanced gastric secretion in the Japanese, attributed to dietary westernization, the association between diet and gastric secretion is not clear. In this study, the association between gastric secretion and mucosal atrophy, age, and dietary habits was evaluated. METHODOLOGY: The subjects were 47 preoperative patients without upper gastrointestinal disorders. Acid secretion, pepsin secretion, serum pepsinogen level, and serum Helicobacter pylori antibody titer were measured. Dietary habits were investigated by questionnaire. RESULTS: Gastric secretion did not differ among the young, middle, and elderly age groups. Compared with the group without atrophy (pepsinogen I/II > 3.0, 32 subjects), the group with atrophy (I/II < or = 2.5, 11 subjects) showed significantly decreased gastric secretion and a significantly high Helicobacter pyloriseropositive rate. In the group without atrophy, acid and pepsin secretion was significantly correlated with energy intake, pepsin secretion was significantly correlated with glucose intake, and gastric secretion tended to increase with age. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of gastric mucosal atrophy, gastric secretion does not decrease with age, and is related to dietary habits.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Larval habits, host-plant associations, and speciation in nematine sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae).

Adaptive radiations consist of two intertwined processes, diversification of species and diversification of their ecological niches, but it is unclear whether there is a causal link between the processes. In phytophagous insects, ecological diversification mainly involves shifts in host-plant associations and in larval feeding habits (internal or external) on different plant parts, and several observations indicate that speciation is facilitated by host shifts. Data on host use in individual species suggest that internal feeders are less likely to colonize new hosts than external-feeding taxa and, consequently, increases in collective host ranges and species numbers should be slowed down in endophagous lineages. We tested these related hypotheses by using phylogenetic information to reconstruct the evolutionary history of larval resource use in the sawfly subfamily Nematinae, a group of 1000 plus species with a broad range of niches: the subfamily's combined host range includes over 20 plant families, and larvae may feed externally on leaves or needles, or internally, for example, in buds, fruits, leaves, or galls. The results show that: (1) Most internally feeding groups have evolved independently from external-feeding ancestors, but several distinct internal habits have appeared convergently multiple times; (2) Shifts among host taxa are clearly more common than changes in larval habits; (3) The majority of host switches have occurred among phylogenetically close plant groups, but many shifts are manifest among distantly related, ecologically proximate hosts; (4) Although external feeding characteristic of the common ancestor of Nematinae is associated with relatively high rates of host-shifting, internal feeders are very conservative in their host use; (5) In contrast, the effect of endophagy on speciation probabilities is more variable: net speciation rates are lowered in most internal-feeding groups, but a striking exception is found in species that induce galls on Salicaceae. The loose connection between collective host ranges and species diversity provides empirical support for theoretical models suggesting that speciation rates are a function of a complex interplay between "intrinsic" niche width and resource heterogeneity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Differences in microbiological composition of saliva and dental plaque in subjects with different drinking habits.

Several foods have been shown to contain natural components (especially polyphenols) which display anti-adhesive properties against Streptococcus mutans, the aetiological agent responsible for dental crown caries, as well as inhibition of glucosyltransferases, which are the S. mutans enzymes involved in the synthesis of an adherent, water-insoluble glucan from sucrose. Other studies have demonstrated an in vitro action on oral plaque biofilm formation and desorption. This study evaluated whether the activity displayed in vitro by food compounds could affect the microbiological composition of saliva and dental plaque of subjects with a diet rich in these foods, comparing the results with those obtained from subjects with a different diet. The foods considered were: coffee, barley coffee, tea and wine. A total of 93 subjects were recruited into the study. Six samples of both plaque and saliva were collected from each subject at roughly one-monthly intervals. Total bacteria, total streptococci, S. mutans and lactobacilli counts were determined by culture in both saliva and dental plaque. The highest bacterial titres were recorded for the control population, while each drinking habit subgroup showed counts roughly one log lower than the controls. These differences in bacterial counts proved statistically significant (P<0.05). As far as dental plaque was concerned, while total counts did not significantly vary per mg of plaque in the subjects belonging to the different drinking habit subgroups, a significant decrease (P<0.05) was observed in those subjects drinking coffee, tea, barley coffee and wine when mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were evaluated. In several cases a more than one log decrease was observed. Plaque indices were also determined, and a significant (P<0.05) reduction in values was recorded in the subjects belonging the specific drinking habit subgroups compared to the control group. This study indicates that there is a correlation between consumption of specific foods and oral health in terms of reduced plaque deposition and lower counts of odontopathogens.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of expected success at health habit change and its role as a predictor in health behavior research.

Perceived ability to change health habits successfully is undoubtedly an important factor underlying personal health behavior. This report examines expected success in changing future habits, using a sample of community-resident adults 18-65 years of age (n = 1,367). One set of analyses used expected success as a dependent variable, whereas another set used it as an independent variable for health behavior and knowledge indices. In the dependent variable analysis, results showed that reported past success at health habit change was the strongest predictor of success expected in the future. Optimism about future success was also associated with variables that already placed individuals at an advantage to change behavior (e.g., not smoking, regular exercise, lower Body Mass Index, support in the family). When used as a predictor variable, expected future success was not associated with five health-related, self-report indices of behavior, knowledge, and perceived risk. Further examination showed, however, that in three instances the association between expected success and the outcome indices seemed to plateau in the most optimistic group. Extreme optimism (that admits no chance of failure) may be a belief characteristic that deserves further investigation, one that will present a challenge to research and practice. Men tended to report greater expected future success than women, although women had more favorable reports on three of the five health-related behavior/knowledge indices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[A study of the tobacco habit in a general hospital].

Health professionals are the individuals with the greatest capacity to influence the population on smoking habit. Unfortunately, recent statistics, report that this professional group smoke as much if not more than the rest of the population, thus difficulting the reduction of this social problem. In order to evaluate smoking habit in our hospital, we presented a study on the prevalence and attitude of smoking habit in all the personnel working in our hospital. We were negatively surprised that after several public campaigns on the subject, the prevalence of smoking amongst the hospital personnel.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Food habits and consumption of French adolescents. Synthesis of recent surveys].

Studies concerning French adolescents' eating habits have been published during the past four years. The review of such studies shows that nutrient intakes and food consumption are close to those of the adult population. Only the amount of nutrients especially with respect to lipids seems to be more satisfactory than in adults. This observation emphasizes the importance of familial environmental as the main factor of eating habits. French adolescents eat as the preceding generation even if some behaviors (snacks, fastfood) may appear very different from those in adults. However, this similitude does not imply that such habits are satisfactory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Psychosomatic study on the relation between oral habits and personality characteristics of the children in a mountain village].

A statistical study was carried out to evaluate the circumstances of the oral habits of the children aged 3-15 yr. (423 boys and 379 girls, 802 children in total) in a mountain village through psychological tests and investigation of the living environments of children and their parents. The following results were obtained: 1. The peak age of finger sucking was 3 years with girls (35.7%) and 4 years with boys (22.2%). After these ages a tendency to decrease in frequency was observed. 2. The peak age of the nail biting was 11 years in girls (26.5%) and 10 years in boys (18.8%). However, the nail biting was observed in girls from infancy. 3. The peak age of bruxism was 7 years in boys (22.7%) and 4 years in girls (15.4%). 4. Based on sex, nail biting was found more with girls than with boys, on the other hand, bruxism was found more in boys than in girls. There was no difference in finger sucking. 5. Based on the analysis of the relationship between oral habits and personality characteristics, nail biting and bruxism showed a tendency towards a low percentile in almost all of the items of personality characteristics, however, scarcely any relationship was found in finger sucking. 6. Based on the analysis of quantification type III, the development of each oral habit showed a relationship to different personality characteristics. 7. In relation to the living environments, the nail biting occurred more in children whose mothers did not work than with those whose mothers worked, and bruxism occurred in the children who often play outdoors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Sports correlate with positive living habits. Results from the population survey the Swiss MONICA project].

Exercise is associated with positive health habits: Findings from the populations survey of the Swiss MONICA-project. Relatively little is known on population-wide relations of habitual exercise to relevant health factors such as diet, cigarette smoking and overweight. Data from a population-based sample of approximately 800 men and women each, aged 25-64, collected in western Switzerland as a part of an international WHO-project, were used to examine cross-sectionally the interrelationships between different lifestyle factors. Men and women training regularly (i.e. greater than or equal to 2 times/wk) exhibited consistently and highly significantly more favourable health habits, regarding diet (i.e. trimming visible fat, higher intake of fruits, salad and vegetables, yogurt and cottage cheese), nonsmoking, and weight control. Men and women with at least some regular physical activity during leisure-time had in turn more favourable health habits than their sedentary counterparts. In both sexes, educational level was directly related to exercise and a healthy diet, and inversely related to smoking and relative weight. Regularly training men and women also had a significantly improved lipid profile compared to inactive ones. It is concluded from this study that leisure-time physical activity and exercise are related to a positive health behaviour including diet, nonsmoking and efficient weight control. This may suggest that exercise should possibly be integrated into any population-wide attempts and efforts to promote health to enhance primary prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Smoking habits among Danish physicians, nurses and midwives in 1989].

Health staff play a central role in distribution of knowledge about the injurious effects of tobacco by influencing the smoking habits of the population. The danish council on smoking and health has therefore chosen health staff as one of the first targets for its activities. One of these was conduct of a questionnaire investigation among a representative section of Danish doctors, nurses and midwives about smoking habits and attitudes to the tobacco problem. The random sample consisted of 2,997 persons, of whom 2,606 (87%) replied to the question about daily smoking habits. In all of the age groups, the frequency of smoking was considerably lower among health staff than in the population as a whole, primarily because many had stopped smoking. The frequency among men was 23% for doctors as compared with 50% in the normal population (age 20-69 years) and 15% for female doctors, 29-30% for nurses and midwives as compared with 46% in the normal population. The frequency of smoking among doctors has decreased considerably since 1980. Very few heavy smokers were found among health staff, particularly among doctors, and many male doctors smoked pipes (47% of the smokers). Even though health staff smoke less than the rest of the population, attention must still be focussed on this group on account of its function for establishing opinions in the health sector.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Survey of smoking habits of the medical personnel at the Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara (Cáceres)].

The prevalence and social and health aspects of smoking habits among physicians of the Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara (Cáceres) were evaluated with the questionnaire used in the course on smoking habits delivered by the INSALUD in 1988. The sample consisted of 123 physicians. 47.1% (+8.7%) declared to be smokers. This prevalence is higher than that in the general population. The rate of female nonsmokers was significantly higher than that of male nonsmokers (p less than 0.05). 51.7% of smokers had not made any attempt to give up smoking. 90% thought that the role of the doctors as a model is important, and that the health system should undertake their treatment. 97.2% declared to lack therapeutic resources. The results disclose the need for specific programs directed to exemplary groups of professionals, such as those devoted to health care, so as to achieve a reduction in the smoking habit.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of sucking habits on the dentofacial development].

This review gives a description of the significance of the dentofacial development of both thumb- and fingersucking habits and dummy-sucking. Of all children about 60% has had a nonnutrive sucking habit during their youth. Sucking habits can have an influence on both the dental arches separately as well as on the intermaxillary relationship. Prolonged finger- and thumbsucking results in a disturbance of the dentofacial development in the anteroposterior, vertical and transverse directions. Dummy sucking has consequences for the development especially in vertical and transverse directions. With regard to dental complications it is advised to stop finger- and thumbsucking prior to the eruption of the permanent incisors and to stop dummy sucking before three years of age.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[Nutritional habits of the population in the North Moravian Region-- part of the comprehensive evaluation of the health status of the population].

The paper is devoted to the assessment of typical features characteristic for the dietary habits of the population of the North Moravian region, by comparing the consumption of different food groups in the region with that in the CSR and CSSR. Knowledge of dietary habits must be conceived as a part of the comprehensive investigation of the health status of the population and at the same time as the basis for health education activities in the given area. The dietary habits of the North Moravian region have some features which are negative from the aspect of health--high consumption of spirts, lard, bacon and a lower consumption of milk and cheese. A positive feature is the higher consumption of fish and a higher consumption of potatoes at the expense of wheat flour products.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1978

Cigarette smoking habits, attitudes and associated social factors in adolescents.

Cigarette smoking habits and attitudes and associated social factors of 997 third and fourth form pupils were studied, using an interviewer administered questionnaire, in two co-educational secondary schools as part of a smoking intervention programme. Overall, 32 percent of the pupils were regular smokers with 15% smoking more than two cigarettes per day. The majority of smokers began smoking before secondary school; boys started earlier than girls,nd heavy smokers earlier than light smokers. The commonest reason for giving up smoking was personal dislike. Heavy smokers were more likely to have respiratory symptoms than other pupils. The smoking habits of the pupils were related to those of their parents, siblings and friends. The majority of pupils thought cigarette smoking bad for their health irrespective of their own smoking habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Exercise and smoking habits in patients with and without low back and leg pain.

The exercise and smoking habits of low back or leg pain sufferers vs. persons not having low back or leg pain are compared. The type, frequency and length of exercise is determined from a study of 576 low back or leg pain sufferers compared to 50 persons who state they are symptomatic. The same was done for smoking habits. Thirty-three percent of low back or leg pain sufferers smoked as compared to 14% of those without pain. Forty-seven percent of low back or leg pain sufferers as compared to 86% of non-sufferers exercised regularly. The level of physical activity and general exercise have been found to improve strength, mobility and endurance; this might prevent future back injury. Our study is to determine differences in the exercise habits of persons with low back and/or leg pain vs. those who do not have pain, with the intention being to see if pain sufferers exercise less.

Back Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health habits of U.S. adults, 1985: the "Alameda 7" revisited.

Seven health habits, commonly referred to as the "Alameda 7," were shown to be associated with physical health status and mortality in a pioneer longitudinal study initiated in 1965 in Alameda County, CA. These habits are having never smoked, drinking less than five drinks at one sitting, sleeping 7-8 hours a night, exercising, maintaining desirable weight for height, avoiding snacks, and eating breakfast regularly. The Alameda study focused attention on the importance of everyday practices for the maintenance of good health and, ultimately, for longer life. This report presents selected findings on the prevalence of the seven Alameda practices (defined slightly differently in some cases) among the general U.S. population aged 18 years and older, by sex, according to age, education, income, and race. In general, men are more likely than women to smoke, drink, and exercise. Younger people are more likely than older people to skip breakfast, snack, and drink, and younger women are more likely than older women to smoke. Education, income, and racial differences were found for most health practices. Of all subgroups discussed, blacks, particularly black women, are the most likely to have lifestyles that would be considered unhealthy using the Alameda criteria. Overall, the data reported suggest that although large numbers of U.S. adults have healthy habits, many do not, particularly persons in socially and economically disadvantaged groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Betel chewing and dietary habits of chewers without and with submucous fibrosis and with concomitant oral cancer.

The betel-nut chewing habit and the intake of chillies in the diet were analysed in 178 chewers identified during a stratified random survey and in 124 hospital patients suffering from submucous fibrosis (SF). There were no signs or symptoms of SF in 115 chewers from the survey; the remaining 63 exhibited features of impending and established SF. Of the 124 hospital patients, 10 also had oral cancer. Subjects suffering from SF had practised the habit in whatever form for a significantly shorter period than chewers without SF and belonged to a significantly younger age group. A significantly larger proportion of this group preferred the boiled nut by itself and not as part of the betel package (paan or pan). No relationship could be established between SF and the use of tobacco, lime or chillies. There was no difference in frequency of the habit between chewers without SF and chewers with SF. The 10 oral cancer patients all had moderately to well-differentiated squamous carcinomas arising in the buccal sulci (8), the soft palate (1) and upper oesophagus (1). Eight had cancer on presentation and 2 developed the tumour while under observation. Nine chewed the nut only and only 1 preferred paan which included tobacco, lime and catechu, which is contrary to the proposal that tobacco or lime are the carcinogens. It is concluded that a relationship between betel-nut chewing and SF exists but the mechanism by which the disease develops is still obscure. A genetic predisposition may be important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A survey of household food purchases and dietary habits in relation to affluence among Singapore Chinese.

A survey of 40 Singapore Chinese households was performed, obtaining information on major perishable foods purchased for home consumption in the previous week, extent of home consumption (eating in), household dietary habits and housing type, the last as a measure of affluence. Eating out was very common: nine (23 per cent) households ate less than 50 per cent of meals at home. Excluding these nine households, consumption and habits were compared between more affluent and less affluent households. The more affluent households purchased more red meat/offal (P = 0.001), poultry (P = 0.002), vegetables other than green leafy (P = 0.04), fruit (P = 0.007) and eggs (P = 0.04); they also differed significantly in various dietary habits. Significant differences were also observed between English-speaking and Chinese-speaking households. The results suggest that increasing affluence may have brought about substantial dietary change in Singapore, thus meriting further study of the role of diet in changing disease patterns in Singapore.

Acculturation↗