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At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Effect of compatibility on goal achievement in patient-physical therapist dyads.

The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses related to the effect of interpersonal compatibility in patient-physical therapist dyads on goal achievement in a rehabilitation setting. Seventeen patients with spinal cord injuries and the physical therapists primarily responsible for their treatment were asked to participate. The Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Behavior scale, which includes three interpersonal dimensions--Inclusion, Control, and Affection--was used to assess patient-physical therapist compatibility. Patient performance on four quantitatively measurable functional goals was used as the dependent variable. The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that goal achievement would be greater for patients in compatible patient-physical therapist dyads. Further, compatibility in the dimension of affection was found to be strongly related to a lack of rehabilitation goal achievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive rehabilitation: a goal-planning approach.

BACKGROUND: This case study describes a 33-year-old man who sustained a severe head injury with cerebrovascular complications in a road traffic accident. METHOD: His rehabilitation program focused on the everyday problems he faced as a result of cognitive deficits resulting from his brain injury. Twelve goals were set after negotiations between the man, his wife, and the rehabilitation team. RESULTS: All goals were achieved by the end of his program. We describe how they were achieved and provide data for three goals in particular. We discuss the advantages of a goal planning approach in cognitive or neuropsychological rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Goal-directed treatment planning and the principles of brief hospitalization.

Contemporary economic pressures to shorten hospitalization have produced serious confusion in child psychiatry, for no adequate rationale has been proposed to replace that appropriate to long-term inpatient care. In order to address this serious deficiency, the principle of hospital stabilization is introduced and discussed, along with the concept of goal-directed planning. The steps of goal-directed planning are presented. It is contended that the educational, communicative, medicolegal, and research advantages of goal-directed planning outweigh its disadvantages and that goal-direction should replace intuitive therapy-oriented planning and problem-orientation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Achievement of non-cognitive goals of undergraduate medical education: perceptions of medical students, residents, faculty and other health professionals.

BACKGROUND: Professionalism is increasingly emphasised in medical education. Non-cognitive goals, including values, attitudes and skills, remain challenging to define and measure. The purpose of this study was to better understand these goals and their achievement in the MD programme. METHODS: Graduating medical students, faculty preceptors, residents and other health professionals (OHPs) completed a systematically developed mailed survey, rating achievement of 25 attribute statements. Following analyses of means and standard deviations, factor analysis of responses was conducted. Responses were compared across respondent groups. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 50.1% (191/396), comprising 57.5% of the students, 54.1% of the faculty members, 30.9% of the residents and 50% of the OHPs. Five items received mean ratings over 4/5; none were below 3/5. Five factors explained 65% of variance. They were: 'Teamwork and interprofessional skills'; 'Duty and responsibility'; 'Communication and interpersonal skills'; 'Professionalism and values', and 'Trustworthiness and ethical behaviour'. The groups differed significantly on 2 factors: Teamwork and interprofessional skills (P < or = 0.0001) and Communication and interpersonal skills (P < or = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Important curriculum goals received high mean ratings. Ratings differed significantly across groups, suggesting differing perceptions of the extent to which goals were met. More study is needed to understand the basis of these perceptions.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Examining the motivational impact of intrinsic versus extrinsic goal framing and autonomy-supportive versus internally controlling communication style on early adolescents' academic achievement.

The present experimental research examined whether framing early adolescents' (11- to 12-year-olds) learning activity in terms of the attainment of an extrinsic (i.e., physical attractiveness) versus intrinsic (i.e., health) goal and communicating these different goal contents in an internally controlling versus autonomy-supportive way affect performance. Both conceptual and rote learning were assessed. Three experimental field studies, 2 among obese and 1 among nonobese participants, confirmed the hypothesis that extrinsic goal framing and internal control undermine conceptual (but not rote) learning, even in comparison with a control group. Study 3 indicated that the positive effect of intrinsic goal framing on conceptual learning was mediated by task involvement, whereas the positive effect of autonomy-supportive communication style on conceptual learning was mediated by relative autonomous motivation.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of goal attainment in geriatric settings.

Determination of the impact of programs designed to enhance the functional independence of geriatric residents requires prior specification of goals in terms that clearly indicate the desired outcomes. The Geriatric Resident Goals Scale (GRGS) is a listing of specific goals developed to provide a systematic means of assessing resident status and program effectiveness. For male residents in a VA Nursing Home Care Unit, the obtained internal consistency reliability coefficient was .97 (N = 198), and the reliability coefficient reflecting a combination of test-retest and interrater consistency was .95 (N = 22). For a group of 178 residents, the GRGS was predictive of level of independence ratings (r = .82) and mental status (r = .71). The data showed the GRGS to be a highly reliable and valid means of assessing the functioning of geriatric residents, lending support to an assessment process based on a listing of specific goals. The GRGS can be viewed as a general procedure that is adaptable to a range of geriatic settings and programs.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on intrinsic motivation.

This study examines first the relationship of perceived motivational climate and goal orientation to indices of intrinsic, extrinsic motivation and amotivation, and second their respective role in predicting these indices of motivation. A total of 160 students enrolled in physical activity classes volunteered to participate. Results of Pearson correlation analyses indicated that students who perceived their class climate as emphasizing mastery were more likely to feel self-determined. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that perceived motivational climate was a better predictor of all indices of motivation than goal orientations. Results, discussed according to the achievement goal perspective and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, highlight a possible motivational process explaining how the motivational climate overrides goal orientations.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Motivational climate and goal orientations as predictors of perceptions of improvement, satisfaction and coach ratings among tennis players.

One purpose of this work was to study the relationship of goal orientations and the perceived motivational climate created by the coach in relation to 219 competitive Spanish tennis players': a) perceived improvement in different facets of the game, b) satisfaction with their competitive results, overall level of play, and coach, and c) ratings of their coach. The second purpose was to examine whether the dependent variables were best predicted by the perceived situationally emphasized goal structure created by the coach and/or the athletes' dispositional goal perspective. Intermediate (N=70), advanced (N=124), and professional (N=25) level players completed Spanish versions of the TEOSQ and the PMCSQ-2 and items assessing perceived improvement specific to tennis, satisfaction and coach ratings. The results were consistent with the tenets of goal perspective theory and provide further support for the promotion of a task involving atmosphere in sport.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Diagnostic assessment and treatment goals in logopedics: impairments, disabilities and handicaps.

This study was aimed to investigate to what extent impairments, disabilities and handicaps are used as diagnostic assessments and treatment goals in logopedics. Traditionally, logopedists are mainly concerned with impairments. These days, increasing attention is demanded for disabilities and handicaps as well. A survey study was carried out on 1,567 patients in logopedic practices in the Netherlands to provide an empirical quantitative description of diagnostic assessments and treatment goals, formulated in terms of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Results show that logopedists indeed often indicate impairments as diagnostic assessments and as treatment goals, particularly language development impairments and phonetic/phonological articulation impairments. Interestingly, also large numbers of diagnostic assessments and treatment goals were indicated at the level of disabilities and handicaps; the most important being disability in expressing communication and occupational handicap. These results demonstrate that disabilities and handicaps may serve an important function in logopedics, in that they may guide assessment as well as therapy. It is concluded that disabilities and handicaps should be considered in the future development of the profession of logopedics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A model of prefrontal cortical mechanisms for goal-directed behavior.

Many behavioral tasks require goal-directed actions to obtain delayed reward. The prefrontal cortex appears to mediate many aspects of goal-directed decision making. This article presents a model of prefrontal cortex function emphasizing the influence of goal-related activity on the choice of the next motor output. The model can be interpreted in terms of key elements of Reinforcement Learning Theory. Different neocortical minicolumns represent distinct sensory input states and distinct motor output actions. The dynamics of each minicolumn include separate phases of encoding and retrieval. During encoding, strengthening of excitatory connections forms forward and reverse associations between each state, the following action, and a subsequent state, which may include reward. During retrieval, activity spreads from reward states throughout the network. The interaction of this spreading activity with a specific input state directs selection of the next appropriate action. Simulations demonstrate how these mechanisms can guide performance in a range of goal-directed tasks, and provide a functional framework for some of the neuronal responses previously observed in the medial prefrontal cortex during performance of spatial memory tasks in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Treatment goals, continuity of care, and outcome in a day hospital substance abuse rehabilitation program.

OBJECTIVE: Relationships between day hospital treatment goals, self-help group participation, and substance use outcome were examined for 180 alcohol- or cocaine-dependent male patients in a day hospital Veterans Administration substance abuse program. METHOD: The primary goals assessed were completion of the day hospital program and participation in posttreatment self-help groups. For subjects who completed the day hospital program, progress toward three other goals was also assessed: decreased denial, endorsement of 12-Step beliefs, and participation in self-help groups during the day hospital program. The outcome measures were urine toxicology and self-reports of alcohol or cocaine use at 4- and 7-month post-intake follow-up interviews. RESULTS: Day hospital completion and participation in posttreatment self-help groups predicted better outcome. Self-help participation also predicted outcome after day hospital completion was controlled. Among subjects who completed the day hospital program, the other three goals did not predict substance use outcome. However, involvement with self-help groups during the day hospital program and decreases in denial predicted continued involvement with self-help groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who complete day hospital substance abuse rehabilitation and then continue to participate in self-help groups are likely to have lower rates of alcohol and cocaine use during follow-up. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of self-help group participation does not appear to be strictly the result of motivation or some other patient characteristic.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of goal setting and self-instruction on learning a reading comprehension strategy: a study of students with learning disabilities.

This study examined the contributions of instruction in goal setting and self-instruction, separately and combined, on the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of a reading comprehension strategy by fourth-through sixth-grade students with learning disabilities. A previously validated strategy involving the use of story structure to analyze and remember story content was taught to 47 students with learning disabilities using the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) model. Comparisons were made among students with learning disabilities in four conditions (strategy instruction, strategy instruction plus goal setting, strategy instruction plus self-instruction, and strategy instruction plus goal setting and self-instruction). Result indicated that instruction in the reading strategy produced meaningful, lasting, and generalizable effects on students' story comprehension skills. Furthermore, the comprehension performance of the students with learning disabilities after strategy instruction was indistinguishable from that of a social comparison group of normally achieving students. Explicit instruction in goal setting and self-instruction, however, did not augment the comprehension performance of students with learning disabilities.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

The independent effects of goal contents and motives on well-being: it's both what you pursue and why you pursue it.

The assertion that both the content of goals and the motives behind goals affect psychological well-being has been controversial. Three studies examined this issue directly, showing that both what goals people pursue (i.e., whether they strive for extrinsic vs. intrinsic goal contents) and why people pursue them (i.e., whether they strive for autonomous vs. controlled motives) make significant independent contributions to psychological well-being. The pattern emerged in between-person and within-person studies of cross-sectional well-being and also emerged in a year-long study of prospective change in well-being. Implications for prescriptive theories of happiness are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Implementation intentions, perfectionism, and goal progress: perhaps the road to hell is paved with good intentions.

Two studies explored whether perfectionism moderates the impact of implementation intentions on goal progress. Study 1 used an implementation intention manipulation to examine the effects of these plans in interaction with perfectionism on the progress of New Year's resolutions. Study 2 added a repeated implementation intention condition and monitored affect and monthly goal progress. The results of both studies revealed a significant backfire effect of the implementation intentions on goal progress for participants high on a particular dimension of perfectionism (socially prescribed perfectionism). These perfectionists reported doing significantly worse at reaching their personal goals when they were asked to formulate implementation intentions than when they completed a control exercise. There also was evidence that implementation planning aroused negative affect for socially prescribed perfectionists. These results are the first to suggest that implementation planning may be contra-indicated for individuals with self-critical tendencies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Automatic activation of attachment-related goals.

When people encounter threats, their attachment systems are activated and they become motivated to seek protection and support through proximity to their attachment figures. Theoretically, therefore, mental representations of attachment figures should be associated with goals related to attaining proximity and safety. The present studies explore this idea by examining the effects of a person's chronic attachment style and exposure to a particular attachment figure's name on the automatic activation of attachment-related goals. Studies 1 and 2 examine effects of exposure to the name of a security-providing attachment figure on willingness to self-disclose and seek support (two behaviors related to gaining proximity). Study 3 examines how exposure to names of different relationship partners (with whom a participant has felt secure, anxious, or avoidant) affects the mental accessibility of attachment-related goal words. Taken together, the studies support the idea that mental representations of attachment figures are associated with attachment-related goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

What you want (and do not want) affects what you see (and do not see): avoidance social goals and social events.

Two studies examined the influence of approach and avoidance social goals on memory for and evaluation of ambiguous social information. Study 1 found that individual differences in avoidance social goals were associated with greater memory of negative information, negatively biased interpretation of ambiguous social cues, and a more pessimistic evaluation of social actors. Study 2 experimentally manipulated social goals and found that individuals high in avoidance social motivation remembered more negative information and expressed more dislike for a stranger in the avoidance condition than in the approach condition. Results suggest that avoidance social goals are associated with emphasizing potential threats when making sense of the social environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Setting handicap goals with elderly people: a pilot study of the Life Strengths Interview.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the Life Strengths Interview (LSI) is a useful clinical framework to identify handicap goals. DESIGN: Clinical case studies. SETTINGS: Two elderly care rehabilitation hospitals. SUBJECTS: Five people, whose ages ranged from 73 to 90 years. All participants were aware of their likely resultant disability, scored 25+ out of a possible 30 with the Mini-Mental State Examination, were able to communicate effectively and were due to be discharged home in approximately one month. INTERVENTIONS: Each participant undertook the LSI process with the research occupational therapist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Identified rehabilitation goals and their achievement. RESULTS: Goals were focused around families and other support networks. Six to eight weeks following discharge, achievement of goals varied. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that the LSI may be a useful clinical framework but further research needs to investigate whether a modified clinical version may be more suitable.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Choosing life goals: a phenomenological study.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to uncover the meaning of the lived experience of choosing life goals. Seven married women, nurse administrators between the ages of 27-37, employed in middle management positions in two large metropolitan hospitals, were asked to provide a written description of a situation in which they found themselves choosing life goals. Giorgi's (1975) qualitative method of phenomenology was used to analyze the written descriptions. The major finding of this study was choosing life goals is struggling to fulfill competing ambitions while experiencing paradoxical feelings of calmness-turmoil, success-defeat, and security-insecurity in the process of affirming cherished beliefs. Findings from this study support the value of the phenomenological method for nursing research and enhance the knowledge base of nursing by expanding Parse's theory of human becoming. Findings reveal the importance of understanding more fully the processes of choosing life goals and how choices reflect health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗