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PubMed1990

[The effect of adequate stimulation of the vestibular apparatus on evoked rhythmic activity in the nerves of the forelimbs in the immobilized guinea pig].

The influence of adequate vestibular stimulation on the rhythmical activity of forelimb nerves evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in combination with DOPA administration was registered in an immobilized guinea pig. Rhythmical activity was mainly registered in the flexor nerve. Intensity of the activity changed with animal tilting, decreasing during an ipsilateral incline and increasing during a contralateral one. These changes revealed a phase lag of -110 divided by -150 degrees relative to angular acceleration during cyclic tilting about a longitudinal axis with frequencies of 0.02-0.4 Hz.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Experimental replantation of canine forelimbs after 78.5 hours of anoxia.

To assess the effect of ischemia on osteocyte survival and longitudinal growth in bone, one forelimb of eight puppies and seven dogs was amputated, perfused with iced Collins solution, maintained at 4 degrees C for 72 hours (78.5 hours total anoxia), and replanted. Five puppies were kept for 1 year to assess bone growth. Undergoing bone labeling on days 1, 8, and 15, the other animals were sacrificed at 22 days to assess osteocyte survival. Osteocytes survived replantation in all dogs and one puppy; most osteocytes died in two puppies. In five long-term puppies, central epiphyseal growth was disturbed, but the peripheral portions maintained nearly normal growth, with almost normal bone length being achieved at 1 year.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Histochemical study of the forelimb muscles in Rana temporaria L.

Fibre types in the 7 forelimb muscles of Rana temporaria were characterized according to actomyosin ATP-ase activity and 5 distinct fibre types were distinguished. Besides the twitch fibres of type I, IIA, IIB, and IIC, also the tonic fibres were found in the examined muscles. The metabolic profiles of these fibre types was identified on the basis of SDH activity. The scores of SDH activity of different fibre types overlapped and correlation between fibre types defined by ATP-ase activity and their metabolic profiles was not found. All investigated muscles showed the heterogenous distribution of fibre types. Caput superius m. extensoris carpi radialis and caput mediale m. anconei were composed of 4 and 3 fibre types, respectively, in the opposite to the other ones which contained all 5 types of fibres.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1988

Vitamin A induced bilateral asymmetries in triturus forelimb regenerates.

After amputation of both forelimb of young, postmetamorphic Triturus alpestris through the middle of the zeugopod, the left and right regenerates grew asynchronously. As a result of oral administration of vitamin A palmitate (250 IU/gbw/day), from the 4th to the 13th dpa, the growth rate of the right regenerates was relatively higher than that of the left ones. Moreover, the percentage of skeletal abnormalities as well as proximodistal duplications (proximalizations), induced by vitamin A, was nearly twice as high in the right regenerates as compared to their left counterparts.

Aging↗

PubMed1986

[Changes in the locomotor activity of muscles of the forelimb of the guinea pig during translation of the animal with respect to the longitudinal axis].

Changes in spontaneous locomotor activity of forelimb muscles evoked by adequate stimulation of vestibular system were investigated in decerebrated guinea pigs. Extensor activity in stance phase increased and flexor activity in swing phase decreased during a tilt ipsilateral to the prepared limb, opposite changes were observed during the contralateral tilt. The alternation pattern of antagonist muscle activity was not changed. Revealed changes in the locomotor activity were more pronounced during cyclic shifts than during fixed tilts.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Effect of adequate stimulation of the vestibular apparatus on the locomotor activity of the forelimb muscles in the guinea pig. Rotations relative to the longitudinal axis].

Influence of the adequate vestibular stimulation by tilting about the longitudinal axis on the locomotor activity of forelimb muscles was investigated in precollicularly decerebrated guinea pigs. The locomotor activity was evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region. An increase of the extensor activity in the stance phase and a decrease of the flexor activity in the swing phase on the limb ipsilateral to the tilt and opposite changes of the antagonist muscles activity on the limb contralateral to the tilt were observed during animal movements. It is found that during the sinusoidal tilting in the frequency range of 0.02-0.4 Hz changes in the locomotor activity lead the animal displacement: 60-40--in extensors, 40-20 degrees--in flexors. Mechanisms of the vestibular control of the locomotor activity are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Motor asymmetry of the forelimbs of the rat].

Preference was studied of one of the forelimbs during performance of different manipulating movements in white rats. High degree of "handedness" was observed in all studied movements. However it was not absolute--no animals performed all movements by one and the same limb. Degree and character of "handedness" were different for different movements, though the number of "righthanded" rats in most tests as a whole exceeded the number of "lefthanded" ones. The "handedness" depends on the individuality of the animal, the character of the motor task, learning and interference of different motor tasks during training.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Electrophysiological evaluation of traumatic forelimb paralysis of the dog.

The results of clinical neurological, electromyographic and electroneurographic examinations in 26 dogs with traumatic forelimb paralysis are presented. The results of neurological examination varied considerably among the cases. Electromyographic evidence of denervation in the epaxial muscles was observed in 22 dogs. A post ganglionic dorsal root lesion was diagnosed in 14 cases by the presence of an evoked sensory nerve action potential in association with loss of conscious pain perception in the appropriate area. Motor nerve studies in the ulnar nerve were not helpful in discriminating root lesions from spinal nerve involvement. It was concluded that electromyographic examination of the ipsilateral epaxial muscles under general anaesthesia is essential for the detection of root involvement. Sensory conduction studies in the radial nerve are indicated if conscious pain perception is absent in the fifth digit. Motor and sensory conduction studies of the ulnar nerve system seldom provide additional diagnostic information seldom provide additional diagnostic information. The absence of electrophysiological signs of root involvement does not exclude a post ganglionic dorsal root lesion.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Fractures of the distal phalanx of the forelimb in eight foals.

Fractures of the distal phalanx of the forelimb were diagnosed in 5 colts and 3 fillies ranging in age from 2 weeks to 5 1/2 months at the time of fracture. Three fractures entered the distal interphalangeal joint and 6 fractures (one foal had bilateral fractures) were nonarticular. All foals with articular fractures became sound with conservative treatment. Four of 5 foals with nonarticular fractures became sound with conservative treatment and 1 foal developed separation of the hoof at the coronary band after application of acrylic around the hoof. On the basis of our observations in these foals, sagittal articular and nonarticular distal phalangeal fractures in foals should be treated conservatively. Foals so treated would have an excellent prognosis for return to soundness.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Effect of protective padding on forelimb intracompartmental muscle pressures in anesthetized horses.

Wick catheters were used to measure intracompartmental muscle pressures (ICMP) within the long heads of the triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis muscles of 8 horses maintained under halothane anesthesia while their breathing was controlled by intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Blood gas, cardiac output, and blood pressure determinations were monitored to maintain a stable plane of anesthesia. The horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency and were placed sequentially on each of 4 contact surfaces for 1 hour. The 4 surfaces used for each horse were concrete, foam rubber, air dunnage bag, and a water mattress. Hematologic and biochemical determinations were made before and 24 hours after anesthesia. All horses recovered from the anesthesia. One horse had forelimb lameness for 36 hours after anesthesia, which was clinically diagnosed as a myoneuropathy. The ICMP values were markedly elevated in the muscle bellies of the lower limb of all horses. Supporting the horse on a water mattress caused the least dramatic pressure elevation and foam caused the most. The triceps muscle and, to a lesser extent, the extensor carpi radialis muscle of the lower limb are at risk of ischemia in anesthetized horses because the ICMP may exceed the critical closing pressure of 30 mm of Hg required for capillary blood flow.

Air↗

PubMed1979

[Reciprocal responses to macular stimulation of neurons localized in the region of the forelimb and of the hindlimb of Deiters nucleus].

In decerebrate cats with cerebellum intact the frequency response of 102 neurons located within the lateral vestibular nucleus (NVL) to sinusoidal stimulation of vestibular receptors was analyzed. Positional sensitive units, showing a reciprocal pattern of response to lateral tilting characterized by an excitation during ipsilateral and a depression during contralateral tilt, were equally found in the rostroventral (forelimb) and dorsocaudal (hindlimb) divisions of the NVL. No unit was found to be excited during both ipsilateral and contralateral tilts. A comparison between these findings and those reported in cerebellectomized preparations indicates that the reciprocal pattern of response to tilt of neurons, particularly located in the hindlimb region of the NVL, depends upon the anatomical integrity of the cerebellum.

Acoustic Maculae↗

PubMed1982

Pharmacological modification of the edema produced by combined infusions of prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin in canine forelimbs.

In dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, 60 min local i.a. infusions of prostaglandin E1 (4 micrograms/min) together with bradykinin (10 micrograms base/min) into forelimbs perfused at a constant pump controlled flow rate produced decreases in perfusion pressure and very marked increases in lymph flow, lymph total protein concentration, total protein transport and weight (266 g). Pretreatment with indomethacin did not significantly reduce the very marked increases in these parameters produced by the combined prostaglandin E1-bradykinin infusions. Treatment with diphenhydramine completely prevented the increases in lymph flow, lymph total protein concentration, total protein transport, weight and vasodilation produced by infusions of histamine, but not those produced by infusions of prostaglandin E1 or bradykinin. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone prevented the increases in lymph flow, lymph total protein concentration, total protein transport and weight produced by infusions of prostaglandin E1, but not those produced by infusions of high doses of histamine or bradykinin. Treatment with either methylprednisolone or diphenhydramine significantly reduced the very marked increases in these parameters produced by combined infusions of prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin to levels produced by infusions of bradykinin alone. Vasopressin or isoproterenol treatment essentially prevented the very marked increases in lymph flow, lymph total protein concentration, total protein transport and weight produced by combined infusions of prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin. These data suggest that the potentiation of the bradykinin edema formation produced by prostaglandin E1 results from an endogenous release of histamine and that treatment with vasopressin or isoproterenol essentially prevents the development of edema produced by combined infusions of these autacoids. Moreover, the potentiation is not dependent on the vasodilator action of prostaglandin E1 as it may be demonstrated under constant controlled flow conditions.

Alprostadil↗

PubMed1983

Positional information in the forelimb of the axolotl: properties of the posterior skin.

Two series of experiments were carried out to investigate the properties of the positional information carried by posterior skin of the axolotl forelimb. The skin was assayed by grafting it to the anterior side of a normal limb and then amputating through the graft region. The formation of a double posterior regenerate indicates that the grafted skin carried the posterior coding. In the first series, double posterior limbs were created by grafting posterior half limb rudiments to the flank of tailbud-stage embryos. The animals were reared for several months and then a half cuff of anterior skin, judged in relation to the whole body axes, was assayed by grafting to one of the host limbs. The results show that both sides of the double posterior limb carry the posterior coding and confirm our expectation that the visible anatomy is a good guide to the underlying codings. In the second series animals were prepared by embryonic grafts so that they bore an extra normal limb on the flank. This extra limb was marked by pigmentation and in some cases by triploidy. When the limbs had developed, posterior skin from the extra limb was grafted to the anterior side of a host limb. The host limbs were amputated at intervals ranging from 2 weeks to 1 year after the skin graft. The results show that the posterior coding carried by the graft is stable even in an anterior environment. Studies of the cellular composition of regenerates which had received triploid grafts showed that the graft epidermis was progressively replaced by that of the host. The dermis on the other hand retained triploid cells throughout.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed1978

A laboratory system for production of flexion rates and forces in the forelimb of the horse.

The distal portion of the forelimb of the horse is provided with a stay apparatus composed of tendons, ligaments, and fascia. This stay apparatus provides the major resistance to joint flexion during the support phase of the stride. The laboratory test system described was shown to be able to reproduce in vitro limb motions and hoof forces measured with a running horse. These results indicated the stay apparatus operates in a largely passive mode, active muscle contraction apparently serving to provide rigidity only early in the support phase of the stride. The testing system described was designed to take advantage of the passive nature of the stay apparatus in order to study in vitro the forces, accelerations, and deformations encountered by the limb of the galloping horse in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Asymmetry of motor function in the forelimbs of cats].

82% of cats revealed natural domineering of forelimbs forming in early ontogenesis movements of different degrees of complexness in conditions of equal input signals so both hemispheres. Among these animals 75% appeared to be "right-pawed". This phenomenon points out an initial, apparently hereditary interhemisphere asymmetry of functional state of the brain motor structures.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Cholinergic mechanism controlling the response gain of forelimb extensor muscles to sinusoidal stimulation of macular labyrinth and neck receptors.

The multiunit EMG activity of the triceps brachii was recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats during roll tilt of the animal or neck rotation at the frequencies of 0.026-0.15 Hz and at the peak amplitude of 10 degrees, leading to selective stimulation of labyrinth or neck receptors. The first harmonic component of the EMG responses to labyrinth stimulation was characterized by an increased activity during side-down tilt of the animal and a decreased activity during side-up tilt; however, just the opposite changes were elicited for the same directions of neck rotation. The peak of the responses was closely related to the extreme animal or neck displacement, thus being attributed to stimulation of position-sensitive macular labyrinth and receptors. Moreover, the modulation as well as the gain of the EMG responses were small in amplitude. Intravenous injections of an anticholinesterase at a dose which in some instances slightly decreased the extensor tonus as well as the background activity of the triceps brachii (eserine sulphate, 0.05-0.075 mg/kg), greatly enhanced the response gain of this extensor muscle to animal tilt or neck rotation at the parameters reported above. This finding was also observed in the absence of any decrease in spontaneous EMG activity of the extensor muscle after injection of the anticholinesterase. In no instance did the phase angle of the response change following these injections. The increased gain of the EMG response of the forelimb extensor muscle to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth and neck receptors was first observed 5-10 min after the injection and reached the highest value in about one hour. This effect, was not only time-dependent, but also state-dependent. In fact, the increase in response gain described above either did not occur or was negligible during the sudden recovery of the extensor rigidity which occurred either spontaneously or after somatosensory stimulations. The effects elicited by eserine sulphate were reversed within seconds by a 0.1-0.5 mg/kg dose of atropine sulphate, an anticholinergic drug. It is postulated that for the same labyrinthine or neck signal giving rise to excitatory vestibulospinal volleys acting on extensor motoneurons, the amplitude of the EMG modulation of limb extensor muscles depends on the activity of a cholinergic system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The effect of cortical lesions on the electromyographic response to joint displacement in the squirrel monkey forelimb.

The extent of participation of supraspinal structures in the generation of the long latency (M2) electromyographic (EMG) response to imposed joint displacement may be reflected in the effect of lesions of the central nervous system. M2 activity has been reported in a variety of studies to be either present or absent following supraspinal lesions. Since other studies have shown different characteristics of long latency activity in proximal as compared to distal upper limb muscles in primates, the present experiments were conducted to determine the effect of motor cortical (area 4) lesions on reflex activity generated in a proximal versus a distal upper limb muscle. Chronic experiments were performed on squirrel monkeys with unilateral lesions of the forelimb motor cortex (area 4) which was mapped with the aid of electrical stimulation. Input-output relationships were determined between torque motor-imposed joint rotation and the EMG response in the stretched muscles (flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and short head of biceps (SHB)). The EMG responses were reported as a percentage of maximum EMG output and controlled for base line EMG level. The "gain" (slope of EMG response versus torque load) for FDP M2 activity was markedly decreased in the limb contralateral to the area 4 lesion as compared to the opposite limb. This decrease was independent of base line EMG levels. In SHB, early latency (M1) EMG activity was significantly increased, but M2 activity appeared unaffected on the side contralateral to the lesion. The results demonstrate that the central and peripheral mechanisms generating M2 activity in FDP differ from those in SHB in terms of motor cortical dependency.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Effects of pyramidal lesions on forelimb movements in the cat.

The effects of uni- and bilateral transections of the medullary pyramids on movements requiring differential use of distal forelimb muscles were studied. The pyramidotomy abolished for more than one year the ability to solve tasks which required flexion and adduction of the digits involved in grasping, e. g. to extract food from narrow horizontal and vertical tubes; unilateral and bilateral pyramidal lesions had comparable effects. In other tasks, involving primarily movements of more proximal muscles, e. g. in retrieving food from behind vertical bars or from between vertical walls, the impairment was both less pronounced and shorter lasting; unilateral pyramidal lesions produced in these movements smaller deficits than bilateral lesions.

Animals↗