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PubMed1984

Peripheral vasomotor control and menopausal flushing--a preliminary report.

Menopausal flushing can be considered as an intermittent loss of peripheral vasomotor control. Thermal entrainment testing has been used to assess the degree of peripheral vasomotor control in a preliminary study of seven women receiving oestrogen replacement therapy in the form of percutaneous cream. Significant improvement was demonstrated in the degree of control over a 3-month period in those patients who were symptomatically improved. We suggest that oestrogen exerts an influence on peripheral vasomotor control and flushes and sweats occur when this influence is removed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1985

Effect of oral clonidine on human cardiovascular responsiveness: a possible explanation of the therapeutic action of the drug in menopausal flushing and migraine.

The effect of an alpha-adrenergic agonist, clonidine hydrochloride, on cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline, adrenaline and angiotensin was investigated in menopausal women with hot flushes. The increase in forearm blood flow induced by adrenaline, noradrenaline or angiotensin was significantly less in women treated for at least 6 weeks with clonidine compared with that induced in the women by infusions given before treatment. Pulse rate during the amine infusions was significantly lower after clonidine treatment but constrictor responses in the hand were unchanged. These findings cannot be wholly explained in terms of an action of clonidine confined to adrenergic mechanisms and suggest that the drug may influence peripheral vascular responsiveness. Such an effect could explain the mechanism of the beneficial clinical action of the drug in subjects with menopausal flushing or migraine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Menopausal flushes: a neuroendocrine link with pulsatile luteninizing hormone secreation.

Menopausal flush episodes were found to be invariably associated with the initiation of pulsatile pituitary release of luteinizing hormone. This was not accompanied by a significant change in circulating catecholamine or prolactin concentrations. Since pulsatile luteinizing hormone release results from episodic secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing factor by the hypothalamus, these findings suggest a link between the neuroendocrine mechanisms that initiate such episodic secretion and those responsible for the onset of flush episodes.

Climacteric↗
PubMed1978

Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing: a dominantly inherited trait associated with diabetes.

A simple test was devised to identify people susceptible to chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing (CPAF). Subjects were given a placebo tablet, followed by sherry 12 and 36 hours later. They then received a chlorpropamide tablet and sherry again after 12 and 36 hours. This single-dose challenge test was given to non-insulin-dependent diabetics, insulin-dependent diabetics, and normal subjects. CPAF was common in the non-insulin-dependent diabetics but rare in the other groups. When the test was used in identical twins and families of affected subjects CPAF appeared to be a dominantly inherited trait. We conclude that facial flushing after alcohol in people taking chlorpropamide is related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes, especially when there is a strong family history of diabetes, but not to insulin-dependent diabetes. It is a dominantly inherited trait.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and diabetic complications.

Many diabetics who take chlorpropamide (a sulphonylurea compound) experience facial flushing after drinking even small amounts of alcohol. These flushers have a noticeably lower prevalence of late complications of diabetes (microangiopathy, macroangiopathy, and neuropathy) than non-flushers. This flush reaction is accompanied by increased blood acetaldehyde concentrations, suggesting an inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. In the present study the activity of this enzyme in erythrocytes was assessed in the absence of chlorpropamide. Erythrocyte homogenates obtained from flushers and non-flushers were incubated with acetaldehyde and the rate of metabolism studies. Flushers eliminated acetaldehyde more slowly at a low range of concentrations (0--30 mumol/l), suggesting a difference in aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1988

Diverticular disease: imaging with post-double-contrast sigmoid flush.

In a prospective study, the effect of infusion of a low-density contrast material was evaluated as an adjunct to high-density, double-contrast imaging of the sigmoid colon. After double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) study, 52 consecutive patients with sigmoid diverticulosis received an additional 500-750-mL enema either with water or a 1.5% barium suspension for computed tomography. Rectosigmoid radiographs were evaluated for luminal distention, visualization of the interhaustral space, definition of diverticula, and interpretation of polypoid defects. While double-contrast views were excellent in 21% of patients, improvement in multiple factors by water or 1.5% barium flush resulted in improved sigmoid images in 65% and 75% of patients, respectively. Polyps were confirmed and artifactual defects confidently excluded. Sigmoid flush, particularly with low-density barium, is a simple adjunct to DCBE study that improves visualization of the diverticular sigmoid and increases interpretive confidence.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1990

Optimizing heparin utilization in angiographic flush solutions.

Various concentrations of heparin in angiographic flush solutions are employed during angiography. In an effort to determine whether differences in outcome are seen when either high or low concentrations of heparin in angiographic flush solutions are utilized, two groups of patients were evaluated. There was no difference in outcome and a small systemic effect from heparin was seen in both groups. Use of a low concentration of heparin is suggested for routine angiography.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flushing of spigotted silicone central venous feeding catheters--how often?

Fourteen patients no longer requiring parenteral feeding but retaining the central venous feeding catheter while being assessed for adequate oral intake of nutrients, were included in a study to determine how long these catheters could be left without flushing and without becoming occluded. The catheters were left for between 2 and 6 days without flushing and none was occluded when tested. All the catheters were sterile on final withdrawal.

Catheters, Indwelling↗
PubMed2002

Correct positioning of the venous port-a-cath catheter: comparison of intravascular electrocardiography signal from guidewire and sodium bicarbonate flushed catheter.

A prospective study comparing the efficacy of wire-conducted intravascular ECG (IVECG) signal and signal from the port with a sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) flushed catheter to correctly place a catheter tip was carried out in 100 patients. The correct position of the catheter tip was confirmed as follows: with technique G, the IVECG signal was conducted from a guide wire to identify the tip position. With technique P, the IVECG signal was conducted from the port with a NaHCO3 (0.8 mmol/ml) flushed catheter to ascertain the tip position. Each patient received both technique G and technique P in a randomized sequence. The quality of IV-ECG signals, which included baseline drift, P wave pattern and QRS wave pattern, were assessed for ten seconds. Satisfactory quality of these IVECG signals was observed in all of the patients with technique P and 90 of the 100 patients with technique G, and this difference was significant (P=0.001). There was no obvious difference between the techniques in catheter tip placement time or the measured optimal catheter length. The incidence of atrial premature contractions was higher with technique G than with technique P (13% vs 2%; P=0.003). Therefore, technique P is a practical alternative for correctly placing the catheter tip of a Port-A-Cath.

Catheterization, Central Venous↗
PubMed2001

Rapid brain cooling in intubated pigs through nasal flushing with oxygen: prevention of brain hyperthermia.

Local cooling of the brain by the respiratory air is found in many animal species. The mechanism is based on cooling of the nasal vein blood and heat transfer in the cavernous sinus/carotid artery complex and is therefore not active in anaesthetised, intubated animals. The present experiment was made to investigate the effects of oxygen flushing of the nasal cavities in such animals. Nine anaesthetised, intubated male pigs were used. The temperatures in the third ventricle and rectum were measured continuously. Oxygen was infused into the nasal cavities during 10 min periods interrupted by 10 min without flow. The nasal oxygen flow constantly induced a rapid, reversible and flow dependant decrease in brain temperature: 0.25 degree C +/- 0.04, (n = 2) (mean +/- SD, n) at < 4 l/min; 1.35 degrees C +/- 0.78, (n = 20) at 4-6 l/min; and 1.44 degrees C +/- 0.62, (n = 6) at > 6 l/min. The ventricle temperature decreased 0.59 degree C +/- 0.23, (n = 8) when the animals were transferred to spontaneous respiration and the tracheal tube removed. It may be possible to protect the brain in intubated animals and humans from heat-induced damages by establishment of nasal flushing.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Differences in the ratio of bioactive to immunoreactive serum luteinizing hormone during vasomotor flushes and hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women.

With the recognition of differences between serum bioactive (bio) and immunoreactive (i) LH concentrations in various clinical situations, we measured changes in the bio:i LH ratio in postmenopausal (PM) women in response to iv GnRH, during the vasomotor flush, and in response to both estrogen and progestin treatment. Bio LH was measured using the mouse interstitial cell assay and LER 907 as standard, with conversion to milliinternational units per ml (Second International Reference Preparation of human menopausal gonadotropin). In 22 PM women, aged 42-56 yr, serum bio LH [455 +/- 73 (+/- SE) mIU/ml] and the bio:i LH ratio (8.3 +/- 0.7) were significantly higher than in premenopausal women (25.5 +/- 5 mIU/ml and 1.5 +/- 0.2, respectively; P less than 0.002). In response to 150 micrograms iv GnRH, there was a greater rise in levels of iLH and bioLH in PM women than in premenopausal women, but there were no changes in the bio:i LH ratio after GnRH. During nine flushing episodes in three women, documented by digital temperature and iLH pulses, there was a significant increase in the bio:i LH ratio (P less than 0.001). After treatment of seven PM women for 2 months with 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens and seven other PM women with 150 mg im depomedroxyprogesterone acetate, vasomotor symptoms decreased significantly. Serum iLH did not change after treatment, but bio:i LH ratios decreased significantly, and 7 of 14 women had levels in the premenopausal range. These data suggest that bioLH and the bio:i LH ratio correlate better than iLH with symptomatology in PM women.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Embolization with steel coils using a saline flush technique.

A method using saline flush to push Gianturco steel coils through catheters is described, and has been successfully used in 45 patients. The saline flush technique requires no precise matching of coils and catheters, solves problems associated with the conventional method and simplifies the coil embolization procedure.

Arteries↗
PubMed2001

How Japanese women talk about hot flushes: implications for menopause research.

An unanticipated onomatopoeic expression emerged during ethnographic interviews with Japanese women about menopausal symptoms. At the same time, a newly coined term for hot flush, derived from English, started appearing in Japanese media. These two independent linguistic phenomena led me to speculate on what linguistic expression of physical sensations may reveal about social forces in a given society. This report examines the complexities involved in studying physiological symptoms. The multiple and intertwined variables--including economics, politics, social organization, and language--involved in translating physiological symptoms cross-culturally have been well recognized. But how to study these variables remains a challenge. This article offers a case study of what careful attention to verbal expression may tell us. My argument underscores the social fact that the expressions people choose to use vary according to their reasons for communicating and that their motivations for verbalizing symptoms (hot flush, in this case) depend on the priorities and sanctions of the society in which they live. These factors must be given due consideration when assessing any symptoms of the individual body.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Changes of progesterone content of rat uterine flushings in relation to serum concentrations of progesterone during the oestrous cycle.

Uterine fluid was collected from four-day cyclic rats at each stage of the oestrous cycle and assayed for progesterone and protein content. Progesterone was determined by radioimmunoassay either after ethanol (or 2.5% NaOH) denaturation of proteins from uterine flushings ('total' progesterone) or without protein denaturation ('ether-extractable' progesterone). The amount of 'ether-extractable' progesterone in the lumen was constant from metoestrus to pro-oestrus (340 pg per uterus) but lower in oestrus (200 pg per uterus). However, 'total' progesterone content of uterine fluid was subject to cyclic variations and was highest in dioestrus (890 pg per uterus) and lowest in oestrus (350 pg per uterus), in contrast to serum progesterone which is lowest in dioestrus and highest in oestrus. Protein content of uterine flushings peaked to 780 micrograms per uterus in pro-oestrus then fell to about 140 micrograms per uterus until the end of the oestrous cycle. Changes in protein content of the lumen were followed by qualitative variations since the mean amount of 'bound' progesterone ('total' progesterone minus 'ether-extractable' progesterone) released per milligram of denatured lumen protein rose from 1.8 pmol in pro-oestrus to 18.2 pmol in dioestrus. The changes of luminal 'bound' progesterone during the oestrous cycle suggest that progesterone binding to luminal proteins could be an important modulator of progesterone action in rat uterus. Moreover, the variations in progesterone content of the lumen, irrespective of serum progesterone concentrations, are consistent with the hypothesis that progesterone synthesis occurs in the uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of indomethacin administered during the normal time of implantation on the progesterone and protein composition of plasma and uterine flushings of rabbits.

The present experiment was designed to investigate the mode of action of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, as an antifertility agent, and to examine a possible effect of indomethacin administered during the normal peri-implantation period on the protein content and progesterone concentration in plasma and uterine fluid in pseudopregnant rabbits. The results showed that treatment with indomethacin significantly reduced the plasma progesterone concentrations, decreased progesterone concentrations in uterine flushing, significantly decreased the total plasma proteins, and particularly decreased albumin in the plasma and in the uterine flushings. Uteroglobin production by the rabbit uterus was not affected by this treatment. It is concluded that the antifertility effect of indomethacin at the time of implantation is exerted by reducing progesterone concentrations in plasma and uterine fluid, possibly affecting steroidogenesis, and by reducing the percentage of albumin in plasma and in uterine fluid, probably by increasing renal excretion of albumin. These effects of indomethacin provide an environment within the uterus that would not support embryo implantation and development.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Conceptus interferon in uterine flush, endometrial concentrations of oxytocin receptors and prostaglandin F2 alpha release in vitro after transfer of conceptuses to ewes induced to ovulate at 28 days postpartum.

We examined the key events underlying maternal recognition of pregnancy and the prevention of luteolysis in early postpartum ewes by synchronously transferring single expanded blastocysts recovered from control ewes on day 11 of pregnancy into the uterus of either postpartum recipients that had been induced to ovulate 28 days after lambing (n = 12) or control recipients (n = 11). Conceptus development uterine flush interferon (oTP-1) concentrations, endometrial oxytocin receptor concentrations and endometrial prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) release in vitro were determined 5 days later (corresponding to day 16 of the ovarian cycle). By this stage, both conceptus mass and oTP-1 content of total uterine flush in the eight postpartum recipients that remained pregnant were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in the eight pregnant control ewes (524 +/- 116.6 versus 959 +/- 80.6 mg and 968 +/- 16.9 versus 1512 +/- 106.2 ng oTP-1 for postpartum and control recipients, respectively). These effects were independent of ovulation rate and daily peripheral progesterone concentrations after blastocyst transfer, which were similar between groups. Endometrial oxytocin receptor density was variable in both groups when they were killed, and was generally higher in pregnant postpartum than in control recipients, and was significantly different (P < 0.05) when the values for the transfer but not the contralateral uterine horns were compared. Similarly, basal and oxytocin-stimulated endometrial PGF2 alpha release during a 4 h incubation were higher (P < 0.01) in pregnant postpartum versus control recipients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Production of a human epidermal growth factor fusion protein and its degradation in rat gastrointestinal flushings.

This study describes the biosynthesis of a human epidermal growth factor fusion protein, Long EGF, that has a 53 amino acid extension peptide derived from the 46 N-terminal amino acids of porcine GH. The approach allowed the production of Long EGF at high efficiency due to the expression of the fusion protein in high yield as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Long EGF had a slightly lower potency compared with native EGF in a range of assays, including binding to anti-EGF antibodies or the EGF receptor, stimulation of Balb/3T3 fibroblast and rat intestinal epithelial cell growth, as well as counteracting the inhibition of mink lung epithelial cell proliferation by transforming growth factor-beta 1. Degradation of Long EGF and native EGF was compared in gastrointestinal flushings as an indication of whether the EGF domain of the fusion protein would be protected from proteolytic cleavage and be useful as a trophic agent in the gut. Incubation with flushings from the stomach or jejunum of rats caused rapid cleavage of the extension peptide, releasing native EGF. A C-terminal truncation of Arg53 in the stomach and a removal of the C-terminal pentapeptide (49 Trp-Trp-Glu-Leu-Arg53) in the small bowel was demonstrated by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry. The degradation patterns were reflected by changes in migration of products on SDS-PAGE and in subsequent binding activities to the EGF receptor and anti-EGF antibodies. The data show that a human EGF fusion protein can be produced efficiently in a bacterial expression system and that it retains biological activity in vitro. Although the extension peptide was rapidly cleaved from Long EGF in both stomach and small bowel producing similar biological activity to native EGF, it could not prevent subsequent degradation of the EGF domain. Other strategies are being investigated to develop an effective oral form of EGF that resists digestion by proteases in the gastrointestinal tract.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reduction of enteric microbes in flushed swine wastewater treated by a biological aerated filter and UV irradiation.

An aerobic biofilter system was studied to assess its effectiveness for reducing enteric microbial indicators in flushed swine wastewater under different seasonal conditions. A laboratory-scale, low-pressure UV collimated beam apparatus was used to investigate the effectiveness of UV irradiation for inactivating enteric bacteria, coliphages, and bacterial spores in treated and untreated swine wastewater having unfiltered absorbances of 5 to 11 cm(-1) and total suspended solids concentrations of 500 to 1200 mg/L. Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, somatic coliphages, and male-specific coliphages were reduced by 97 to 99% in the biofilter system when reactor water temperatures were between 23 and 32 degrees C. Salmonella were reduced by 95 to 97% when water temperatures were 17 to 32 degrees C. Of the six microbial indicators studied. Clostridium perfringens spores were typically reduced the least by the biofilter system. At an average absorbed UV irradiation dose of 13 mJ/cm2, maximum reductions of fecal coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, C. perfringens spores, and somatic coliphages in biofilter system effluent were 2.2, 2.1, 1.3, 0.2, and 2.3 log10, respectively. The results of this study show that the aerobic biofilter system can be an effective alternative for treatment of flushed swine waste. Ultraviolet irradiation can be effective for further reducing enteric microbe concentrations in biologically-treated swine waste, as well as in lower quality wastewaters, indicating its general potential for pathogen reductions in low-quality wastewaters intended for beneficial reuse.

Aerobiosis↗