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PubMed1991

Social influences on the course of anxious and depressive disorders in school-age children.

In a follow-up study of 49 children and adolescents with anxious or depressive disorders up to 50% had not recovered. In the 12 months preceding onset there were no social factors which predicted recovery at follow-up. Between onset and follow-up the children were less likely to be exposed to undesirable life events, and significant improvements in maternal confiding relationships were reported. Neither of these improvements predicted the level of recovery at follow-up. Poor recovery is best predicted by moderate to poor friendships after the onset of disorder, particularly for those with a diagnosis of depression. Further confirmation is provided that direct interviewing of children by trained personnel using semistructured schedules is a valid method for determining mental symptoms and perception of recent friendships.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Social support factors and health among a senior center population in southern Ontario, Canada.

Past research on senior centers has mainly focused on utilization, frequency, duration of attendance, participation or various activities and services. This study strives to go beyond previous research by examining social support factors and their relationship to mental and physical health across a senior center population in southern Ontario, Canada. Data were collected at two large senior centers in the Kitchener, Waterloo area. We used a self-administered survey among a sample of older participants (n=186). One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Duncan's multiple range tests, t-tests, and linear regression analyses were used to examine the influence of social support (friendship, caregiving and advice) on mental and physical health. The results indicated that caregiving is significantly related to physical health, how respondents feel in general, and happiness with personal life. Advice from others is significantly related to perceptions of having a life full of interesting things. Additionally, respondents who are volunteers perceive better health and social support than non-volunteers, those who eat at the center perceive better health and caregiving support, and those that started a new activity perceived better health and social support from friendships. Implications for social work practice, policy and future research are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer.

BACKGROUND: Victimisation at school may result in long-term social, emotional and psychological effects (Parker & Asher, 1987; Sharp, 1995), particularly for children with special educational needs (Whitney et al., 1994). Children who stammer may be at risk of being bullied due to their peer-relationship and verbal difficulties. AIM: This study aimed to explore the nature, frequency and causes of bullying amongst children who stammer as well as the short- and long-term effects of their victimisation. SAMPLE: The sample consisted of 276 respondents from the British Stammering Association, a national association for dysfluent people. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of school experiences related to bullying, and its effects, was conducted through both semi-structured interviews and postal questionnaires. RESULTS: A majority of respondents had experienced bullying at school, and the likelihood of being bullied was related to the reported difficulties in friendship-making. Nearly one-half of teachers and families were reported as not being aware of this bullying. A majority reported immediate negative personal effects of this bullying, and 46% reported some long-term effects. CONCLUSION: Logistic regression analyses suggested that the severity of bullying, together with other factors such as difficulty with friendships, predicted these effects. COMMENT: In response to the high incidence of bullying experienced by children who stammer, a pack has been developed which aims to create a more empathetic school climate where differences are tolerated rather than assaulted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The Osler-Cushing covenant.

In 1900 William Osler established a friendship with Harvey Cushing that encompassed the personal and professional aspects of their lives for over two decades. Their shared participation in the covenant of medicine shaped an intense friendship and mentoring relationship that profited both individuals immeasurably. The choice of Cushing as the recipient of Osler's mentoring had its origins in their rearing, avocations, and in the way of life that they shared. In Cushing, Osler identified a surrogate son who joined with him in defining the course of medicine and surgery over the next century.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2002

The assessment of peer selection and peer environmental influences on behavior using pairs of siblings or twins.

Many studies have found strong peer correlations for a variety of problem behaviors that begin in adolescence (e.g. substance use). Such correlations are commonly attributed to peer influences, but could also be explained by selective ('assortative') friendship: the tendency for those with similar patterns of behavior to become friends. Here we show how, under certain assumptions, cross-sectional data from pairs of siblings or twins and their peers may be used to resolve the contributions of peer selection and reciprocal peer environmental influences to peer resemblance. We performed power calculations to determine necessary sample sizes for rejecting with 80% power, at the 5% significance level, the hypothesis of only peer selection effects, or only reciprocal peer environmental effects. A false hypothesis of only selective friendship effects was always easier to reject than a false hypothesis of only reciprocal peer environmental influences. Limitations of these simulations, including uncertainty about the most appropriate way to model peer selection, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effects of pre-entry career maturity and support networks in workplace on newcomers' mental health.

The present study examined the effects of pre-entry experiences (i.e. career maturity), as well as support networks (i.e. informational and friendship), on newcomers' mental health (i.e. depression, self-esteem, psychosomatic symptoms, and work motivation). We performed a longitudinal study of 890 men and women who first entered the workplace in 2003. Surveys were distributed at two time points: just prior to entering the workplace, and two months after entering. Results indicated that career maturity related positively to newcomers' mental health, and newcomers with high career maturity were more successful in establishing positive relationships with superiors and co-workers. Although, informational support networks positively related to work motivation, friendship networks did not show any direct effects on mental health. These results underscore the crucial roles of career maturity and informational networks in facilitating the transition to the workplace. The results also provide empirical support for an expanded view of the importance of pre-entry experiences to workplace newcomers' mental health.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Self-esteem of adolescents who were born prematurely.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are any differences between the self-esteem of a cohort of adolescents who were extremely low birth weight (ELBW) in comparison with term controls (Cs); and to test the associations between self-esteem and several predefined predictor variables. BACKGROUND: Self-esteem is considered to play a significant role in psychological adjustment and scholastic success. Little information exists on how adolescents who were ELBW regard themselves. DESIGN/METHODS: Longitudinal follow-up of a regional cohort of 132/169 (78%) ELBW survivors and 127/145 (88%) sociodemographically matched Cs, born between 1977 and 1982. MEASURES: Harter Adolescent Self-Perception Profile (1988) with 9 dimensions, including Global Self-Worth, socioeconomic status (Hollingshead), height-for-age and weight-for-age z scores, and Wide Range Achievement Test---Revised (WRAT-R; Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic). DATA ANALYSIS: General linear model multiple analyses of covariance were performed to determine whether significant relationships existed between the 9 self-esteem dimensions and the independent variables of birth weight status and gender, and the covariates of age, socioeconomic status, physical development, and academic achievement. RESULTS: Global Self Worth was similar for ELBW and Cs (means: 3.1 and 3.2). Multivariate effects revealed no interactions, but significant main effects emerged for birth weight status, gender, weight-for-age z scores, age in months, and for all 3 WRAT-R subtests, all effect sizes medium to large. Follow-up analysis of covariance revealed medium-size gender effects for athletic competence (means: 3.1 and 2.6), and physical appearance (means: 2.9 and 2.5), where boys rated themselves significantly higher on both domains; and age effects, where older teens rated themselves better for job competence. Significant but small effect sizes emerged for the following: 1) weight-for-age z scores, where heavier youth rated themselves higher on close friendships, 2) gender, where girls had higher ratings for close friendships, 3) birth weight, where Cs rated themselves higher on athletic competence, and 4) WRAT-R math effect, where children with higher math scores rated themselves better on scholastic competence. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, ELBW teenagers do not differ significantly from C teenagers on most dimensions of self-esteem. Gender effects emerged on some Harter domains.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Height and social adjustment: are extremes a cause for concern and action?

OBJECTIVE: Growth hormone treatment of hormone-sufficient short youths is predicated on the belief that short stature is associated with social problems with peers. This study assessed peer relations and social adjustment as a function of height in a community sample. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 1 public school district in Western New York of students of both genders who attended grades 6 to 12 (N = 956). Target groups included participants of short stature (height or=1.6 standard deviation; >or=95th percentile; n = 58) and classmates of average height (between the 25th and 75th percentiles; n = 123) used for within-class comparisons. All remaining unclassified classmates (n = 704) also provided data. Self- and peer-rated assessment of social reputation and social acceptance was measured. RESULTS: Minimal effects of height on measures of social functioning were detected despite substantial statistical power. We detected no significant relationships between height and measures of friendship, popularity, or reputation with peers. Findings did not vary by gender of participant, by peer- or self-report, or by whether data from the entire sample were used or target groups were contrasted with comparison participants. Shorter students were perceived by peers to be younger than their age. This influence was restricted to lower grades and did not have an impact on measures of social acceptance or reputation with peers. CONCLUSIONS: Extremes of stature in the general population-either short or tall-have minimal detectable impact on peer perceptions of social behavior, friendship, or acceptance. Findings are not supportive of the need to intervene a priori because of the potential risk of negative stature-related social sequelae. Furthermore, if problems with peer relationships are identified among short or tall youths, then factors other than stature should be considered as etiologically important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with the successful aging of the socially-active elderly in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with aging of the socially-active elderly in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of 400 elderly subjects. Through a conglomerate analysis using the combined results of the Flanagan Scale and the quality of life assessment instrument developed by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-100), the subjects classified as presenting a higher quality of life were considered to have aged successfully. RESULTS: After having been adjusted for the variables gender, age, level of depression, despair, perceived health status, meaning that personal beliefs give to life, satisfaction with social activities and relations, the following factors maintained their independent and meaningful effect on successful aging: family relations and friendships (OR = 4.93; 95% CI: 2.83-8.60), health and perceived well being (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.07-2.59), functional capacity (OR = 23.70; 95% CI: 10.98-51.06) and psychosocial support (OR = 7.36; 95% CI: 4.00-13.54). CONCLUSIONS: Independence in performing daily life activities and autonomy, as well as satisfaction with family relations and friendships, were independent predictive factors of successful aging for both men and women. For women in particular, there were various predictive factors: material comfort; feeling physically well; body image and appearance; self-esteem; positive feelings; interpersonal relationships; social support; participation in recreational activities; sexuality; spirituality; and beliefs. The elderly maintain a relationship with themselves, with others and with their beliefs. Family is the main social support system.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

Social interaction and psychological well-being: comparison across stages of adulthood.

Using a national probability sample, this study examines the impact of social interaction on psychological well-being across stages of adulthood. Quality of social interaction measured by satisfaction with family life and friendship are found to be positively related to well-being of adults in all age groups. A further examination of this positive effect shows that the impact of family and friendship interaction on well-being are similar in each adulthood stage. These findings show that the positive impact of social interaction on psychological well-being is not unique to the elderly population but similar among all stages of adulthood.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Social relations across the life span: in search of unified models.

The authors in this collection have addressed topics of great relevance to the study of social relations across the life span, including the application of family systems models, the development of friendship relations, and the consequences of sibling conflict. Issues considered in this discussion are 1) the value of conceptualizing social development as a life-long process, 2) theoretical and methodological implications of a life course perspective on social relations, and 3) how the collaborative efforts represented in these articles contribute to achieving unified models of life span social development. The collaborators are lauded for their progress toward formulating valid and useful models of family and friendship relations across the life span. The social convoy model is suggested as a broader framework for organizing life span developmental research on diverse relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Older widows and married women: their intimates and confidants.

Interview data obtained from 132 women sixty-five and older reveals that the widows and married women have a comparable number of primary friends. Being over age seventy-four influences the size of the friendship network for widows but not married women. The primary friendships of widows and married women parallel each other in terms of endurance and stability. Primary ties with men are the exception rather than the norm, for both widows and married women. Widows do differ from married women in that the former rely on confidant friends to a greater extent. Ties between older women and their confidants are characterized by norms of reciprocity.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Shyness and love on a college campus.

Shyness and Love scales were administered to investigate the relation between shyness and love for 153 men and 217 women on a college campus. Three groups, Love, Dating, and Friendship, were identified on the Love scale, which was composed of 5 subscales, Respect, Congeniality, Altruism, Physical Attraction, and Attachment. For the Love and Friendship groups shyness appears to be a barrier to congeniality and physical attraction, which are aspects of love, as well as to love itself. Shyness did not appear to inhibit the Dating group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Experience and expression of jealousy: comparison between friends and romantics.

A survey was administered to assess the differences between friends and romantics regarding the experience and expression of jealousy. The first hypothesis predicted that the perceived appropriateness of the expression of jealousy would be greater in romantic relationships than in friendships. Therefore, the second hypothesis predicted that the expression of jealousy would be greater in romantic relationships than in friendships. Third, it was expected that the intensity of jealousy would be a stronger predictor of expression for romantics than for friends. The first two hypotheses were confirmed; however, the last hypothesis received only tenuous support. While t tests yielded no significant differences on the intensity of the experience of jealousy between friends and romantics, the difference on expression is explained in terms of social or normative influences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Affective components of the human-animal relationship in animal husbandry: development and validation of a questionnaire.

The aim of the present study was to identify the main dimensions of the human-animal relationship in animal husbandry and to test the hypothesis of a coherent system linking attitudes and feelings. A second objective was to assess interindividual differences which could be linked to socioenvironmental or personal factors. The 26-item questionnaire was administered to 197 animal farmers (143 men, 54 women, 3.8% under 25 years old, 45.2% under 40 years, 44.2% under 60 years and 7.1% over 60 years). To include even farmers not in the official agricultural registries, we used a random selection procedure. A principal component analysis of responses followed by varimax rotation yielded two factors accounting for 30.7% of the total variance, a Friendship factor and a Power relationship factor. Significant differences on the Friendship factor were observed between groups by sex of farmers, education, size of the production system, and region of production. There were also differences on the Power relationship factor between groups by age and education. These results validate a questionnaire with 21 items, allowing measurement of positive and negative affects of farmers towards their animals.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Psychosocial and emotional sequelae of individuals with traumatic brain injury: a literature review and recommendations.

The psychosocial problems of decreased social contact, depression, and loneliness that occur for many with traumatic brain injury (TBI) create a major challenge for enhancing efforts at community re-entry. Despite dramatic physical progress within the first six months after injury, these psychosocial problems remain a persistent long-term problem for the majority of individuals with severe TBI. Researchers have consistently suggested that the psychosocial problems associated with TBI may actually be the major challenge facing rehabilitation. The majority of individuals who sustain TBI are young males between the ages of 19 and 25, who are in the early stages of establishing their independence in areas including friendships, leisure activities, intimate relationships, residence, and employment. The problem of social isolation and decreased leisure activities create a renewed dependence of the survivor on his/her family to meet these needs. In this article we review a large number of papers which examine the psychosocial and emotional sequelae for TBI patients. The results of those studies demonstrate four primary themes. The first theme depicts that individuals who experience severe TBI are at high risk for a significant decrease in their friendships and social support. The second theme relates to the lack of opportunity for establishing new social contacts and friends. The third theme relates to the decrease in leisure activities for individuals with severe TBI. Finally, anxiety and depression are found at high levels for prolonged periods of time following severe TBI. Several clinical recommendations are drawn from this literature review. They are: (1) Clinicians such as psychiatric social workers, psychologists, or psychiatrists may need to be called upon more quickly for intervention. The treating physiatrist cannot be expected to provide the insight and frequency of psychological services that may be necessary for many of these patients. (2) Since the literature seems to suggest that the presence of one psychosocial deficit, e.g., anxiety, will often be followed by other similar types of problems, e.g. depression, the treatment team needs to be sensitive to how rapidly these problems can cascade into a very dangerous situation. (3) Perhaps the most compelling recommendation we can make is for community rehabilitation specialists to focus significantly more energies and resources upon the psychological health of clients with TBI. Staff need to be trained to detect these signals that clients with TBI are often sending. It is apparent that psychosocial factors contribute to a rising obstacle level to community adjustment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

[A study of depressive state and background factors in community-dwelling older persons].

In order to maintain and improve the mental health of elderly people living in the community, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to elucidate their depressive state and its background factors. Subjects were elderly persons living in the community who were able to fill in the questionnaire themselves. The study used the self-recording questionnaire sheets used in the Kahoku Longitudinal Aging Study by Matsubayashi et al and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Out of 2,379 elderly persons who were able to fill in the questionnaire by themselves in the community, 2,361 (99.2%) returned the questionnaire sheets. After removing inadequate responses, analysis was possible for 1,181 (49.6%) (542 males (average age 72.3 +/- 5.5) and 639 females (average age 73.0 +/- 6.3). Degree of depressive state as evaluated by SDS was normal for 731 persons (61.9%); mild, 240 (20.3%); moderate, 181 (15.3%); and severe, 29 (2.5%). The average age became higher as the SDS became high, of being indicating the seriousness of the depressive state (p = 0.0155), with the ratio women significantly higher (p = 0.0077). Among those with severe SDS, the ratio of single persons was high (p < 0.001) as well as those who were non-drinkers (p = 0.0015), without regular habit of walking (p < 0.001), or without work (p < 0.001). The ratio of those receiving medication regularly was also significantly high (p = 0.0022). As for the relation of SDS with various of the scores, the higher the SDS score became, the scores for ADL, information-related function, functional and emotional support network, family relationship, friendship, economic condition became significantly lower (p < 0.001, respectively). In logistic regression analysis using the background factors for SDS as explanatory variables, factors such as being women (odds ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.72). ADL (0.80; 0.69-0.93), emotional support network (0.88; 0.81-0.96), friendship (0.98; 0.96-0.99) were significant independent contributing factors. As for the relation between SDS and subjective senses, the more serious the SDS score became, the scores for feelings of healthiness and satisfaction became significantly smaller (both p < 0.001). For prevention and amelioration of the depressive state of elderly persons living in the community, attempts should be made to improve the background factors which were clarified by the present study by efficiently utilizing health, medical and welfare services and following the future course with a positive attitude.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

[Happiness and background factors in community-dwelling older persons].

In order to maintain and improve mental health of elderly people living in the community, a cross sectional survey was conducted to elucidate their happiness and background factors. The subjects were elderly persons living in the community who were able to fill in the questionnaire themselves. The study employed the self-recording questionnaire forms used in Kahoku Longitudinal Aging Study by Matsubayashi et al. Happiness was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Out of 2,379 elderly persons who were able to fill in the questionnaire by themselves in 2,361 (99.2%) returned the questionnaire sheets. After removing inadequate responses, analysis was possible for 1,873 (78.7%) (860 men (average age 72.7 years) and 1,013 women (average age 72.8 years). Among those with greater happiness, the ratio of those living with others (p = 0.0051) was high as well as those with spouses (p = 0.0240), without a history of hypertension (p = 0.0096) and apoplexy (p = 0.0039), not receiving medication regularly (p = 0.0039), with regular habit of walking (p < 0.001), or with work (p < 0.001). As for the relationship between happiness and various scores, the higher the happiness scale became, the scores for ADL, information-related function, functional and emotional support network, healthy condition, appetite condition, sleep condition, memory condition, family relationships, friendship, economic condition became significantly higher (p < 0.001, respectively). On multiple regression analysis using the background factors for happiness as explanatory variables, factors such as functional support network (p < 0.001), emotional support network (p = 0.0254), healthy condition (p < 0.001), good memory condition (p = 0.0027), friendship (p < 0.001), good economic condition (p < 0.001) were significant independent contributing factors. As for the relation between SDS and happiness, the more serious the SDS score (higher score) became, the scores for the feeling of happiness became significantly smaller (p < 0.001). For amelioration of the happiness of elderly persons living in the community, attempts should be made to improve the background factors clarified by the present study by efficiently utilizing health, medical and welfare services.

Aged↗