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PubMedDate not supplied

Electroencephalographic study of odor responses in the domestic fowl.

Although avian olfaction has been studied behaviorally and anatomically, few electrophysiological (EEG) studies exist. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the olfactory function of the fowl with EEG recording. We found that slow waves decreased and the rapid waves increased in response to a variety of odors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The interaction of bombesin and corticotropin-releasing hormone on ingestive behavior in the domestic fowl.

An experiment was conducted to investigate if bombesin (BM) elicits its effects on feeding through the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) and broiler cockerels were stereotaxically implanted with a 23-gauge stainless steel cannula in the right lateral ventricle. Birds were infused with 0 or 0.5 microg BM, 5 microg alphaCRF (a CRF antagonist), or a combination of both. Food and water consumption were monitored at 15-min intervals through 3 h postinjection. Food and water consumption were both significantly decreased by BM in both SCWL and broilers. In SCWL, alphaCRF had no effect on food intake by itself, but attenuated the effects of BM. In broilers, alphaCRF caused a slight, but significant, decrease in food intake, but also attenuated the effects of BM. Water consumption was not affected by alphaCRF in either broilers or SCWL. We conclude that BM may mediate its central effects on food intake in chickens through the release of CRF.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Comparative development of the antitrochanter in three strains of domestic fowl.

Lameness and musculoskeletal disease were more frequent in two strains of broilers (selected [S] and relaxed [R]) than in an unselected layer (J). Defective fibrocartilage accounted for 0.15 of the total area of antitrochanteric cartilage at 29 weeks of age in the S-strain birds. There was more retained hyaline cartilage in the R- and S-strain birds at 15 weeks, and at 22 and 29 weeks there was delayed ossification. Occluded blood vessels, death of chondrocytes and degenerate areas of fibrocartilage occurred only in the broiler strains; they were worse in the S-strain and degenerate fibrocartilage occurred more frequently and in larger amounts. The area, length and depth of cartilage were larger in the heavier strains but the differences were considerably smaller than the difference in their relative bodyweights. The degeneration of the antitrochanter appeared to be associated with a reduction in the blood supply to the underlying hyaline cartilage and with the death of chondrocytes and the degeneration of matrix within the fibrocartilage of the antirochanter.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1983

The site of 7-dehydrocholesterol ultraviolet photolysis in domestic fowls.

The site of the photolytic reaction leading to Vitamin D3 in fowls integument has been investigated by histochemical and biochemical analysis. The Vitamin D3 precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is synthetized and stored mainly in the uropygial gland and in the same localization several amount of Vitamin D3 may be biochemically detected. 7-dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 are also present although in a lesser amount in the unfeathered skin of the legs. Photolytic conversion of the Vitamin D3 precursor of uropygial origin may occur also on the dorsal feathers.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of male-to-male aggressiveness and feed-restriction during rearing on sexual behaviour and aggressiveness towards females by male domestic fowl.

This experiment was one part of a larger study investigating problems of aggression towards females by male broiler breeder fowl. To investigate causal mechanisms, we were interested in determining (1) if feed-restriction during rearing affects behaviour towards females at sexual maturity and (2) if aggressiveness towards females is correlated with general levels of aggressiveness. We compared broiler breeder males with commercial laying strain males, which were either fed ad libitum or were feed-restricted during the rearing phase, and with game strain males, bred for fighting. Differences in behaviour were determined by observing males during interactions with small groups of females.Laying strain males did not behave aggressively towards females, whether feed-restricted or fed ad libitum during rearing. Despite genetic selection for fighting ability, game strain males also were not aggressive towards females. Conversely, broiler breeder males displayed significantly higher levels of aggression towards females than did feed-restricted laying strain males (P<0.02). Broiler breeder males were rough with females during mating, whereas laying strain and game strain males were not. Females struggled more frequently during mating attempts by broiler breeder males (P<0.002) and interfered frequently when these males attempted to mate with other females.From our results, we conclude that (1) feed-restriction during rearing has little effect on the sexual and aggressive behaviour of laying strain males at maturity and (2) selection for aggressiveness has not resulted in males which are more aggressive to females. Aggression towards females appears to be a unique problem occurring in broiler breeder male strains and not a function of feed-restriction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Influence of vertical panels on use of space by domestic fowl.

In the wild, cover is used by animals to seek shelter from the elements, protection from predators and aggressive conspecifics and as a way to reduce inter-animal communication. Rearing environments for captive raised fowl often contain open areas that are lacking in complexity and that are greatly underused. As a result, use of space within pen-type enclosures is often not uniform. This paper investigates the effect of increased environmental complexity on the use of space by broilers. The experiment consisted of three cover treatments (mesh panels, frame panels and no cover) and three group sizes (80, 110 and 140). The vertical panels, constructed of PVC piping, were positioned in pen centers, while the pen centers in the no cover treatment were left empty. It was hypothesized that the provision of vertical panels to pen centers would attract birds into the central space and would lead to a more uniform distribution of birds. Using a grid-coordinate system set up in each pen, scan samples were taken on the use of space in each pen four times per day, 3 days per week from 5 to 44 days of age. Use of space in the central region for the two cover treatments was significantly higher than for the no cover treatment (P<0.0001). The effect of cover treatment on the mean percentage of birds using the central space was influenced by age (P<0.0001) and by group size (P<0.05). Differences in the use of space between the frame and mesh treatment were only found during week 1. In the side, end and middle regions surrounding the panels, use of space was influenced by cover treatment and age (P<0.0001). Over 80% of the use of pen center occurred at the ends and sides of the panels. These results support the hypothesis that the presence of vertical panels results in a more uniform distribution of birds within the pen by increasing the number of birds using the center.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Rates of eating by domestic fowls in relation to changing food deficits.

Rates of eating by immature female fowls declined in a curvilinear way in the 30 min after return of food after 0-4 h deprivation. Amounts eaten in the first 5-10 min were related positively to the length of deprivation and were greater with pelleted food than with mash. Times taken by birds to reach a presumed equilibrium between probabilities of feeding starting and stopping, at two consecutive minutes with less than 0.2 g eaten, were related positively to the deprivation period and were greater with mash than with pellets. At these times, however, more had been eaten with pellets than with mash, and none of the deprived birds had eliminated their estimated food deficits. Furthermore, in only one out of ten treatments did birds compensate imbalances completely by the end of the 90 min test. It is proposed that the observed changes in eating rate may reflect interactions between pecking success, increasing fatigue and decreasing hunger. It is also concluded that, while short-term adjustments in feeding may be limited by preabsorptive factors, eventual compensation of imbalances depends on postabsorptive control.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ultrastructural and morphometric studies on the peripheral course of the vagus in the domestic fowl, with particular reference to the cholinergic innervation of the pancreas.

Cytochemical and morphometric studies were carried out to ascertain the peripheral course of the vagus nerve to the chicken pancreas. Nerve bundles accompanying the left gastric artery were named tentatively the left gastric artery nerve which contained unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers showing the acetylcholinesterase positive reaction. After vagotomy various degenerating features were observed in both the unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers of the left gastric artery nerve. The ratio of unmyelinated nerve fibers to myelinated nerve fibers decreased significantly following vagotomy, whereas there was no significant difference in the total number of myelinated nerve fibers between the control and vagotomized chickens. Thus, it is hypothesized that the total number of unmyelinated nerve fibers decreases significantly following vagotomy. Our studies yielded the evidence that the left gastric artery nerve contains the unmyelinated nerve fibers derived from the vagus nerve. Moreover, the coeliac plexus showed no significant change in the ratio of unmyelinated to myelinated nerve fibers nor signs of degeneration following vagotomy, although both were observed in the nerve bundles accompanying the pancreatico-duodenal artery. It is, therefore, concluded that a peripheral branch of the vagus nerve runs together with the left gastric and the pancreatico-duodenal arteries, and must innervate the pancreas as the preganglionic nerve fiber.

Acetylcholinesterase↗