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PubMed2006

Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors with longterm fish oil treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) events through multiple factors. Fish oil has been shown to reduce symptoms in RA and to reduce CV risk. We assessed the effect of an antiinflammatory dose of fish oil on CV risk factors within a program of combination chemotherapy for patients with early RA. METHODS: Patients who chose not to take fish oil (n = 13) were compared with patients who achieved a sustained elevation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in plasma phospholipid fatty acids (> 5% total fatty acids) while taking fish oil over a 3-year period (n = 18). We examined cellular content of arachidonic acid (AA), synthesis of thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin E2, use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), traditional CV lipid risk factors, and disease activity at 3 years. RESULTS: At 3 years, AA (as a proportion of AA plus long-chain n-3 fatty acids that can compete with AA for cyclooxygenase metabolism) was 30% lower in platelets and 40% lower in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in subjects taking fish oil. Serum thromboxane B2 was 35% lower and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole-blood prostaglandin E2 was 41% lower with fish oil ingestion compared to no fish oil. NSAID use was reduced by 75% from baseline with fish oil (p < 0.05) and by 37% without fish oil (NS). Favorable changes in fasting blood lipids were seen with, but not without fish oil. Remission at 3 years was more frequent with fish oil use (72%) compared to no fish oil (31%). CONCLUSION: Fish oil reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with RA through multiple mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) of salmonid fish in France: study of the course of natural infection by combined use of viral and seroneutralization test and eradication attempts].

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN), a rhabdoviral infection of salmonid fish, was considered to be an exotic disease in Europe until it was recognized in France and Italy in 1987. In France, the existence of this new condition led the authorities in charge of animal health to order epidemiological studies to be undertaken. These studies were based upon virological, serological and experimental diagnostic methods and also encompassed disease eradication attempts. Studies were conducted at 7 fish farming sites, involved 1,545 salmonid fish, of which 848 were sacrificed, and represented 262 virological examinations and 1,782 serum neutralization tests. The presence of the IHN virus was detected in the 7 trout farm fish populations that were located in 5 regions, one of which was situated 600 km from the place where the first isolation of IHN virus was made. Moreover, 6 out of 7 rainbow trout populations reared in these farms also harboured viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) often resulting in overt disease. Rainbow trout was the only salmonid fish species found infected with IHN. Overt infection, which was observed in fish ageing less than 2,200 degrees-days, always occurred at water temperatures below 14 degrees C, and the younger fish were more susceptible (mortality rate > or = 80%). Although the IHN virus is easily isolable from fish undergoing overt infection, it was hardly detectable in survivors until they were adults, at which stage the virus was shedded via sexual products which constituted suitable materials for virological examination and disease transmission assays. Survivors of overt and dormant IHN infection developed consistent immune response and special attention was paid to neutralizing antibodies (NAb) to IHN virus. The detection of such NAb in fish from infected farming sites or other NAb from presumably IHN-free sites, correlated fairly well with the presence and further detection of IHN virus among such fish populations. Our data provide arguments for considering the serological technique as a suitable means of completing fish health surveillance programmes for IHN. Although our results are in agreement with part of the existing knowledge on IHN, they differed in several points: rainbow trout was the only susceptible fish species; overt IHN was always recorded in juveniles and at water temperatures below 14 degrees C; IHN virus could not be recovered from the mucus of infected broodfish; IHN infection usually coexisted with VHS infection in same fish population; and serology was widely and successfully used for the diagnosis of IHN.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men.

CONTEXT: The effect of fish consumption or long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake on risk of stroke remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of fish consumption and long-chain omega-3 PUFA intake and risk of stroke in men. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Health Professional Follow-up Study, a US prospective cohort study with 12 years of follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 43 671 men aged 40 to 75 years who completed a detailed and validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline in 1986. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relative risk (RR) of stroke by subtype based on cumulative average fish consumption or long-chain omega-3 PUFA intake, ascertained in 1986, 1990, and 1994. RESULTS: We documented 608 strokes during the 12-year follow-up period, including 377 ischemic, 106 hemorrhagic, and 125 unclassified strokes. Compared with men who consumed fish less than once per month, the multivariate RR of ischemic stroke was significantly lower among those who ate fish 1 to 3 times per month (RR, 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.95). However, a higher frequency of fish intake was not associated with further risk reduction; the RR was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.31-0.94) for men who consumed fish 5 or more times per week. This lack of linearity was confirmed by spline analyses. By dichotomized fish intake, the multivariate RR for men who consumed fish at least once per month compared with those who ate fish less than once per month was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.38-0.83) for ischemic stroke and 1.36 (95% CI, 0.48-3.82) for hemorrhagic stroke. The inverse association between fish intake and risk of ischemic stroke was not materially modified by use of aspirin. No significant associations were found between fish or long-chain omega-3 PUFA intake and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that eating fish once per month or more can reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of Great Lakes fish consumption on the immune system of Sprague-Dawley rats investigated during a two-generation reproductive study.

The effects of Great Lakes fish contaminants on several quantitative and functional aspects of the immune system were investigated in the first (F1) and second (F2) generations of Sprague-Dawley rats. The F0 rats were fed either a control diet or diets containing 5 or 20% lyophilized chinook salmon from the Credit River of Lake Ontario (LO) and Owen Sound point of Lake Huron (LH). The F1 and F2 pups were exposed to fish in utero, through the dam's milk to 21 days old, and through the dam's respective diets to 13 weeks of age. The study included an F1-reversibility (F1-R) phase in which rats at 13 weeks of exposure to fish or control diets were switched to the control diet for 3 months. The most outstanding finding was a statistically significant increase in absolute spleen leukocytes and absolute and percentage lymphocytes in the F2 male rats fed the LH fish diets compared to the control and to those fed the LO fish diets with the 20% fish diets having higher cell numbers compared to the LO-5% fish diets. A parallel increase in the T-helper/inducer T-lymphocyte subset numbers was observed. Increased but statistically insignificant plaque-forming cell (PFC) numbers were obtained in the F2 male rats fed the LH fish diets compared to those fed the LO fish diets and in the F1-R female group of rats fed the LH fish diet compared to those fed the LO fish diets. Phagocytosis by resident peritoneal macrophages was significantly increased in the F1 male and F2 female rats fed the fish diets compared to the control. The phagocytic activity was significantly higher in the F2-generation male and female rats fed the LO diets compared to those fed the LH diets. Other parameters including lymphocyte transformation in response to mitogens, the number of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria surviving in the rat spleens, and the natural killer cell activity were not affected significantly by any of the treatments. Overall, the effects of diets containing chinook salmon from the LO and LH sources on the immune system of rats were minimal and were on quantitative rather than on functional aspects of the system. Further focused research would be required in order to establish conclusively that the immune system of cohorts who ingest Great Lakes fish frequently is at a greater risk for adverse effects.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Swimming ability and behaviour of post-larvae of a temperate marine fish re-entrained in the pelagic environment.

The degree to which behaviour, vertical movement and horizontal transport, in relation to local hydrodynamics, may facilitate secondary dispersal in the water column was studied in post-larval Sillaginodes punctata in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. S. punctata were captured in shallow seagrass beds and released at the surface in three depth zones (1.5, 3 and 7 m) off-shore at each of two sites to mimic the re-entrainment of fish. The behaviour, depth and position of S. punctata were recorded through time. The direction and speed of local currents were described using an S4 current meter and the movement of drogues. Regardless of site, fish immediately oriented toward the bottom, and into the current after release. In shallow water (1.5 m), 86% of fish swam to the bottom within 2 min of release. At one site, the net horizontal displacement of fish was largely unrelated to the speed and direction of local currents; at a second site, fish could not maintain their position against the current, and the net horizontal displacement was related to the speed and direction of currents. In the intermediate depth zone, wide variability in depths of individual fish through time led to an average depth reached by fish that was between the shallow and deep zones. Based on daily increments in the otoliths, however, this variability was not related significantly to the time since entry of fish into Port Phillip Bay. In the deepest depth zone, 81% of fish remained within 1 m of the surface and their horizontal displacement was significantly related to the direction and speed of currents. Secondary dispersal of post-larval fish in the water column may be facilitated by the behaviour and vertical movements of fish, but only if fish reach deeper water, where their displacement (direction and distance) closely resembles local hydrodynamic regimes. In shallow water, fish behaviour and vertical migration actually reduce the potential for secondary dispersal.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Effects of nutrient enrichment derived from fish farming activities on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a subtropical region of Hong Kong.

To study the correlation between nutrient enrichment derived from fish farming activities and changes in macrobenthic assemblages, a one-year field study was conducted in Kau Sai Bay marine fish culture zone of Hong Kong. Bimonthly sediment samples were collected at six stations: two at the fish cages, two near the boundary of the fish culture area, and two reference sites further away from the culture area. Sediment physico-chemical characteristics in terms of silt/clay fraction, moisture content, total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) were analyzed. The macrobenthos (>0.5 mm) present in the sediment were sorted, identified and enumerated. On average, TOC, TKN and TP levels at the fish cage stations were 82.8%, 128.5% and 1315.7% higher than those at the reference stations, respectively. As a result, the N:P molar ratio was greatly reduced from 8.75 at the reference stations to 1.83 at the fish cage stations. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that diversity of macrofauna was significantly reduced and community structure differed at the fish cage stations relative to the reference sites. The intermediary stations near the fish culture area showed a transitional state of disturbance. Faunal diversity was negatively correlated with nutrient level, reflecting the adverse impacts of nutrient enrichment derived from fish farming activities on the benthic assemblages. Whilst in subtropical Asia-Pacific trash fish is the major feed for fish culture resulting in a higher nutrient loading and nutrient ratio accumulated in the sediment beneath the fish rafts, the effects of nutrient enrichment on macrobenthic assemblages are comparable to that in temperate waters owing to relatively high sediment metabolism rate and smaller fish culture scale in Hong Kong.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Biochemical responses of fish exposed to a harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides.

To elucidate the ichthyotoxic mechanisms of a harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, biochemical responses of fish exposed to blooms were investigated. Particularly, based on our finding that oxidative damages of gill were associated with fish mortality (J. Plankton Res. 21 (1999) 2105-2115), dysfunction of ion-transporting enzymes and secretion of gill mucus of fish exposed to this bloom species were examined. The susceptibilities of several fishes to C. polykrikoides were different; the active pelagic fishes such as black scraper Thamnaconus septentrionalis, red sea bream Pagrus major, beakperch Oplegnathus fasciatus and seaperch Malakichthys wakiyae, were more vulnerable than the benthic fishes, flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and rockfish Sebastes inermis. In addition, the higher the algal cell density, the higher the fish mortality. When the test fishes were exposed to C. polykrikoides of 5000 cells ml(-1), the transport-related enzymes, carbonic anhydrase and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activities were significantly decreased. The activity of carbonic anhydrase was decreased with increasing algal cell density and exposure time. The quantity of total polysaccharide in gill mucus is higher in the fish exposed to C. polykrikoides than in the control fish; the magnitudes were higher in the pelagic fishes than that of benthic fishes. Moreover, a drop of blood pH and oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) was also observed in red sea bream and flounder subjected to C. polykrikoides. These results suggest that the inactivation of gill transport-related enzymes activities, the fall in blood pO(2) and abnormal secretion of gill mucus by the C. polykrikoides may be one of the principal causes of fish kill.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A model of fish preference and mortality under hypoxic water in the coastal environment.

Eutrophication and associated occurrence of hypoxic condition could cause significant damage to marine ecosystems, resulting in considerable economic losses to fisheries and aquaculture and is a major source of stress that fish often have to contend with in order to survive. This problem is likely to be exacerbated in the coming years, since the wastewater treatment facilities is unlikely to catch up with increasing human activities. Moreover, large-scale reclamation projects in coastal areas have recently been increased, and these activities certainly have adverse impacts on water quality and fisheries resources. Coastal construction has a significant role in the development of hypoxic water by changing the current and mixing pattern of water. Changes in species composition and decreases in species richness and diversity have been well documented in hypoxic systems. Hypoxia could cause endocrine disruption in fish and eliminate populations of sensitive species. Shallow coastal areas are of great importance for the special nursery of fish and shellfish and land reclamation in these areas cause strong damage to fisheries. Although the tolerance of aquatic life to hypoxia is known, there is no information about the mortality of fish caused by hypoxia because fish can swim around it and no modeling study has yet been carried out. Criteria that influence the movement of fish are: amounts of food, water temperature and depth, dissolved oxygen concentration and nature of seabed. However, among these, water temperature and dissolved oxygen are the most crucial parameters that affect survival, movement and growth of fish. In this paper, a model of fish preference and mortality for environmental conditions was developed and applied to the Hakata Bay where hypoxic water occurs every summer. For the purpose of this study, a field survey of fish behavior under hypoxic water was conducted by releasing marbled sale (Pleuronectes yokohamae) in the inner bay. Moreover, a series of preference tests for DO, salinity and temperature in the laboratory were conducted in order to decide preference parameters of fish. Using the results of both field and laboratory studies, a sub-module of fish preference and mortality was coded within an integrated hydrothermal and eutrophication model (CHEM) to predict the behavior and mortality of marbled sale when hypoxia would occur in the bay. The model could reasonably simulate the behavior of the fish under hypoxia. An assessment of the impact of the ongoing land reclamation project of about 401 ha in the Wajiro tidal flat zones at the head of the bay on the fisheries resources was also conducted using the model. The results showed that the artificial land lowered the mortality rate of fish under hypoxic condition in the bay during the summer period.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Assessing organic contaminants in fish: comparison of a nonlethal tissue sampling technique to mobile and stationary passive sampling devices.

As concerns mount over the human health risks associated with consumption of fish contaminated with persistent organic pollutants, there exists a need to better evaluate fish body burdens without lethally sampling many of the important commercial and sport species of interest. The aim of this study was to investigate two novel methods for estimating organic contaminants in fish that are a concern for both fish and human health. The removal of fish adipose fins, commonly done in mark-recapture studies with salmonid species, was evaluated as a nonlethal sampling technique to estimate concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), relative to those found in muscle fillets of the same fish. We also assessed the efficacy of using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as a mobile passive sampling device (PSD) attached directly to wild flathead catfish for assessing location-specific exposure of the fish to waterborne contaminants. The results of this study have demonstrated for the first time that organic contaminant concentrations in adipose fin were highly correlated (R2 = 0.87) with muscle fillet concentrations, indicating that the adipose fin of certain fishes may be used to accurately estimate tissue concentrations without the need for lethal sampling. Moreover, mobile PSDs attached directly to fish and used here for the first time accurately estimated ultratrace concentrations of waterborne PCBs and OCPs without any apparent harm to the fish, indicating that there are no practical or physical barriers to the use of mobile passive samplers attached to aquatic organisms. Among the many practical implications of this research, two potential priority items include the analysis of organic contaminants in farm-raised and sport fish intended for human consumption, without the economic and population losses associated with lethally sampling fish to obtain tissues, and identifying specific areas where fish may be accumulating large portions of their contaminant burden.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Fast-FISH detection and semi-automated image analysis of numerical chromosome aberrations in hematological malignancies.

A new fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique called Fast-FISH in combination with semi-automated image analysis was applied to detect numerical aberrations of chromosomes 8 and 12 in interphase nuclei of peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Commercially available alpha-satellite DNA probes specific for the centromere regions of chromosome 8 and chromosome 12, respectively, were used. After application of the Fast-FISH protocol, and microscopic images of the fluorescence-labelled cell nuclei were recorded by the true color CCD camera Kappa CF 15 MC and evaluated quantitatively by computer analysis on a PC. These results were compared to results obtained from the same type of specimens using the same analysis system but with a standard FISH protocol. In addition, automated spot counting after both FISH techniques was compared to visual spot counting after standard FISH. A total number of about 3,000 cell nuclei was evaluated. For quantitative brightness parameters, a good correlation between standard FISH labelling and Fast-FISH was found. Automated spot counting after Fast-FISH coincided within a few percent to automated and visual spot counting after standard FISH. The examples shown indicate the reliability and reproducibility of Fast-FISH and its potential for automatized interphase cell diagnostics of numerical chromosome aberrations. Since the Fast-FISH technique requires a hybridization time as low as 1/20 of established standard FISH techniques, omitting most of the time consuming working steps in the protocol, it may contribute considerably to clinical diagnostics. This may especially be interesting in cases where an accurate result is required within a few hours.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2005

Fish consumption and stroke risk in elderly individuals: the cardiovascular health study.

BACKGROUND: Associations between fish consumption and stroke risk have been inconsistent, possibly because of the differences in types of fish meals consumed. Additionally, such relationships have not been specifically evaluated in the elderly, in whom disease burden may be high and diet less influential. METHODS: Among 4775 adults 65 years or older (range, 65-98 years) and free of known cerebrovascular disease at baseline in 1989-1990, usual dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. In a subset, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish or fish sandwiches (fish burgers), correlated with plasma phospholipid long-chain n-3 fatty acid levels. Incident strokes were prospectively ascertained. RESULTS: During 12 years of follow-up, participants experienced 626 incident strokes, including 529 ischemic strokes. In multivariate analyses, tuna/other fish consumption was inversely associated with total stroke (P = .04) and ischemic stroke (P = .02), with 27% lower risk of ischemic stroke with an intake of 1 to 4 times per week (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.98) and 30% lower risk with intake of 5 or more times per week (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50-0.99) compared with an intake of less than once per month. In contrast, fried fish/fish sandwich consumption was positively associated with total stroke (P = .006) and ischemic stroke (P = .003), with a 44% higher risk of ischemic stroke with consumption of more than once per week (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12-1.85) compared with consumption of less than once per month. Fish consumption was not associated with hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly individuals, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish is associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke, while intake of fried fish or fish sandwiches is associated with higher risk. These results suggest that fish consumption may influence stroke risk late in life; potential mechanisms and alternate explanations warrant further study.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Fish otolith mass asymmetry: morphometry and influence on acoustic functionality.

The role of the fish otolith mass asymmetry in acoustic functionality is studied. The saccular, lagenar and utricular otoliths are weighted in two species of the Black Sea rays, 15 species of the Black Sea teleost fish and guppy fish. The dimensionless otolith mass asymmetry chi is calculated as ratio of the difference between masses of the right and left paired otoliths to average otolith mass. In the most fish studied the otolith mass asymmetry is within the range of -0.2 < chi < +0.2 (< 20%). We do not find specific fish species with extremely large or extremely small otolith asymmetry. The large otoliths do not belong solely to any particular side, left or right. The heavier otoliths of different otolithic organs can be located in different labyrinths. No relationship has been found between the magnitude of the otolith mass asymmetry and the length (mass, age) of the animal. The suggested fluctuation model of the otolith growth can interpret these results. The model supposes that the otolith growth rate varies slightly hither and thither during lifetime of the individual fish. Therefore, the sign of the relative otolith mass asymmetry can change several times in the process of the individual fish growth but within the range outlined above. Mathematical modeling shows that acoustic functionality (sensitivity, temporal processing, sound localization) of the fish can be disturbed by the otolith mass asymmetry. But this is valid only for the fish with largest otolith masses, characteristic of the bottom and littoral fish, and with highest otolith asymmetry. For most fish the values of otolith mass asymmetry is well below critical values. Thus, the most fish get around the troubles related to the otolith mass asymmetry. We suggest that a specific physicochemical mechanism of the paired otolith growth that maintains the otolith mass asymmetry at the lowest possible level should exist. However, the principle and details of this mechanism are still far from being understood.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Fish vaccines.

Fish vaccines can be delivered the same way we immunize warm-blooded animals. Fish can be immunized by immersion in vaccine for a short period of time--30 seconds to 2 minutes. They can be immunized by injection, intramuscularly or intraperitoneally, and orally by mixing vaccines with feed either by top dressing or by incorporating into feed as an ingredient. Fish also respond to vaccine the same way as other animals do, but since fish are cold-blooded animals, the response to vaccine depends largely on the water temperature. In general, the higher the water temperature, the faster the immune response of fish to the vaccine. During the past 20 years fish vaccines have become an established, proven, and cost-effective method of controlling certain infectious diseases in aquaculture worldwide. Fish vaccines can significantly reduce specific disease-related losses resulting in a reduction of antibiotics use. The final result is the decrease of overall unit costs and more predictable production. Fish vaccines are advantageous over antibiotics because they are natural biological materials that leave no residue in the product or environment, and therefore will not induce a resistant strain of the disease organism. Fish vaccines are licensed by the federal government and closely regulated in the same manner as all other veterinary vaccines to ensure safety, potency, and efficacy. Even though commercial vaccines for aquaculture work really well in terms of protecting the fish against certain diseases, they should be used only as part of the overall fish health management program, because fish vaccines are not a cure-all. Animal husbandry is still the key to success in aquaculture.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos National Laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone.

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom-feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, totU, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, and 241Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of 90Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p < 0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium-90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p < 0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E-02 pCi g-1 [126E-02 Bq kg-1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E-02 pCi g-1 [518E-02 Bq kg-1]). The differences in 90Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (+/- 2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 +/- 0.1 mrem y-1 (1.0 +/- 1.0 microSv y-1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y-1 (1000 microSv y-1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fish consumption and respiratory symptoms among young adults in a Norwegian community.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary fish consumption and self-reported respiratory symptoms among young adults. A random sample of 4,300 subjects, aged 20-44 yrs, living in Bergen, Norway, received a postal questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, of whom 80% responded. Mean fish consumption was assessed in a food-frequency questionnaire by asking how often the subject consumed units of fish (150 g) during the last year. Average fish consumption was 1.8 units x week(-1). Fish intake of <1 unit x week(-1) was reported by 24%, 41% reported consumption of 1 unit x week(-1) and 35% intake of >1 unit x week(-1). A high fish intake was significantly associated with increasing age after adjusting for smoking. Adjusted for smoking habits, the prevalence of "cough at night" and "chest tightness" showed a decreasing trend with increasing fish consumption (p<0.05), while such a trend for "wheeze" was demonstrated only in smokers (p=0.008 for interaction). In logistic regression models (adjusting for age, sex, body mass, smoking habits and occupational exposure) fish consumption (three categories) was not significantly associated with "wheeze", "chest tightness", "breathless at night" or "asthma attack", although the odds ratios (OR) were consistently less than 1 (except for "asthma attack"). Fish consumption was of borderline significance as a protective factor of "cough at night", OR = 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.97) but in stratified analyses only in smokers. Subjects reporting very high levels of fish consumption (>14 units x week(-1)) did not have lower prevalences of respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, among young Norwegian adults, with a relatively low prevalence of asthma and an overall high fish intake, fish consumption was not a significant predictor of four out of five respiratory symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Fish consumption and advisory awareness in the Great Lakes Basin.

More than 61 million adults live in the eight U.S. states bordering the Great Lakes. Between June 2001 and June 2002, a population-based, random-digit-dial telephone survey of adults residing in Great Lakes (GL) states was conducted to assess consumption of commercial and sport-caught fish and awareness of state-issued consumption advisories for GL fish. On the basis of the weighted survey data, approximately 84% of the adults living in these states included fish in their diets. Seven percent (an estimated 4.2 million adults) consumed fish caught from the Great Lakes. The percentage of residents who had consumed sport-caught fish (from any water source) varied regionally and was highest among those who lived in Minnesota (44%) and Wisconsin (39%). Consumption of GL sport fish was highest among residents of Michigan (16%) and Ohio (12%). Among residents who had eaten GL fish, awareness of consumption advisories varied by gender and race and was lowest among women (30%) and black residents (15%). However, 70% of those who consumed GL sport-caught fish twice a month or more (an estimated 509,000 adults across all eight states) were aware of the advisories. Findings from this survey indicate that exposure to persistent contaminants found in GL fish is likely limited to a relatively small subpopulation of avid sport-fish consumers. Results also underscore the public health importance of advisories for commercial fish because an estimated 2.9 million adults living in these states consume more than 104 fish meals per year and may be at risk of exceeding the reference doses for methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other bioaccumulative contaminants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Detection of betanodaviruses in apparently healthy aquarium fishes and invertebrates.

Betanodaviruses are the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in cultured marine fish. A total of 237 apparently healthy aquarium fish, marine (65 species) and freshwater (12 species) fishes and marine invertebrates (4 species), which were stocked in a commercial aquarium in Seoul, South Korea, were collected from November 2005 to February 2006. The brains of the fish and other tissues of the invertebrates were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR to detect betanodavirus. Positive nested PCR results were obtained from the brains of 8 marine fish species (shrimp fish Aeoliscus strigatus, milkfish Chanos chanos, three spot damsel Dascyllus trimaculatus, Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus, pinecone fish Monocentris japonica, blue ribbon eel Rhinomuraena quaesita, look down fish Selene vomer, yellow tang Zebrasoma flavesenes), 1 marine invertebrate species (spiny lobster Pamulirus versicolor), and 2 freshwater fish species (South American leaf fish Monocirrhus polyacanthus and red piranha Pygocentrus nattereri). The detection rate in nested PCR was 11/237 (4.64%). These subclinically infected aquarium fish and invertebrates may constitute an inoculum source of betanodaviruses for cultured fishes in the Korean Peninsula.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A historical review of fish vaccinology.

The first report on fish vaccination to appear in a widely read international scientific journal was that by Duff [5] dealing with his results obtained with anti-furunculosis vaccines. Duff's report did not result in an immediate landslide of fish vaccination trials in other laboratories because, in the years following the second world war, the preoccupation was with disease control using the newly discovered antibiotics. In fish culture, the ensuing 30 to 40 years might accurately have been termed the "era of chemotherapy" because large numbers of antibiotics, sulpha drugs, and even mercury-based antimicrobial agents were routinely used. It was only in the mid to late 1970s, with an increased interest in fish farming, particularly marine fish farming, that attention was once again turned to the possibility of vaccination as a means of preventing/ controlling fish diseases and to the development of commercially available vaccines. The reasons for this turn of events were varied: the high cost of using chemotherapy, the short-term nature of the protection obtained with antibiotics, the increasing appearance of antibiotic resistant fish pathogens, and, to some extent, concerns about the environmental impacts of antibiotic use. This paper briefly outlines the success that has attended efforts to develop vaccines against some of the more important bacterial diseases of cultured fish and the progress made in developing vaccines against important viral fish pathogens. In the process, an attempt will be made to show how fish vaccine development has benefited from an improved knowledge of the fish's immune system and from a better understanding of the virulence factors possessed by particular fish pathogens.

Animals↗