Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FATS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Soybean oil fat emulsion prevents cytochrome P450 mRNA down-regulation induced by fat-free overdose total parenteral nutrition in infant rats.

Changes in the mRNA expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes associated with overdose of fat-free or fat-containing total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were investigated in infant rats. Three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: group 1 received an oral diet, group 2 received TPN without fat, and group 3 received TPN with 20% of calories from fat (soybean oil emulsion). After TPN administration for 4 d, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in group 2 were significantly increased (p<0.01) compared with the other groups. The mRNA expression of hepatic CYP isoenzymes in group 2 decreased to 0.76 to 31% of that in group 1 (p<0.01), but that in group 3 was maintained at 32 to 84% of that in group 1. These results indicate the importance of including fat in TPN regimens to prevent not only hepatic dysfunction but also mRNA down-regulation of liver CYP isoenzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of the viscosity or deacetylation degree of chitosan on fecal fat excreted from rats fed on a high-fat diet.

Several chitosan preparations, either with a comparable degree of deacetylation but differing viscosity or with comparable viscosity but a differing degree of deacetylation, were examined for their effect on the fecal fat excreted from rats fed on a high-fat diet. As the viscosity or deacetylation degree of a chitosan preparation increased, the more its effect on the apparent fat digestibility by rats became conspicuous. A supplement of ascorbic acid to each chitosan diets resulted in a significant depression of fat digestion and absorption in the lumen. The chitosan intake caused a higher level of fat to be excreted in the feces of the corn oil-receiving rats than the lard-receiving ones, although the effect was strong with both diet groups.

Acetylation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interference by methyl levulinate in determination of total fat in low-fat, high-sugar products by gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) analysis.

Gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) analyses of some acid-hydrolyzed foods revealed a large peak that did not correspond to any FAME standards. The unknown peak eluted just after the C12 FAME. If the fatty acid response factor and the conversion factor for the nearest calibrated peak (C12 FAME) were used to determine the total fat, the resulting total fat determination was much higher than expected. This peak was present only in acid-hydrolyzed samples and was absent in extracts obtained with supercritical CO2 or solvents without acid hydrolysis. The compound was isolated, analyzed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and proved by synthesis to be methyl-4-oxopentanoate (methyl levulinate). Its source was determined to be sugar in the product formula. Levulinic acid is produced by acid hydrolysis of sugar and is transesterified by BF3 in methanol to methyl levulinate. Although methyl levulinate may appear in the GC analyses of any acid-hydrolyzed products containing sugar, if the ratio of fat to sugar is high, the impact of methyl levulinate on fat determination would be small. On the other hand, the presence of methyl levulinate in analyses of low-fat, high-sugar products is potentially problematic if not recognized, although GC analysis can account for the presence of this compound.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

[Effects of excessive isocaloric intake of either carbohydrate or fat on body composition, fat mass, de novo lipogenesis and energy expenditure in normal young men].

Ten pairs of normal young men were overfed by 5 MJ per day for 21 days with either a carbohydrate-rich or a fat-rich diet (C- and F-group). The two subjects of a pair were requested to follow each other throughout the day to ensure similar physical activity. The increase in body weight and fat mass were not significantly different between the C- and the F-group. Heat production during sleep did not change during overfeeding. The accumulated faecal loss of energy, dry matter, carbohydrate and protein was significantly higher in the C- than in the F-group. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis was 212 g per 21 days in the C-group and was too low to be determined in the F-group. Whole body de novo lipogenesis was positive in six of the ten subjects in the C-group (mean: 332 g per 21 days). It is concluded that the increase in body weight and fat mass during overfeeding of isocaloric amounts of diets rich in carbohydrate or in fat was not significantly different, and that surplus of carbohydrate seemed to be converted to fat both by hepatic and extrahepatic de novo lipogenesis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

[Cerebrospinal fluid fat globules in traumatic fat embolism].

The article is devoted to the problem of diagnosis and treatment of 28 patients with cranio-cerebral injury with posttraumatic fat embolism. In 15 of them fat liquoroglobulia was diagnosed which is a reliable symptom of the cerebral form of fat embolism. The method of detection of fat liquoroglobulia is described. A new method--liquorosorption--was used in treatment of patients with the cerebral form of fat embolism. A disturbance of the hematoencephalic barrier is thought by the authors to be possible in such embolism.

Blood-Brain Barrier↗
PubMed1979

[Basic studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of fat embolism. I. Fracture mechanism and fat embolism].

We examined the amount of fat that can be forced into the circulation by compression of femora and of heads of the tibia in the very moment of injury. By fractures of diaphyses no considerable reduction of the intraosseous space was achieved and no fat was expelled through the foramina nutritia before the hard cortical bone was splintered. However, considerable amounts of fat were expelled into veins, when the epiphyses of the femora or when the head of the tibia was compressed from medially and from laterally. Even by a purely manual compression some fat was forced to leave the spongiosa by the foramina nutritia. This is explained by the higher elasticity of the spongious bone, permitting a marked space reduction by compression even before a fracture sets in. The mechanism resembles the procedure of opacification of veins by contrast media, injected into the bone cavity under pressure. The significance of these findings for the pathogenesis of clinical fat embolism is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Study of principles in pathogenesis and therapy of fat embolism. IV. In vivo studies of drug-induced mobilization of embolized lung fat].

Pluronic F 108 added to serum in a concentration of 1 g/dl proved as the optimal means to increase the fat emulgatory capacity. Similar concentrations were achieved in living rabbits by infusing 4.5 g per kg body weight. In spite of this higher dosage we failed to mobilize 131 J labelled fat, embolized into the lungs of the animals. It is concluded that also in humans there exists no possibility to mobilize fat emboli from the lungs by the application of tensides (non-ionic detergents, lecithin-preparations, bile salts) or of organic solvents (alcohol, ether). All these agents are capable to emulsify fat in vitro, however, only under vigorous shaking.--Because of the side effects of those agents their application on patients, suffering from posttraumatic fat embolism seems not to be justified.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Comparative analysis of certain nutritional parameters of fat in food rations of various population groups. III. Use of correlation and regression analysis for assessment of the nutritional quality of fat].

Correlation and regression analysis demonstrated a high degree of correlation between saturated and monounsaturated fats, on the one hand, and the absolute fat content, and lower correlation with polyunsaturated fats. The increase of fat content raised the saturated fat content in the daily food rations of mental and physical workers with the lowest rise of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rise of the per cent share of saturated fatty acids was always at the expense of monosaturated fatty acids whose content decreased. A similar change was observed in polyunsaturated fatty acids. From the standpoint of nutrition another unfavourable finding was the demonstrated negative correlation between monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of fullfat soybean, sunflower seed and protected fat as fat supplements for their effect on the performance of growing-finishing bulls and carcass fatty acid composition.

One hundred and twelve Holstein bulls (179-203 kg) were allotted to four dietary treatment groups (I: control; II: fullfat soybean diet; III: sunflower seed diet, and IV: protected fat diet) and used in a 120-day comparative feedlot trial to evaluate the effect of toasted fullfat soybean, whole sunflower seed and protected fat (calcium soap) on their weight gain, feed conversion and carcass fatty acid composition. The diets consisted of 45-46% concentrate and 55-54% corn silage. Digestibility, nutritive value as well as degradability were also determined. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, N-free extract and crude protein as well as nutritive value were almost similar for the four diets. However, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibilities decreased with increasing fat level but the differences were not significant. The inclusion of fullfat soybean or whole sunflower seed significantly (P < 0.05) increased the digestion of fat. Ruminal degradability of protein and dry matter were significantly (P < 0.01) lower for toasted fullfat soybean mixture compared to whole sunflower mixture. The inclusion of toasted fullfat soybean, whole sunflower seed and calcium soap in the diets was not effective in improving the bulls' weight gain or feed conversion in this trial. As both toasted fullfat soybean and whole sunflower seed increased the proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in adipose fat tissue and decreased the proportion of C16:0, they consequently significantly (P < 0.01) increased the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids. Whole sunflower seed was more effective than fullfat soybean. However, inclusion of the calcium soap had no effect on the fatty acid profiles in the present study.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Fat and fertility: demographic implications of differential fat storage.

Anthropologists interested in human nutrition have become intrigued by the possibility of a link between nutritional status, fat stores, and fertility. Frisch (1978) and Frisch and McArthur (1974) have hypothesized such a link, based on studies of body composition at menarche and menstrual dysfunction in anorectics. This review indicates that both over- and undernutrition may interfere with reproductive function, but probably do so only when extreme. Evidence for fat as a regulator of fecundity is conflicting and is best documented for age at puberty. Effects of fat on birth interval (a demographically more significant parameter) are confounded by the influence of lactation. A review of hormonal and metabolic patterns in obesity and inanation indicate similarities between these conditions and general or psychological stress. It is suggested that fat is better seen as an indicator of systemic function than as a single independent factor. The adaptive value of fat for human populations may lie in its ability to enhance work performance as much as in its influence on fecundity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Assessment of cutaneous fat and body fat by ultrasound.

A new rapid and simple method is introduced to measure subcutaneous fat and evaluate total body fat. It is based on real-time ultrasound and requires equipment that is used in routine examination of subcutaneous structures, e.g., thyroid gland. Results from seven regions of skin in 100 subjects correlated well with total body weight, Broca's index, and deviation from average weight 0.02 greater than P greater than 0.001). Comparisons were also made with measurements of subcutaneous fat from skinfolds. There was an excellent correlation of values (P less than 0.001 in all experiments), although ultrasound results tended to be slightly higher. For calculation of total body fat, ultrasound values were converted by regression equations to "calculated skinfold thickness"; when applying established mathematical models for calculating body fat from skinfold thickness results were equal in both methods (P greater than 0.1).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1978

Obesity: do fat cells from genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J ob/ob) have an innate capacity for increased fat storage?

Fat tissue from the genetically obese mouse (C57BL/6J ob/ob) and its lean littermate (+/?) was transplanted into lean hosts(+/+). Chemical induced obesity in the host mice caused no greater increase in the size of 'obese' fat cells than it did in the size of 'lean' fat cells. 'Obese' fat cells, therefore, have no innate capacity for increased fat storage.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Instability of background fat intensity suppression using fat-saturated (FS) MR imaging techniques according to region and reconstruction procedure in patients with oral cancer.

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the background fat intensity suppression instability of each area in the head and neck region, and in the post-reconstruction with metal plate and myocutaneous flap, of patients with oral cancer using fat-saturated (FS) images. STIR and FS T2-weighted images at pre- and post-surgery in 59 patients with oral cancer were scored for uniformity of fat suppression and tissue conspicuity in each region of the head and neck. The scores of FS on uniformity of fat suppression pre-operatively were worse than those of STIR in the mandibular level, but not lesion and tissue conspicuity. However, the deterioration both of scores between pre- and post-surgery using FS was worse than that using STIR using metal plate and/or myocutaneous flap. At diagnosis, we should recognize on MR images using FS that instability of the status of fat suppression might be brought about by respective area and reconstruction with metal plate and myocutaneous flap of patients with oral cancer.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

PVN galanin increases fat storage and promotes obesity by causing muscle to utilize carbohydrate more than fat.

To understand the function of the feeding-stimulatory peptide, galanin (GAL), in eating and body weight regulation, the present experiments tested the effects of both acute and chronic injections of this peptide into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats. With food absent during the test, acute injection of GAL (300 pmol/0.3 microl) significantly increased phosphofructokinase activity in muscle, suggesting enhanced capacity to metabolize carbohydrate, and reduced circulating glucose levels. It also decreased beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in muscle, indicating reduced fat oxidation, while increasing circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue (aLPL). Chronic PVN injections of GAL (300 pmol/0.3 microl/injection) versus saline over 7-10 days significantly stimulated daily caloric intake and increased the weight of four dissected fat depots by 30-40%. These effects, accompanied by elevated levels of leptin, triglycerides, NEFA and aLPL activity, were evident only in rats on a diet with at least 35% fat. Thus, by favoring carbohydrate over fat metabolism in muscle and reversing hyperglycemia, PVN GAL may have a function in counteracting the metabolic disturbances induced by a high-fat diet. As a consequence of these actions, GAL can promote the partitioning of lipids away from oxidation in muscle towards storage in adipose tissue.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2001

Lymphatic transport of fat in rats with normal- and malabsorption following intake of fats made from fish oil and decanoic acid. Effects of triacylglycerol structure.

Fish oils contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family. In fat malabsorption the n-3 fatty acids are poorly absorbed. Absorption may be improved by modifying the fatty acid profile of fish oil through interesterification with medium chain fatty acids. We examined the absorption of fish oil interesterified with decanoic acid in rats with normal- and malabsorption compared to a physical mixture and the fish oil itself. The interesterified fats were: 1) a regiospecific fat with decanoic acid located mainly in the sn1/3-positions and a long chain fatty acid from fish oil in the sn2-position, 2) a fat with a random distribution of fatty acids in all positions of the triacylglycerol. The main mesenteric lymph duct was cannulated for collection of lymph. In the malabsorbing rats the common bile duct was cannulated as well to divert both pancreatic juice and bile. The fatty acid composition in lymph samples collected for 24 hours was determined. Accumulated transport of n-3 fatty acids from fish oil was improved in malabsorbing rats and recoveries of fatty acids after 24 hours were improved in both rats with normal- and malabsorption administered the randomized fat compared to fish oil.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Relationship among habitual tea consumption, percent body fat, and body fat distribution.

OBJECTIVE: To disclose the possible relationship between habitual tea consumption and changes in total body fat and fat distribution in humans. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A cross-sectional survey of 1,210 epidemiologically sampled adults (569 men and 641 women) were enrolled in our study. Tea consumption and other lifestyle characteristics were obtained by structured questionnaires. Percent body fat (BF%) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body fat distribution was assessed using waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). RESULTS: Among the 1,103 analyzed subjects, 473 adults (42.9%) consumed tea once or more per week for at least 6 months. The habitual tea drinkers were male-dominant, more frequently current smokers, and alcohol or coffee drinkers than the nonhabitual tea drinkers. Habitual tea drinkers for more than 10 years showed a 19.6% reduction in BF% and a 2.1% reduction in WHR compared with nonhabitual tea drinkers. The multiple stepwise regression models revealed that men, older age, higher BMI, and current smokers were positive factors for BF% and WHR. In contrast, longer duration of habitual tea consumption and higher total physical activity were negative factors for BF%. Longer duration of habitual tea consumption, higher socioeconomic status, and premenopausal status were negative factors for WHR. DISCUSSION: An inverse relationship may exist among habitual tea consumption, BF%, and body fat distribution, especially for subjects who have maintained the habit of tea consumption for more than 10 years.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Age-related differences in fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, body cell mass and fat mass between 18 and 94 years.

OBJECTIVE: To determine (1) lean and fat body compartments, reflected by fat-free mass (FFM), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), body cell mass (BCM), total body potassium (TBK), fat mass and percentage fat mass, and their differences between age groups in healthy, physically active subjects from 18 to 94 y of age; and (2) if the rate of decrease in any one of the parameters by age might be accelerated compared to others. METHODS: A total of 433 healthy ambulatory Caucasians (253 men and 180 women) aged 18--94 y were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and whole body scintillation counter (TBK counter) using a large sodium iodide crystal (203 mm diameter). RESULTS: The ASMM change (-16.4 and -12.3% in men and women, respectively) in >75 y-old compared to 18 to 34-y-old subjects was greater than the FFM change (-11.8 and -9.7% in men and women, respectively) and this suggests that skeletal muscle mass decrease in older subjects was proportionally greater than non-skeletal muscle mass. BCM (-25.1 and -23.2% in men and women, respectively) and TBK differences were greater than the differences in FFM or ASMM suggesting altered composition of FFM in older subjects. Women had lower peak FFM, ASMM, BCM and TBK than men. CONCLUSIONS: The decline in FFM, ASMM, BCM and TBK is accelerated in men and women after 60 y of age and FFM, ASMM, BCM and TBK are significantly lower than in younger subjects. Fat mass continued to increase until around 75 y.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Adjustment of fat-free mass and fat mass for height in children aged 8 y.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between height and (a) fat-free mass (FFM) and (b) fat mass (FM) in children in order to determine the optimum means of adjusting body composition for height. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Sixty-nine children aged 8 y. MEASUREMENTS AND METHODS: Weight and height (HT) were measured, and total body water by deuterium dilution for estimation of fat-free mass and fat mass. The indices FFM/HT(2) and FM/HT(2) were calculated, as were the indices FFM/HT(p) and FM/HT(p) where P was selected in order to eliminate the correlation of these indices with height. RESULTS: FFM was optimally adjusted for height by calculating FFM/HT(2). FM was optimally adjusted by calculating FM/HT(6). However, height accounted for <8% of the variation in FM/HT(2), indicating that the bias of this simpler index is small. CONCLUSIONS: Different adjustments of FFM and FM for height are possible, depending on the study design. The indices FFM/HT(2) and FM/HT(2) are appropriate for many purposes, and have the advantage of expressing both aspects of body composition in common units. However, in some scenarios a more sophisticated approach is required for evaluating body fatness.

Adipose Tissue↗