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[Health protection of workers in the European legislation of the Rome Treaty today].

Occupational hygiene and prevention of occupational accidents and diseases are institutional objectives of the social policy of the European Union as stated in the Treaty establishing the European Community (firstly Treaty of Rome, signed on 25 March 1957). In this report the legislative activity of the European Community aimed at the improvement of the working environment to protect workers' health and safety is considered through its historical development, up to the present situation. The first part of the report briefly describes the Institutions established by the European Community, with specific tasks relating to occupational hygiene and health and safety at work. Then European laws grouped in categories according to their subjects are considered, especially with regard to the development and progress of the legislation, to point out main features and historical trends.

Europe↗

PubMed1997

Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position.

The European Community Directive on Working Time, which should have been implemented in member states of the European Community by November 1996, contains several requirements related to working hours, including the right of employees to refuse to work more than 48 hours a week. The United Kingdom government attempted to oppose the Directive, arguing that there is no convincing evidence that hours of work should be limited on health and safety grounds. Much of the research in this area has focused on the problems of shiftworking and previous reviews have therefore tended to emphasise this aspect of working hours. However, there is much less information about the effects of overtime work, which is a central element of the terms of the Directive. This paper reviews the current evidence relating to the potential effects on health and performance of extensions to the normal working day. Several gaps in the literature are identified. Research to date has been restricted to a limited range of health outcomes--namely, mental health and cardiovascular disorders. Other potential effects which are normally associated with stress--for example, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and problems associated with depression of the immune system, have received little attention. Also, there have been few systematic investigations of performance effects, and little consideration of the implications for occupational exposure limits of extensions to the working day. Existing data relate largely to situations where working hours exceed 50 a week and there is a lack of information on hours below this level, which is of direct relevance to the European Community proposal. Finally, it is clear from investigations relating to shiftwork that a range of modifying factors are likely to influence the level and nature of health and performance outcomes. These include the attitudes and motivation of the people concerned, the job requirements, and other aspects of the organisational and cultural climate. It is concluded that there is currently sufficient evidence to raise concerns about the risks to health and safety of long working hours. However, much more work is required to define the level and nature of those risks.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1977

Training of pathologists in countries belonging to the European Economic Community.

The regulations and procedures for the training and assessment of pathologists engaged in morbid anatomy and histology, medical microbiology, haematology, and clinical chemistry in the countries of the European Economic Community are reviewed. Differences in the terminology used in the description of pathological disciplines are noted. Suggestions are made by which harmonisation of training, which is an EEC objective, could be achieved.

Chemistry, Clinical↗

PubMed1993

The new migratory deal in Europe.

"In this paper, we shall examine successively: A world map of current migration flows, 1950-1990, a regional analysis of external migration surplus in Europe, the number and situation of foreigners in the [European Community], East and South migration pressure,...[and] implications for European Community migration policy and Western security."

Demography↗

PubMed1987

Classification of dangerous substances and pesticides in the European economic community directives: a proposed revision of criteria for inhalation toxicity.

Criteria for the classification of dangerous substances with respect to their inhalation toxicity were originally proposed by the European Economic Community (EEC) on the basis of a 1-hr LC50, as were the similar United Nations (UN) "transport" criteria. Both sets of criteria have since been amended for a 4-hr LC50, but whereas the UN criteria limits have been decreased to compensate for the increased exposure time, the EEC limits have not. This has introduced an anomaly into the EEC classification scheme whereby substances are classified more severely than they were previously. The EEC scheme is now out of line with the UN criteria and other international guidelines and gives a much more stringent toxicity classification for individual substances by inhalation than by the oral route, as well as causing an unjustifiable duplication of animal tests. This anomaly has led to a proposal by the Federal Republic of Germany for revised criteria. This paper examines the scientific basis for the relationship between inhalation exposure duration and toxicity, and for a comparison of the LD50 and LC50 classifications for individual substances. It is concluded that the proposed German revised classification scheme is more in line with the UN transport criteria and international guidelines and provides a rational basis for a classification scheme for inhalation toxicity. The classification criteria therefore should be harmonized by a revision of the EEC classification limits for inhalation toxicity.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1979

Nursing: the European Economic Community dimension.

The author traces the history and discusses the implications of the EEC Nursing Directives, put into the perspective of the nursing histories of the nine countries within the European Economic Community. She focuses, in particular, on the strengths of the nursing profession in the United Kingdom and argues that the Nursing Directives can lead to enhancement of nursing services and nursing education, better cooperation between health care professions and a stronger voice for the nursing profession, throughout the EEC.

Belgium↗

PubMed1985

Suicide and suicide attempts in the European Economic Community: an analysis of trends, with special emphasis upon trends among the young.

An attempt is made to explain the increase in adolescent suicidal behavior reported for most countries in the European Economic Community over the last two decades, within the framework of a social learning theory. A typology of suicidal acts based on an outcome-expectancy model is proposed that would make intelligible the observed positive correlation between the incidence of lethal and nonlethal suicidal acts, the latter having grown to epidemic proportions among the young. This epidemic can be attributed to the interplay of three groups of factors, namely, the socialization of a specific problem-solving behavior repertoire, socioeconomic conditions, and attitudes toward suicide. The implications for suicide prevention are briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Development, validation, and certification by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of lyophilized human serum reference materials for cortisol (CRM 192 and 193) and progesterone (CRM 347 and 348).

The Community Bureau of Reference of the European Communities has produced four batches of lyophilized serum Certified Reference Materials, two for cortisol (CRM 192 and 193) and two for progesterone (CRM 347 and 348). For cortisol, one of the pools consisted of serum from healthy blood donors, whereas the second batch was supplemented with pure cortisol. The progesterone Reference Materials contained only endogenous hormone concentrations. Assessment of vial-to-vial variability in the cortisol and progesterone concentrations showed no between-sample inhomogeneity, and the materials were stable. The quality of the materials was therefore considered sufficient for certification of the values for the cortisol and progesterone concentrations by a collaborative study involving several laboratories from the European Communities, using isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Inaccuracy in reconstitution of the lyophilized materials was less than 0.3%; imprecision of sampling was less than 0.2%. For determinations of cortisol and progesterone concentrations, the mean within-laboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) were 1.76% (CRM 192), 1.19% (CRM 193), 1.64% (CRM 347), and 1.75% (CRM 348). The between-laboratory CVs were greater: CRM 192, 1.79%; CRM 193, 1.48%; CRM 347, 2.08%; and CRM 348, 2.16%. The concentrations in the reconstituted Reference Materials were certified to be 273 nmol/L in CRM 192 and 763 nmol/L in CRM 193 for cortisol and 10.13 nmol/L in CRM 347 and 40.3 nmol/L in CRM 348 for progesterone. Uncertainties at the 0.95 confidence level--6 (CRM 192), 14 (CRM 193), 0.21 (CRM 347), and 1.0 nmol/L (CRM 348)--were considered compatible with the intended use of the materials.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMed2004

A method for predicting bioavailability of rare earth elements in soils to maize.

A single-extraction procedure using low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) as extractant and the first and second steps of a three-step extraction procedure recommended by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR; now European Community Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme, Brussels, Belgium) were performed to extract the light rare earth elements (LREEs) La, Ce, Pr, and Nd from wet rhizosphere soil. The extracted soil solutions were successively filtered through membranes with a pore size of less than 0.45 microm and a molecular weight cutoff of less than 1 kDa, which were termed colloidal and truly dissolved fractions, respectively. Apoplastically and symplastically bound LREEs in maize roots were experimentally distinguished by ultrasound-assisted desorption with 1 mM CaCl2 solution at 0 degrees C in ice-cooled water bath. When the LMWOAs extraction method was used, a good correlation was obtained between LREEs in soil colloidal and truly dissolved fractions and LREEs bound to apoplasm and symplasm of maize root. Both apoplastically and symplastically bound LREEs are the result of bioavailability. However, a poor correlation was obtained between LREEs in fractions water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound (B1) and Fe-Mn oxide bound (B2) of the BCR method and LREEs in apoplasm and symplasm and in intact roots. Hence, the LMWOAs extraction method is recommended for measuring the bioavailability of LREEs in soils.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed1993