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PubMed1994

[The differential diagnosis of anthrax in man].

The paper reports group cases of the disease running as anthrax. The disease was not identified etiologically. The authors hold that it is important to make differential diagnosis of anthrax with necrobacillosis, pasteurellosis and contact pustular viral dermatitis. Laboratory and clinical diagnostic techniques are specified.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Update on llama medicine. Viral diseases.

Expanding interest in New World Camelids presents a unique challenge to veterinarians engaged in diagnosing infectious diseases of these species. Little basic research has been conducted in this area. Much of our information is incomplete and based on serologic surveys and personal communication with virologists in diagnostic laboratories. This review is a summary of our current knowledge of the common viral diseases of llamas and alpacas. It is hoped that it will serve as a catalyst for a more complete understanding of this topic in the future.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1976

[Robert Koch's unpublished and unfinished experiments on sheep-pox (author's transl)].

The archives of the Robert Koch Institute include a casket with preparations and handwritten notes by Robert Koch (Fig. 1). He made these preparations during his time as a rural doctor between October of 1878 and September of 1880. They refer to an outbreak of sheep-pox at Rackwitz, a place near his practice at Wollstein (Fig. 2). This work has not been published; we know of it from one of Robert Koch's private letters (11). To reconstruct his working scheme and reasoning, we consulted particularly his reports on rinderpest experiments which he began in 1896 (6). The preparations from this casket which had been stained with Bismarck brown (according to Weigert) date back to a period when Robert Koch developed the foundations of bacteriology and they are evidence of his preparedness to accept new operational procedures (1, 2, 3). Thus, we have to assume that these preparations were to serve as evidence of a bacteriological etiology of sheep-pox. A wrong conclusion as to associations between the superinfection present and etiology of the disease (7) was ruled out by maintaining his own postulate. Simultaneously with this preparation work, Robert Koch performed animal experiments (11). His experience from these studies was utilized later on in his rinderpest experiments (6). On account of his confrontation with viral disease - which had its starting point in his unpublished work on sheep-pox - Robert Koch stated his postulate to be valid in the same manner as if bacteriological etiology had been demonstrated (4,6). The importance of these preparations is also seen in the interpretation of viral tissue damage, i.e. increase of macrophages and plasma cells with subsequent necrosis (9) characteristic of vira infection (Figs. 3, 4).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Photo quiz. Orf.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Orf virus infection in pregnancy.

Orf virus infection is endemic among sheep and goats, and can occur in humans who handle these animals. Orf virus infection in humans causes a characteristic skin lesion, and systemic symptoms can occur. Very little is known about Orf virus infection in human pregnancy. A case of Orf virus infection, with onset at 33 weeks gestation, is presented. There were no pathological findings in the infant born at term, or in the placenta.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Bullous pemphigoid complicating human orf.

We report five cases of human orf complicated by bullous pemphigoid. This is a previously unrecorded complication of orf. Knowledge of the association allows for better management in the affected patient.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ovine diseases. Orf.

Orf virus is an epitheliotropic DNA parapoxvirus with a worldwide distribution that induces acute pustular lesions in the skin of sheep, goats and man. Genetic mapping and sequencing of the orf virus genome have revealed that orf virus has a typical poxvirus distribution of genes, with those essential for viral DNA synthesis, replication and packaging located in the central region, and those involved in virulence concentrated in the terminal regions. The immune and inflammatory response to orf virus infection in the skin and local lymph is vigorous and typical of an anti-viral response, involving CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, interferons and antibodies. In spite of this, the virus can repeatedly infect sheep. Host acquired immunity involving CD4+ T cells and interferons is effective in controlling the extent of viral replication, but does not prevent reinfection. Several virus putative virulence genes have been identified. These are: viral homologues of ovine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); ovine IL-10; vaccinia virus E3L interferon resistance gene; and in addition a viral activity that inhibits the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These may be responsible for rescuing orf virus, at least temporarily, from host immunity and aiding viral replication in epidermal cells.

Animals↗