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PubMed1981

The history of multiple personality in the United States: I: The beginnings.

The origins of the history of multiple personality in the United States may be found in the lectures and writings of Benjamin Rush. Although the case of Mary Reynolds in 1811 has been thought to be the first known case of multiple personality. Rush described three earlier cases of dissociation and attempted to explain these strange phenomena.

Dissociative Identity Disorder↗
PubMed1985

Regional cerebral blood flow in a patient with multiple personality.

Cerebral blood flow was measured in a patient with multiple personality during two different personalities, the same patient after recovery, and three control subjects. Personality change was associated with no significant alterations in cerebral blood flow except right temporal hyperperfusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Restraints in the treatment of a patient with multiple personality.

This paper describes a technique of voluntary, intermittent use of restraints to work through a dangerous resistance during the treatment of an angry alter personality in a case of multiple personality. A safe environment for the interpretation of the angry dynamics allowed the progress of psychotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The "adualistic" representation of trauma: on malignant internalization.

This paper suggests that traumatic memories are represented in a way that is qualitatively different from nontraumatic memories. The argument depends upon a concept of self, derived from Hughlings Jackson and William James, which is double, involving not only mental life but reflection upon it. Trauma is seen as causing an uncoupling, or dedoubling, of consciousness. The traumatic diminishment of the subject-object distinction in psychic life has several main effects. First, there is a change in the form of consciousness to a state which is focussed on the present and on immediate stimuli. Secondly, the memory system in which the traumatic events are recorded is nonepisodic, lacking the reflective component. In this way, it is unconscious. Thirdly, the traumatized-traumatizer dyad is represented not as two persons in relation but more nearly as a fused monad. This representation is not integrated into the system of self as the stream of consciousness but remains relatively sequestered. This sequestration is "unstable," determining rapidly oscillating, and opposite, forms of relatedness, termed "reversals." Finally, in an "uncoupled" state, the interpretation of the "meaning" of the traumatic event is impaired. Its construction is determined by affect.

Adult↗