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PubMed1992

[Isopropanol and acetone level in serum after preoperative surface disinfection with antiseptics containing isopropanol].

After preoperative skin disinfection in pediatric surgery, serum levels of isopropanol up to 12.2 mg/l (MW 5.0 mg/l +/- 3.37, n = 26) were found. They result from a rapid and prolonged but uncharacteristic percutaneous resorption of the isopropanol-containing disinfectant. In about 50% of the cases, serum levels of acetone showed an increase up to 82 mg/l already before skin disinfection, presumably caused by preoperative starvation. After skin disinfection, raised acetone levels were found in 19 of 26 cases. As increased isopropanol and acetone levels are discussed as alcoholism markers, a falsification of congener analysis after skin disinfection, e.g. in cases of adult victims of accidents, has to be taken into consideration. Endogenous serum levels of methanol (0.87 mg/l +/- 0.49), ethanol (0.32 mg/l +/- 0.09), acetaldehyde (0.31 mg/l +/- 0.10) and others remained unaffected. Some uncharacteristic elevations of propanol-1 levels are caused by contaminated rubber caps.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1992

Gastrointestinal endoscope disinfection practices in India: results of a national survey.

A questionnaire was sent to 435 endoscopy centers in the country to obtain information regarding current endoscopic disinfection practices. Of these, 133 (30.6%) centers responded. Adequate disinfection (a minimum exposure to 1% glutaraldehyde for 2 minutes) before the start of endoscopy sessions and between procedures was practised in 61 (46%) and 45 (34%) centers respectively. The proportion of centers practising adequate disinfection was similar among those performing < 1500 and > 1500 endoscopies/year (50% vs 36%; p = ns). Twenty two (17%) centers used some additional precautions in patients with hepatitis B virus infection or immunocompromised states. Two (1.5%) of the 133 centers performing upper GI endoscopies and eight (18%) of the 44 centers performing ERCP examinations reported occurrence of infections following these procedures. Allergic reactions to disinfectants were reported by five (4%) centers. We conclude that only about a third of the gastroenterology centers in the country are practising adequate endoscope disinfection routinely.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2003

[Clinical studies of calcium hydroxide disinfecting infectious root canal of deciduous tooth].

OBJECTIVE: To search for a more ideal way to disinfect infectious root canal of deciduous tooth. METHODS: According to bacterial occurrence and clinical effect, 40 cases of infectious root canal of deciduous teeth disinfected with Ca(OH)2 were investigated, the other 40 cases with traditional way of using FC and CP respectively, were used as the control. RESULTS: Fist of all, the bacteria of deciduous tooth infectious root canal were same as the bacteria of permanent tooth infectious root canal. Secondly, Ca(OH)2 was stronger in disinfecting deciduous tooth infectious root canal. Thirdly, so far as sterilization was concerned, Ca(OH)2 had the same disinfectant as FC, and was better than CP, but FC had some irritation and poisonous side-effects to periodical tissue. So Ca(OH)2 was safe and effective for deciduous tooth infectious root canal. CONCLUSION: It was a more ideal way to disinfect deciduous tooth infectious root canal by Ca(OH)2.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed2003

The effect of disinfectants on Plesiomonas shigelloides.

The effects of ten commercially available disinfectants on virulence associated properties of Plesiomonas shigelloides were tested. All the disinfectants tested contained quaternary ammonium salts. The majority of the disinfectants when used at subinhibitory concentrations increased surface hydrophobicity as evaluated by bacterial adherence to xylene and decreased bacterial motility in a concentration dependent manner. Disinfectants did not significantly affect lipase activity. However, more than half of the antimicrobials tested increased the resistance of bacteria to hydrogen peroxide. The disinfectants, in a similar manner to antibiotics at concentrations below MIC, interfered with potential virulence factors of Plesiomonas shigelloides.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Using ultraviolet light for disinfection of finished water.

Ultraviolet light is now recognised to be very effective for inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts; however, its application for disinfection of finished water necessitates validation of UV reactors prior to their installation. Although reactor performance will likely be assessed using non-pathogenic microorganisms as biodosimetry surrogates, it would be prudent for the water industry to simultaneously measure Cryptosporidium oocysts inactivation in controlled bench-scale studies using the water matrix intended for disinfection. The likelihood of that occurring is dependent upon the availability of infectivity measurement procedures that are more user-friendly than the mouse infectivity assays currently used. This study describes a modified cell culture procedure that would enable reliable measurement of changes in oocysts' infectivity following their UV treatment. Also, a number of different biodosimetry surrogates were examined and one selected for comparing the UV doses delivered between bench-scale and full-scale biodosimetry studies. Impacts of UV disinfection on production of disinfection byproducts, effects of lamp ageing on effectiveness of disinfection and the costs associated with employing this technology were also examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hazards with disinfecting agents in renal units!

As already described in the April 1991 issue of EDTNA/ERCA Journal (Volume XVII, No. 2), the specific characteristics of various disinfecting agents delineate their respective application areas. Obviously, in a renal unit one needs a large range of disinfecting agents as they are being used for cleaning and disinfection of: water treatment devices; water tanks and distribution systems; single patient units; patient vascular access sites; dialysis connection procedure; dialyser reuse; instruments; floors, etc.... We have been taught never to mix different disinfecting agents as this might reduce their efficiency. However, it had never been hitherto reported that this might be dangerous or even cause an explosion! In this paper, we describe in detail how we were confronted with such an explosion. We further report that similar hazards occurred in other units and present an overview of possible hazards with the most common disinfecting agents. Finally, we emphasize some preventive guidelines to be put forth in renal units.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1992

The assessment of the bactericidal activity of surface disinfectants. V. Correlation of the tests with practice.

The objective of this study is to determine to what extent the value of a preparation for surface disinfection in practice can be predicted by the usual tests, namely the in vitro test in which the disinfectant is diluted in distilled water, in water of standardized hardness or in a 0.2% albumin solution, the European suspension test under clean and under dirty conditions, The Kelsey-Sykes test under clean conditions, the AOAC use-dilution method, the practical tests of the AFNOR, of the DGHM, the quantitative carrier test QCT and the quantitative surface disinfection test QSDT. Therefore the results of all these tests are compared to the ranking order of the efficacy of the same preparations in practice tests, in which slides contaminated with stool or infected urine are disinfected. There is no correlation between the results of the suspension tests and those of the practice tests, but the practical tests (DGHM test, QCT and QSDT) correlate well with practice. Practical tests (second stage of the testing schedule) are therefore necessary for the evaluation of surface disinfectants, as suspension tests alone will not suffice.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Infection control in dental health care settings: results of a survey on current disinfection practices].

This study was performed to identify which disinfection procedures are currently used in dental offices and to evaluate staff knowledge regarding infection control. Information was collected by means of a questionnaire to which 226 subjects responded. Glutaraldehyde was found to be the most commonly used disinfectant for surfaces/drill units, handpieces and instruments; however, half of the respondents did not specify which disinfectants they used. Eighty-four percent of the respondents reported contact times, which in some cases were found to be insufficient; 43,4% stated that containers are washed and disinfected each time the disinfectant is replaced; 58.8% reported that dental handpieces and instruments are precleaned prior to sterilization while 73% believe that increased attention during performance of work practices could reduce the risk of infection. These findings suggest that dental health care personnel need to be better sensitized toward infection control measures and should be offered periodical training on the proper implementation of practice guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dimensional change of elastomeric impressions after disinfectant immersion].

One method to prevent cross-contamination in dental clinic is to immerse the impressions in disinfectants before making master models. This study to evaluate the effect of disinfectants on dimensions of the elastomers namely polyether, condensation silicone, addition silicone and polysulfide, the disinfectant used in this study is 1% Sodium hypochlorite, 0.13% Sporicidin and 10% Gigasept. Being left under room temperature and immersed in distilled water are two types of controls. Dimensional changes can be measured on master model and compared with the brass standard model. The study reveals that the three disinfectants have no effect on vertical dimensions of all four elastomers but have statistically effect on horizontal dimensions of only polyether (p less than .05). It concludes that all the elastomeric impressions except polyether should be immersed in disinfectants before making master models.

Dental Impression Materials↗
PubMed1991

Factors affecting the stability of sodium hypochlorite solutions used to disinfect dental impressions.

Increased concern over the transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hepatitis B, herpes, and other diseases has prompted research into the disinfection of dental impressions. Among the factors to be considered when dental impressions are disinfected is the stability of the disinfectant solutions during storage and use. This study is concerned with the effect on disinfectant solutions of repeated immersion of alginate dental impressions taken in metal trays. The effects of the impression materials, metal trays, and dilution were evaluated, and the impact of light, heat, and storage were also addressed. The findings indicated that in the test solutions, although considerable chlorine was consumed during the disinfection procedures, bactericidal activity was maintained, while in the control solution both chlorine content and bactericidal activity were remarkably stable.

Dental Impression Materials↗
PubMed1990

[Model of bacteriologic effectiveness testing of disinfectants for veterinary medicine].

Proper evaluation of effectiveness of chemical disinfectants depends on availability of a standardised test methodology which can provide reproducible values. The binding rules and regulations for testing and acceptance under the heading of "Methods for Testing Chemical Disinfectants for Veterinary Medicine" (team of authors, 1987) have resulted from years of experimental research in the field of disinfectant development. They include a model for bacteriological laboratory testing which is described in this paper, with complementary reference being made to experimental planning and appraisal of disinfection success. An account is given of preparatory testing, using agar diffusion and serial dilution tests, and of main testing, using suspension and microorganism carrier tests. The RF% microorganism reduction rate is introduced for appraisal of disinfection success. With differentiated initial germ counts, the comparability of experimental results provided by RF% has proved to be superior to that obtainable from conventional calculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of disinfectants on bacterial metabolism evaluated by microcalorimetric investigations.

The technique of microcalorimetry allows uninterrupted observation of the effects of antimicrobial agents on bacterial metabolism; bacteriostasis and bacterial death can be distinguished from one another directly from the thermal output, without the necessity of inactivating the antimicrobial drugs. In contrast to the traditional methods, microcalorimetry assesses the thermal activity of bacteria rather than their multiplication; the microcalorimetrical results correlate with those of traditional test methods as far as MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration)_ are concerned. Microcolarimetry permits a clear differentiation between disinfectants and antibiotics/chemotherapeutics, except in the case of polymyxins which, like the tested disinfectants, show a rapid fall to the zero-line of the power-time-curve at bacteridical concentrations. At sub-bactericidal concentrations, however, each of the disinfectants tested produced an individually characteristic microcalorimetrical curve pattern. This leads us to suspect that the various disinfectants attack at different points in bacterial metabolism. Although the technique of microcalorimetry does not replace standard evaluation, it provides additional insight into the mode of action of disinfectants.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

Disinfection methods in general practice and health authority clinics: a telephone survey.

Concern about the epidemic of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome led to discussions in one health district about the dangers of cross-infection from instruments in general practice and health authority clinics. In order to establish what current disinfection practices were in use a telephone survey was adopted as a quick and easy method of data collection. Information was collected on who was responsible for disinfection as well as details of how each instrument was disinfected. Results from 69 general practices and 21 health authority clinice in one health district are reported.Some form of sterilizer was used in 63 general practices. These included water boilers (49%), dry heat sterilizers (41%), autoclaves (5%) and pressure cookers (5%). Sixty one practices were using metal vaginal specula and of these 29 were disinfecting by boiling, three were using pressure cookers, 18 dry heat, seven chemical methods, three autoclaves and one the central sterile department of the local hospital. Of those who were boiling after simple washing, three practices boiled for five to 10 minutes and reused instruments during the same clinic. Of the 29 using simple boiling 20 (69%) were boiling for less than 20 minutes.The study highlights the fact that no formal advice has been given on disinfection practice by the DHSS, the health authorities or the family practitioner committees. The need to set up local guidelines and develop practical steps for their introduction are discussed.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1985

Alginate impression materials, dimensional stability and surface detail sharpness following treatment with disinfectant solutions.

A study was made of the influence of six dissimilar disinfectants on the dimensional stability and the surface detail sharpness of four alginate impression materials. All combinations of alginates and disinfectant solutions produced quite acceptable results as regards dimensional stability one hour after the impression material had been sprayed with the disinfectant. As regards surface detail sharpness one hour after this spraying certain combinations of alginates and disinfectant solutions showed better results than others. Immersion of the alginates in disinfectant solutions for one hour or more produced unacceptable changes.

Alginates↗
PubMed1985

Cleaning and disinfection of knives in the meat industry.

The effect of disinfection of knives with water of 82 degrees C (180 degrees F) strongly depends on the amounts of protein and fat present on the tools. When fats or proteins are absent, even a high bacterial contamination on a stainless steel plate will be completely eliminated by immersion in water of 82 degrees C during 1 s, whereas even after 10 s immersion does not give satisfactory results if a high degree of fat and protein contamination is present. By adding lactic acid to hot water the bactericidal effect may be improved, although the results are far from optimal. Apparently, optimal disinfection of contaminated knives is extremely difficult to attain without the use of mechanical forces such as a high pressure water jet to remove the dirt. Therefore a special disinfection unit was designed in which apart from the factors cleaning time and temperature, the effects of mechanical forces could be determined. By increasing water pressure the cleaning effect was improved. Adding lactic acid to the spraying water made it possible to lower water temperature and water pressure, which, among other things, resulted in a lower climatological strain at the place of work. The thermodisinfector (a modified dish-washer) appear to be a good alternative for cleaning and disinfection of tools if the requirement is dropped that every worker had to have a disinfection facility within his immediate reach. The practical application of such equipment is discussed.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1978

[Efficacy of disinfectants against rabies virus (author's transl)].

A variety of disinfectants was tested against, their efficacy against Rabies virus Flury LEP strain. The efficacy was tested by intracerebral inoculation of a mixture of virus and disinfectant into 11-15 g white mice after evaluation of the intracerebral toxic dose. Two disinfectants, based on Phenolecompound, showed a marked superior effect compared with other disinfectants. One disinfectant based on quarternary Ammoniumbase showed insufficient efficacy.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1982

Ionizing radiation in the disinfection of water contaminated with potentially pathogenic mycobacteria.

Sterile drinking water samples were artificially colonized with M. Kansasii, M. gordonae and M. fortuitum suspensions (the numbers of viable unite in 1 ml were 1.2 x 10(3), 48.5 and 3.2 x 10(3), respectively) prepared from mycobacterial strains replicated in Tween 80-free liquid Dubos medium STO. The contaminated water samples were irradiated from a rotary cobalt-60 source (gamma radiation, E = 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, dose intensity 1 kJ/kg.h at room temperature) with doses 0.7, 1.5, 2.2, 3, 9, 16 and 27 kJ/kg. The disinfecting effectiveness was assessed by direct cultivation tests (0.5 ml volumes of water inoculated on egg medium) and by cultivation on membrane filters after filtrating the whole amount of the water examined (about 500 ml). Fully positive disinfecting effects were recorded in M. kansasii and M fortuitum irradiated with 9 kJ/kg and in M. gordonae after irradiation with 1.5 kJ/kg. The calculated value of D10 = 0.4 kJ/kg (i.e. the dose radiation that reduces the number if viable mycobacteria by an order of magnitude) is suggestive of a strong disinfecting effect of ionizing radiation on the tested strains of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. The results indicate that the use of ionizing radiation to disinfect mycobacteria that are difficult to remove with other methods which, as a rule, cannot ensure the permanent disinfection.

Disinfection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of in vitro activity of six disinfectants on bacteria from contamination in hemodialysis water].

The bactericidal and sporicidal activities of six disinfectants were compared in vitro by determination minimal bactericidal concentrations from AFNOR standards for antiseptics and disinfectants. These disinfectants were tested against seventeen bacterial strains and two suspensions of spores including reference strains and wild strains from water of hospital environment. The compound with peracetic acid, ACETOPER 200, is the only disinfectant with the two activities against all strains at 21 degrees C +/- 1 degree C in short length of time. Furthermore except for Serratia liquefaciens that is remarkably resistant to STERLANE, no significant differences of susceptibility to disinfectants appear between wild bacterial strains and reference strains.

Bacteria↗