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PubMed1995

Diagnosis, laboratory analysis, and treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers.

This paper describes the diagnosis, analysis, and management of ophthalmic bacterial corneal infections, with emphasis on the various risk factors, culture techniques, relations to other pathologic states, prophylaxis, sensitivity trends, and treatment protocols associated with bacterial corneal ulcers. New antiinfective agents and their role in the management of current bacterial ophthalmic infections are also discussed.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

[Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the west region of São Paulo State].

The Pólo da Alta Sorocabana laboratory, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, and the Biological Institute in São Paulo State, performed an evaluation of rabies diagnosis from 1996 to 2003 in the west region of São Paulo State. For the tests, the laboratories used direct immunofluorescence and mice inoculation in 4,950 samples, that were sent for analysis involving dogs, cats, cattle, chiroptera (bats) and other animals. According to the results, the laboratories found 74 positive samples; of which 58 (78.4%) were non-hematophagous bats and 16 (21.6%) related to cattle. The present epidemiological study verified that in spite of the high positive index in chiroptera compared to the other species, there was not an outbreak of rabies in the species in the region of Presidente Prudente, from 1996 to 2003 but a rise in the positive index due to a marked increase in the number of chiroptera samples sent to the laboratories for virus rabies research.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in a developing country 1968-1975.

The paper records the results of a retrospective study of laboratory findings on samples sent for diagnosis of possible tuberculosis among patients attending or admitted to hospital during the 8 years, 1968-1975. Out of a total of 23 419 such samples, 2479 were positive for tubercle bacilli: both direct microscopy and cultural examinations were carried out, except in the case of many sputum samples which were strongly positive on direct film examination. It was found that the simple examination of stained smears would detect 77% of positive sputa, but was unsatisfactory for other specimens, where cultural examination was essential. Among the positive samples, only sixty-nine came from children under 15 years old: this low figure probably represents selection in hospital attendance or submission of samples, rather than a true comparison with the incidence of clinical tuberculosis in adults. The type of infections evident in children differed from that apparent for all age groups combined, in the high proportion of cases of tuberculous meningitis among the younger age group. The yearly figures give little indication of a fall in the incidence of clinically significant tuberculosis over the past 8 years. A vigorous effort is required for case finding and treatment if there is to be substantial improvement over the next 8 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Laboratory diagnosis of factitious disorders.

Self-induced factitious disorders are defined and distinguished from conditions they may resemble. Review of the literature since 1965 indicates much more frequent reporting in recent years, but most health care providers are still not sufficiently aware of the common factitious disorder. Up to 5% of physician-patient encounters may be because of factitious disorders, but these are only suspected when the workup leads to contradictory findings. Laboratory tests are often the only definitive diagnostic method, and clinicians may not be familiar with current technologies. Some clinical clues are listed; heightened awareness and the need for early diagnosis are emphasized. Discordant laboratory results should raise the possibility of a factitious disorder. Sophisticated laboratory tests that can accurately assay very small amounts of specific hormones or foreign substances in body fluids facilitate the diagnosis. The primary physician can now confirm an initial clinical diagnosis of factitious disorder promptly and directly rather than only by exclusion.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira species, for which humans are accidental hosts. It is endemic in the tropical urban areas including our country, where seasonal epidemics are becoming increasingly common. Laboratory tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis of clinically suspected leptospirosis due to its varied symptomatology. Moreover, leptospirosis must always be considered during the differential diagnosis of other tropical febrile illnesses. Laboratory analysis depends on the samples available and temporal stage of the illness. A confusing array of laboratory tests is described for the detection of this spirochete and antibodies. The conventional tests include direct microscopy, culture and the most widely used reference standard method -the microscopic agglutination test. In addition a variety of newer serological tests and those based on molecular techniques have been described. This review has attempted to describe the basis of these techniques and discussed the relative advantages and drawbacks of these assays with special emphasis on the selection of the most appropriate specimen and test, and the correct interpretation of the test result.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1993

Laboratory diagnosis of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency by the amplification refractory mutation system.

We used the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)--a polymerase-chain-reaction-based method--to detect the 985 A-to-G mutation of the gene coding for the enzyme medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). The 985 A-to-G allele is thought to account for approximately 89% of the mutant alleles in this disorder and at least one copy was reported to be present in 98% of affected individuals. ARMS provided a simple and robust method that reliably identified the 985 A-to-G mutant allele in patients either homozygous or heterozygous for this allele. Combined with organic acid analysis, ARMS can provide definitive diagnosis for the great majority of the patients with MCAD deficiency. The method, therefore, should be useful in clinical laboratories involved with the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism.

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1997

[Clinical genetics in The Netherlands. I. Organization, activities and laboratory diagnosis].

There are seven centres for clinical genetics in the Netherlands. In 1996, some 63,000 persons (patients and possible carriers of hereditary diseases) were tested. In centres for clinical genetics chromosomal studies, biochemical diagnostics of hereditary metabolic diseases and DNA diagnostics are integrated with genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. The borders between the three different forms of laboratory testing for congenital anomalies and hereditary diseases gradually diminish. The variations of the numbers of laboratory examinations, genetic advices and prenatal diagnoses over the last ten years show that there is no correlation between these activities and the method of funding. Owing to the low prevalence of the diseases involved, the total number of DNA diagnoses for monogenic diseases will not increase significantly. However, once genetic risk factors of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, asthma, rheumatism, some psychiatric disorders and Alzheimer dementia will have been mapped, DNA diagnostics will greatly expand and will have implications in a broad area of medicine.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis: clinical and laboratory diagnosis, assessment of renal complications].

PURPOSE: Non traumatic rhabdomyolysis (RML) is an infrequent and sometimes clinically silent syndrome. RML incidence is increasing in the last few years. A prospective study was performed: 1) to value the non traumatic RML incidence in patients admitted to Emergency Room; 2) to reevaluate the clinical and laboratory criteria of diagnosis; 3) to establish complications' incidence and prognosis during the recovery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In Emergency Medical First Aid 15.301 patients were examined. To the study were admitted only patients having CK level grater than fivefold the upper normal limits and without trauma, recent surgery, heart and cerebral disease. RESULTS: During the six months study, non traumatic RML incidence was 0.1% (16 patients of 15.301). Drugs, alcohol and substance abuse acute intoxication were the commonest causes. The Acute Renal Failure (ARF) was the more frequent complication (9 patients of 16). Four patients of nine was treated only by fluid administration, the other five by dialysis. Oligoanuric-ARF appeared only in patients affected by toxic RML. These patients had no-return to normal renal functional values at the time of hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Non traumatic RML should be take into account by emergency doctor in cases of acute intoxication. To prevent the complications it's necessary the right interpretation of clinical and laboratory datas and an early and adequate therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of bleeding disorders.

The diagnosis of hemostatic abnormalities requires a detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation of the patient. The clinical assessment includes a detailed history and a thorough physical examination. The patient's history may provide clues as to the time of onset of the bleeding tendency, the clinical severity of the abnormality, and the possible contributing role of other disease processes or of drugs. The nature of the bleeding symptoms may provide clues as to the nature of the hemostatic defect. Hemostatic screening tests are invaluable in helping to differentiate between platelet, vascular, coagulation, and fibrinolytic abnormalities. Specific tests, including specific factor assays, platelet aggregometry, and antiplatelet antibody assays are usually required to characterize the exact nature and severity of hemostatic defects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The potentials for the laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by bacteria in the genus Campylobacter].

Information on the laboratory diagnostics of Campylobacter infections, carried out with the use of traditional method and molecular biology methods which based on the study of the genetic apparatus of infective agents, is summarized. Classical bacteriological analysis ensuring the isolation and biochemical identification of bacteria, up to the determination of their species, complex bacteriological analysis permitting their isolation and phenotypic identification, as well as genotypic diagnostics in reference laboratories (the detection and identification of infective agents by means of molecular hybridization or gene amplification), may be used.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

[Comparative analysis of methods for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme's disease in early stages of infection].

Different methods of laboratory diagnostics were comparatively analyzed in examining 25 patients at the early infection stage. Sera were measured by using various serological reactions. Specific antibodies were determined by using the reaction of indirect immune-fluorescence (RIIF), the immune-enzyme analysis (IEA) and the complement-binding reaction (CBR) in 83.1%, 54.4% and 12.5% of cases, respectively. Essential differences in sensitivity were detected between the above methods. RIIF was proven to be a reliable and sufficiently sensitive method in the laboratory diagnostics of Lyma's disease. While the use of two methods, i.e. RIIF and IEA, ensures the highest percentage of detection of antibodies to the causative agent of Lyma's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Laboratory diagnosis of intestinal micro-parasitosis in AIDS patients: state of the art].

BACKGROUND: The diarrhea, often associated with growing thin and weight loss, is important for nutritional state and quality of life in AIDS patients. It was demonstrated that patients with AIDS who present diarrhea have a greater degree of immunosuppression than those without diarrhea, predisposing the gastrointestinal tract to the action of protozoa, bacterial, viral, fungal pathogens which may cause morbidity and death. HIV-patients are particularly susceptible to protozoa infections. Cryptosporidium infection is among the most common causes of enteric disease but Microsporidium (Enterocytozon bieneusi) and Cyclospora are emerging as potentially important enteric pathogens in AIDS patients. In spite of frequent interest of gastrointestinal tract the knowledge of diarrhea syndromes AIDS-related are often greatly limited by diagnostic difficulties. OBJECTIVE: A review is made of the different laboratory methods employed in intestinal microparasitosis in the light of considerable dangerousness and aggressiveness of some protozoa on HIV-patients. METHODS: The methods for the diagnosis of intestinal microparasitosis are based particularly on direct diagnosis (macroscopic or microscopic examination at fresh or after concentration) or an immunological diagnosis. RESULTS: The laboratory methods available at present permit to evidence different protozoa not evidenced in the past and without invasive techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The etiological diagnosis of diarrhea in AIDS-patients is often difficult and/or disappointing. Epidemiological knowledge on protozoa pathology has been limited by diagnostic difficulties but their identification is important particularly because an increasing therapeutic regimens are now available to treat these infections.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗