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PubMed1992

The evolving demography of aging in the United States of American and the former USSR.

In the United States of America and in the republics of the former USSR, the elderly (persons aged 60 and over) will comprise the same proportion of their respective societies by the year 2000, namely 17%. In both countries, this population subgroup is growing at a faster rate than the rest of the population and living longer, although there are now more differences than similarities between the two countries in respect of the elderly, as summarized below. Similarities. In both countries today, the age group 50 years and over represents 26% of the total population, and by the year 2000 it is expected that 17% of the population will be 60 years and over. Diseases of the circulatory system and neoplasms are the major causes of death in both countries. Life expectancy beyond retirement age (i.e. the number of years a person is expected to live after having retired) is about the same in both, but this is due to the statistical fact that in the former USSR women are expected to have an extra year of life expectancy compared to their United States counterparts, while men are expected to live 2.5 years less beyond retirement than their United States counterparts. Differences. Mortality rates in the former USSR are higher than those in the United States. Life expectancy for men in the former USSR is 6.5 years below the figure for United States males. By age 65, the differences are 2.7 years for women and 2.4 years for men. Today, the proportion of the population having reached retirement age is larger in the former USSR than in the United States (17% vs 15%) because of lower retirement age in the former USSR. By the year 2000, these figures are expected to be 19% and 25%, respectively. Men make up 27% of the pension-age population in the former USSR against 41% in the United States. Life expectancy at birth could increase by 4 years for men in the former USSR if they had the same mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems as their United States counterparts. Similarly, women in the former USSR would gain 4 years of life from these two causes alone. Older women are more likely to be married in the United States than in the former USSR, and this difference increases with age: at age 65, 25% of the former USSR's women are married versus 41% in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demography and causes of death among the Huli in the Tari Basin.

Monthly demographic surveillance by local reporters was continuous in the Tari Basin from 1971 until 1995 and cause of death was determined primarily by verbal autopsy. In 1982 the de jure population was 26,500, 15% aged less than 5 years. Crude birth rate was 34/1000/annum in 1980-1984; from 1977 to 1983 crude mortality rate was 15/1000/annum and life expectancy at birth 50 years. Infant mortality fell from 160 in the 1920s to 72/1000 livebirths in the 1970s, the greatest decline occurring between 1952 and 1971 when antibiotics became widely available. Respiratory disease (particularly chronic lung disease in adults) accounted for 39% of all deaths, and pneumonia for 50% and 33% of infant and toddler deaths respectively. Very few deaths from pigbel have occurred since the introduction of pigbel vaccine. Initially childhood mortality from diarrhoea declined following introduction of an oral rehydration program but subsequently rose when medical attention was no longer sought and children were inadequately treated at home. The higher mortality in the lower-lying Iumu area was attributed to malaria. Since the opening of the Highlands Highway in 1981, there has been a dramatic increase in short-term movement of both men and women in and out of Tari resulting in increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and viral infections such as measles. If restored, the Tari Research Unit could continue to play a key role in assisting the Department of Health in making decisions on appropriate interventions to improve the quality of life of Papua New Guineans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Relationships among ecology, demography and diseases of European bison (Bison bonasus).

The bison population in the Bialowieza Forest in Poland has now grown to approximately 300, while the herds in the Belarusian part of the forest total about 240 bison. The first signs of a health problem in these herds appeared in 1980, when two cases of balanoposthitis were detected in two bulls (2 and 5 years of age). Since 1980 research has been conducted to explain the cause of diseases, particularly balanoposthitis, and to monitor the health of bison in Bialowieza Forest. A total number of 614 bison (294 male and 320 female) of different ages was eliminated between 1980 and 2000. Not all the culled bison were examined (postmortem analysis, histopathological, bacteriological, virological and toxicological examinations, serological tests, molecular research). Based on the increase in numbers, reproduction in this population for the past 21 years is generally considered successful. Among 182 male bison eliminated during 1990-2000, only 85, or 47%, of the animals had balanoposthitis. Thus, the percentage of balanoposthitis cases went from 100% during the 1980s down to 47% in the past decade. It appears that the culling process has been a major factor leading to this decrease. It can be assumed that a set of factors is involved in the appearance of the disease (Corynebacterium spp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Ureoplasma spp, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptoccocus spp., Staphyloccocus spp.) while opportunistic infections including nematodes (Onchocerca spp.) are responsible for the occurrence of secondary lesions.

Animals↗