Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cystoscopes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 703 records · Page 39Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Final diagnosis and therapeutic implications of mixed symptoms of urinary incontinence in women.

The final diagnosis of 244 females who presented with mixed symptoms of stress incontinence (SI) and urge incontinence (UI) was made based on clinical, urodynamic, and cystoscopic findings. The UD studies consisted of cystometrogram, uroflow and urethral pressure profiles in the supine and standing positions. Diagnosis of genuine stress urinary incontinence (GSI) in 72 patients (30%) was based on the presence of positive Marshall test result or maximum urethral closure pressure 40 cm of water or less, in addition to the symptoms of stress incontinence. Diagnosis of reduced bladder storage (RBS) in 36 patients (15%) was based on MCC 300 mL or less, or the findings of bladder instability on cystometrogram in addition to the symptoms of urge incontinence. Ninety-five patients (39%) with the criteria of both GSI and RBS were classified as the mixed group. The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis in 19 patients (8%) was made according to the criteria outlined by Messing. Urethral stenosis was diagnosed in 6 patients (2%) based on a reduced maximal flow rate by at least 2 S.D. and a tight urethra to F16 calibration at cystoscopy. Sixteen patients (7%) with inconclusive diagnosis had symptoms only of SI and UI but no objective findings. The clinical and urodynamic findings in each group and the results of the surgical and medical treatment are compared.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder in thirteen-year-old boy.

We report a rare case of primary epithelial bladder tumor in a thirteen-year-old boy. Histologically, the tumor was that of a solitary and papillary transitional cell carcinoma, grade 1. This tumor was detectable at cystoscopic examination, and cytologic procedures were without benefit for a diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Experience with schistosomiasis in renal transplantation.

Schistosomiasis involving the urinary tract has only occasionally been reported in North American literature and rarely from American hospital experience. Chronic infection may result in numerous abnormalities of the urinary tract which may interfere with the function of a transplanted kidney. Our institution has performed a number of renal transplants in patients who are from countries where schistosomiasis is endemic. Six patients in our group had evidence of schistosomal disease during their pretransplant evaluation and were appropriately treated. None of these patients had postoperative complications attributable to the schistosomal disease. We recommend that all patients who are from areas where urinary schistosomiasis is endemic undergo a cystoscopic examination and bladder biopsies in addition to the routine pretransplant urologic evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

New endourologic technique for catheter placement after TURP, prostatectomy, and difficult urethroscopy.

Inserting a Foley catheter into a traumatized urethra with false channels or a post-transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) undermined bladder neck can be very difficult if not impossible at times. Likewise, replacing a Foley catheter that has fallen out in the early postoperative period after a radical prostatectomy can be difficult and can cause significant injury to the fresh anastomosis. We describe a technique using a Peel-Away sheath that fits over a cystoscope or a resectoscope, and facilitates accurate insertion of a Foley catheter without trauma to the urethra.

Cystoscopy↗
PubMed1993

Toxoplasma cystitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Ante-mortem diagnosis of vesical toxoplasmosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was made by cystoscopic examination and biopsy of the bladder. Vesical biopsies can be helpful in determining appropriate therapy for AIDS patients with urinary tract involvement/disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Effect of repeated instillation of interstitial cystitis urine on the rabbit urinary bladder.

One theory for the etiology of interstitial cystitis (IC) proposes toxic substances in the urine. This hypothesis was tested in our laboratory by infusing urine into the bladders of rabbits twice weekly for six weeks. For the first study rabbits were treated by one-hour biweekly intravesical exposure to urine from a symptomatic interstitial cystitis patient, a normal volunteer, or physiologic saline. For the second study, animals were exposed to both a high and a low molecular weight fraction of urine pooled from 7 interstitial cystitis patients, 7 normal female volunteers, and physiologic saline. At the end of six weeks the animals were cystoscoped and the bladder was removed the following day for histologic and contractile studies. Post-distention glomerulations were observed in 3 of the 4 whole IC urine-treated animals and an ulcer identical to the classic "Hunner's ulcer" was seen in one of these animals. Post-distention petechial hemorrhages were also noted in all 5 of the high molecular weight IC urine-treated animals but in none of the others, suggesting a difference between IC and normal urine. These IC urine-treated groups also showed the greatest degree of histologic changes including edema and plasma cell infiltrates in the lamina propria, submucosa and perivascular tissue. However, there was no statistically significant difference in bladder capacity, micturition patterns, or contractile response of bladder strips. These results indicate that there are substances with nominal molecular weight greater than 10 kD in interstitial cystitis urine that induce changes in the rabbit bladder that resemble bladders of interstitial cystitis patients.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1993

Effect of cystoscopy, prostate biopsy, and transurethral resection of prostate on serum prostate-specific antigen concentration.

To assess the effect of cystoscopy, prostate biopsy, and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) on the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, 101 patients were evaluated. For cystoscopic examination, 69 men were randomized in a prospective manner to one of three groups: flexible cystoscopy, rigid cystoscopy, and a control cohort. The median change in serum PSA was 0.1 ng/mL following flexible cystoscopy, 0.05 ng/mL after rigid cystoscopy, and 0.05 ng/mL for the control group, in which two serum PSA determinations were obtained without an intervening cystoscopy. The differences between the three groups were not statistically significant. The effect of prostate biopsy and TURP was examined in 32 men. Prostate biopsy caused an immediate elevation in the serum PSA level, with a median increase of 7.9 ng/mL (p < 0.0001). Similarly, TURP produced an elevation in the serum PSA concentration, with a median change of 5.9 ng/mL (p < 0.001). The median time required for the serum PSA value to return to a stable level after prostate biopsy was fifteen days (range: 5-21 days) for men with prostate cancer and seventeen days (range: 3-30+ days) for men without cancer, and eighteen days (range: 12-30+ days) for men who underwent TURP. These findings indicate that a serum PSA determination after either a flexible or a rigid cystoscopy is accurate and reliable. Both biopsy and TURP cause an immediate increase in the serum PSA level, which usually returns to a stable, baseline level within three weeks. However, because in some patients the serum PSA still remained elevated after four weeks, it is recommended that a serum PSA determination not be obtained for at least six weeks after either a prostate biopsy or TURP.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Pretransplant urologic evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: Although a number of pretransplant urologic evaluations have been recommended in the literature, their efficacy has not been validated. This study was undertaken to evaluate a standardized urologic diagnostic protocol for potential adult transplant recipients. METHODS: One hundred consecutive adult transplant candidates were prospectively evaluated with a complete history and physical examination, renal ultrasonography (US), voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), urinalysis, and urine culture. Other diagnostic studies including cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography were performed as indicated. RESULTS: Urologic malignancies were diagnosed in 3 patients that included Stage A2 prostate cancer, Stage TA transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and Stage II renal cell carcinoma. The only significant abnormality detected by renal US was renal cell carcinoma in 1 patient. Twenty-six individuals had VCUG abnormalities, but these could not be predicted based on patient characteristics. However, VCUG was normal in all nondiabetic patients without voiding symptoms or a history of urinary tract infections. Thirteen patients had hematuria and were evaluated with cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography. One individual (7.6%) had a significant abnormality (bladder tumor) detected during cystoscopy. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated no clinically significant abnormalities in this patient group. Eighteen patients had sterile pyuria and underwent similar endoscopic evaluation. Cystoscopic examination was normal in all these individuals, and retrograde pyelography showed either normal or clinically insignificant papillary necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Although renal US has a low diagnostic yield, all adult transplant candidates should undergo this study because of the high prevalence of renal cell carcinoma in this cohort. VCUG also should be performed prior to transplantation, but it may be omitted in nondiabetic patients without voiding symptoms or a history of urinary tract infection. Transplant candidates with hematuria warrant an endoscopic evaluation, although this may not be necessary in individuals with sterile pyuria.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is largely a preventable disease; epidemiologic studies indicate that the majority of cases occur as a result of cigarette smoking or occupational exposures. The impact of screening high-risk populations is uncertain, but prompt and early diagnosis is essential for optimal therapeutic results. The management of different stages of disease varies greatly and is currently in a state of evolution. The majority of cancers are superficial, of low malignant potential, and can generally be treated cystoscopically. Few studies have addressed whether intravesical therapy will prevent high-risk patients with superficial disease from developing muscle invasion or distant metastases. Controversy exists as to optimal management of patients with invasive cancers. Improvements in technique and methodologies of urinary diversion have made cystectomy more tolerable for patients. Although cystectomy remains the "gold standard," probably not all patients require it. The careful selection of those patients whose bladders can be preserved is currently being evaluated. Combination chemotherapy for patients with metastatic bladder cancer is very active, appears to prolong survival, and may offer durable remissions to some patients. Whether chemotherapy will permit greater numbers of patients with invasive bladder cancer to be cured and bladders preserved remains to be determined.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1987

A routine method for cytogenetic analysis of small urinary bladder tumor biopsies.

A method that allows routine cytogenetic analysis of small cystoscopic biopsies from urothelial tumors is described. This method is based on prolonged mild collagenase disaggregation, a 12-16 hour culture, and harvesting procedures adapted to give maximal metaphase recovery. In addition to providing a means for cytogenetic studies of small biopsies from urinary bladder tumors, this method provides the advantages of direct preparations, with chromosome morphology and banding sufficient for karyotypic analysis. Conventional cell synchronization techniques, applied to this system, should enable high-resolution banding and optimize analysis.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1994

A new perineal template assembly for high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy of gynecologic malignancies.

This technical note introduces a modified Syed-Neblett type perineal template for high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy of gynecologic malignancies. The template can easily be disassembled after the insertion of the central needles into the pelvis allowing the cystoscopic and rectoscopic control of the needle positions. Thus needles penetrating the bladder or the rectum are recognized and can be repositioned before reassembling the template. Elimination of hot irradiation zones in tumor-free bladder and rectum walls might lead to reduction of severe late complications without compromising the therapeutic efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Successful CPCR in two patients.

Authors have salvaged two cases suffering from respiratory and cardiac arrest with active effective cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR). One was a 53-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis whose tracheostomy tube was dislodged on the way to being transferred to the ICU. Another case, a 56-year-old farmer, the victim of an anesthesia accident which occurred in the cystoscopic examination room where equipment for CPR was unavailable. The patients were discharged with complete recovery of brain function after 64 days of unconsciousness in case 1 and weaning off after 74 days of mechanical ventilation in case 2. It is very important for the success of CPR to understand and practice the technique of CPR in the order: A (airway), B (breathing) and C (circulation). Early intubation and defibrillation is effective measurements for successful CPR. Training programs of CPR must be held not only for medical personnel but also for citizens in the developing counties.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1983

Radical irradiation of T2 grade III and T3 bladder cancer--tumor response and prognosis.

A retrospective review was undertaken of the records of 69 patients treated by radical irradiation between 1972 and 1977 for T2 Grade III and T3 bladder cancer. Twenty-six of the patients were treated to a tumor dose of 54 Gy in 2 Gy fractions using five daily fractions per week and 24 of the patients were treated to a tumor dose of 48.6 Gy in 3.47 Gy fractions given tri-weekly. The tumor response and its relationship to patient five year survival with bladder conservation was determined. Tumor response was assessed on the basis of the documented gross cystoscopic findings between 6 and 12 months after radiotherapy. This could be done in 63 of the 69 patients. The complete response rate was 43%. The five year survival rate with bladder conservation for all the patients in the study was 24%; for those with a complete response at cystoscopy, 54%; and for those failing to achieve a complete response, 5.8%. A statistically significant improvement in survival with bladder conservation for patients with complete response was found in both subgroups of uniformly treated patients. A 17% incidence of severe late gastrointestinal tract complications was noted in the subgroup of patients treated with large radiation fractions. These results confirm the prognostic value of the tumor response at cystoscopy after radical radiotherapy, expand the total dose or TDF range over which it has been observed and document its occurrence with an unconventional radiation fractionation schedule.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The radiation response of human bladder cancer assessed in vitro or as xenografts in immune-deprived mice.

We have studied the response to radiation of cells derived from transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the human bladder. In vitro radiation survival curves for two established cell lines, RT-4 and MGH-U1, and for a cell line HB-10 derived recently from biopsy of a metastatic lymph node were characterized by values of D0 and n in the range of 1.1-1.5 Gy and 2-7 respectively. The oxygen enhancement ratio of HB-10 cells was 2.8. Xenografts derived from the line HB-10 were irradiated in vivo under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions and cell survival was assessed in agar. Both aerobic and hypoxic survival curves were similar to that obtained for irradiation of hypoxic HB-10 cells in culture. Another tumor line, HB-15, derived from a cystoscopic biopsy of primary TCC, was maintained by transplantation of xenografts. Regrowth curves for HB-15 xenografts after radiation doses of 10 or 20 Gy were parallel to the growth curve for untreated controls but with volume reduced by factors of about 5 and 20 respectively. Irradiation of HB-15 xenografts under hypoxic conditions conveyed minimal protection as compared to irradiation in air. We conclude that cells derived from TCC of the human bladder exhibit parameters of radiation survival similar to those of other mammalian cells, and that xenografts derived from such cells contain a high proportion of hypoxic cells.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1984

Radical irradiation and misonidazole for T2 grade III and T3 bladder cancer: 2 year follow-up.

Patients with T2 grade III and T3 bladder cancer were treated in a Phase II trial of radical irradiation plus Misonidazole (MISO). Forty Gy in 2 Gy fractions (5 per week) to the whole pelvis were followed by 12 Gy in 6 Gy fractions (1 per week) plus oral and intravesical MISO to a coned down volume. Twenty-two patients were treated and the results compared with historical controls. The cystoscopic complete tumor response between 6 and 12 months post therapy were 73 and 43%, respectively. The patient two year survival was 81 and 51%, respectively, and the patient 2 year survival with bladder preservation was 61 and 48%, respectively--4 patients in the MISO study having undergone salvage cystectomy. Complications that may be radiation related in the MISO study are wound sepsis after salvage cystectomy in 2 patients, rectal stenosis requiring colostomy 16 months after salvage cystectomy in 1 patient and the development of a contracted bladder in 1 patient with a history of prior extensive endoscopic therapy. No misonidazole neurotoxicity seen. These findings are being further evaluated in a prospective randomized trial.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Invasive bladder carcinoma: preliminary report of selective bladder conservation by transurethral surgery, upfront MCV (methotrexate, cisplatin, and vinblastine) chemotherapy and pelvic irradiation plus cisplatin.

Methotrexate, Cisplatin, and Vinblastine (MCV) was followed by Cisplatin plus radiation therapy in 19 patients with muscle-invading clinical Stage T2-4NXM0 transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (including cystectomy candidates), to achieve local control and prevent distant metastases. Radical cystectomy was recommended for all patients who failed to reach a complete response (CR = biopsy negative and cytology not positive) following MCV and Cisplatin X 2 plus 4000 cGy. Completely responding patients, and those partially responding patients unsuited for cystectomy, were selected for bladder conservation treated with additional irradiation to the bladder tumor volume (total 6,480 cGy) plus one additional Cisplatin treatment. Dose reductions were required for stomatitis in 26%, mild bone marrow depression in 58%, and renal toxicity in 5% of the patients. During the Cisplatin/4000 cGy, mild dysuria occurred in 68% of patients and 36% had mild bowel hyperactivity. Serious complications have occurred in two patients to date. One patient had recurrent pulmonary emboli, marked reduction in bladder capacity, and diarrhea. A second had bladder perforation during cystoscopic evaluation after MCV and a small bowel obstruction after Cisplatin and 4000 cGy. There was no treatment-related sepsis. Three patients had initial complete transurethral resection of their tumors and therefore 16 patients are evaluable for tumor responsiveness to this protocol. Four patients (25%) were biopsy negative and cytology negative, whereas three additional patients (19%) were biopsy negative but cytology positive following initial MCV. Six patients (38%) were biopsy negative and cytology negative whereas three additional patients (19%) were biopsy negative and cytology positive following MCV and Cisplatin X 2 plus 4000 cGy pelvic radiation. Of the entire group, 9 patients were treated with full-dose radiotherapy. All of these patients are alive without evidence of tumor on rebiopsy of the original tumor site, but one has a persistent positive cytology. Seven patients had a radical cystectomy and 6 are disease free. The treatment of 3 patients deviated from the protocol. Overall, only one patient has developed distant metastases and currently 84% of the patients are disease-free, although follow-up is short. To date, this feasibility study has been clinically practical and well tolerated. The proportion of CR's suggests that this program may prove to be an organ-sparing and curative approach for a significant number of patients, but more experience and follow-up are required.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

How cold light was introduced to arthroscopy.

In 1954, in a landmark publication, H. H. Hopkins reported that images could be transmitted through glass fibers. This stimulated many investigations and, in 1957, B. Hirschowitz at the University of Michigan, succeeded in constructing a much-needed flexible gastroscope using optic glass fibers. Coating of the fibers by glass of lower refractive index was the next major step forward. Optical fibers were thus insulated and the accuracy of the transmitted image and the light transmission capacity of the fibers were enhanced. Working with American Cystoscope Makers Inc, L. Curtiss and H. Hett were the first to use glass fibers for illumination in an endoscope, producing a flexible ureteroscope in 1960. The light transmitted by the fibers was named "cold light" because it produced little heat, but the term had been used before for other types of illumination. The first arthroscope equipped with cold light was Watanabe's arthroscope No. 22 built by Tsunekichi Fukuyo in 1967. However, Watanabe was not satisfied with the new instrument and he still preferred the conventionally illuminated No. 21 arthroscope with the offset tungsten bulb at his tip. After R. W. Jackson reintroduced the technique to North America, most American pioneers used this conventionally illuminated arthroscope as well. But the early European arthroscopists had cold light instruments made by the German manufacturers R. Wolf and K. Storz since 1969. These rod-lens cold light instruments expanded in all markets during the following decade.

Arthroscopes↗
PubMed2006

Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization and melanoma antigen genes analysis in primary bladder carcinoma.

Conventional urine cytology has a poor prognostic performance for detecting bladder cancer, particularly for low-grade tumors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosomes altered in bladder cancer and testing for antigens selectively expressed in tumors are promising alternatives. This study investigated the use of FISH for detecting aneuploidy of chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21 and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) for the expression of melanoma associated antigen (MAGE) genes for the diagnosis of bladder cancer in voided urine specimens. The two techniques were compared with cystoscopic bladder biopsy results in 47 patients with urothelial cancer and 15 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. FISH detected cancer in 42 of 47 patients (89.4%). This was significantly higher than the detection rate 30 of 47 patients (64.3%) by MAGE RT-PCR (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of FISH increased with histologic grade and stage of the tumors, correctly identifying 77.8% of pTa and pTis, 94.1% of pT1, and 100% of Pt2-4 tumors. MAGE, however, showed a decreased sensitivity in high grade advanced tumors; it was positive in 66.7% of pTa and pTis, 70.6% of pT1, and 50% of Pt2-4 tumors. Together, the tests correctly identified urothelial cancer in 46 of 47 patients (97.9%). Combined FISH and MAGE RT-PCR testing may offer a promising alternative to conventional urine cytology in screening high-risk populations and in monitoring bladder cancer patients for recurrent tumor.

Adult↗