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PubMed1959

Common anorectal complications in pregnancy. Methods of management.

The hormonal, anatomic and pelvic vascular changes of pregnancy have a profound effect on the anorectum, making hemorrhoidal disease the most common anorectal complication of pregnancy. Anal infections such as fissures, abscesses and fistulas are relatively infrequent.Physiologic engorgement of the hemorrhoidal vessels during pregnancy is quite common, transitory and requires only simple palliation. True symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease, however, is less common, more permanent and will usually need corrective treatment to prevent immediate complications and future aggravation. Serious rectal and colonic diagnostic problems demand endoscopic investigation regardless of the pregnancy. Clinical experience and studies seem to indicate that extreme conservatism in the treatment of severe complicated hemorrhoidal disease during pregnancy appears to be unwarranted. After consultation and agreement, surgical treatment of severe, disabling, symptomatic hemorrhoids that are not responsive to palliation can be safely accomplished during the second trimester of pregnancy. Once true hemorrhoidal disease develops, correction should be done before a subsequent pregnancy to avoid later increased aggravation and morbidity.

Abscess↗

PubMed2003

[Thinking on the coming psychiatry--what the DSM-diagnosis brought about in our psychiatry].

Since the DSM-III diagnosis has been introduced in our psychiatric practices in 1980, the mental disorders which have been thought to be of psychological quality now came to have the biological basis. This means the rebirth of W. Griesinger's concept in which the psychosis is the brain disease. We should say, the mental disorders are the brain disease. This movement is a new conservatism. The second characteristics are widening of concept "mental disorder". The personality disorder is new category which is different from the classical concept of psychopathy. Now all psychiatric professors in Japan have recognize the concept "borderline personality disorder". This means that the psychiatrist has taken over the responsibility about the psychosocial problems from which they had kept themselves away in their clinical practices. The third is that the generalized anxiety disorder and the social anxiety disorder have been included in the DSM diagnosis. These are the borderland concept between the healthy and pathological condition which has been thought to belong to the mental health area. These have given us, the psychiatrist, the opportunity to think again on what the mental soundness really is.

Anxiety Disorders↗

PubMed2003

C-heterochromatin pattern of ten species of tetrigids (Tetrigidae, Orthoptera).

The karyotypes of species belonging to the Tetrigidae is characterised by structural conservatism. The standard chromosome set of T. japonica, T. simulans, T. bolivari, P. meridionalis, U. depressus, and F. robustus consists of 2n = 13 acrocentric chromosomes in males and 2n = 14 in females, with a sex determining mechanism of X0 male and XX female. C-bands distribution often species belonging to 4 genera were studied. Differences in the position of C-bands and number of chiasma between species are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of monosaccharides of bacterial glycocalix of Bacillus-Lactobacillus-Streptococcus group by gas-chromatography].

The glycocalix of some bacteria of the Bacillus--Lactobacillus--Streptococcus (Bacillus subtilis 3, B. subtilis 668, B. licheniformis 31, Lactobacillus plantarum 11/16, Enterococcus faecium K-50) group were isolated and composition of neutral monosaccharides was investigated. Such sugars as rhamnose, ribose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose were found in the investigated representatives of genus Bacillus--Lactobacillus--Streptococcus. Presence of significant quantity of glucose and galactose did not depend on cultivation conditions. This fact testifies to its conservatism and a possibility to use it as phylogenetic marker.

Bacillus↗

PubMed1992

Fatal fetal abnormalities. Route of delivery and effect of the development of antepartum diagnostics in the last 13 years.

The appropriateness of cesarean section as the route of delivery in pregnancies complicated by fatal fetal abnormalities was evaluated in an obstetric population of 47,924 deliveries during the years 1978-90. The incidence of fatal fetal abnormalities was 0.50% and did not change during the study period. The cesarean section rate was twice that in the whole obstetric population, and the procedure was performed mainly for inappropriate fetal indications. One-third of the sections were caused by antepartum or intrapartum fetal distress. After the advent of sophisticated real-time ultrasound equipment, the obstetric management of those cases seemed to increase, but later the incidence of cesarean sections for fetal indications decreased, from increased experience with assessing the prognosis of malformed fetuses and increased opportunities to examine the fetal karyotype. Some conservatism seems justified when choosing obstetric management of a malformed fetus before large, controlled, clinical studies become available.

Cesarean Section↗

PubMed2004

[Trauma education of general surgery residents].

Educating residents in surgery, especially in trauma surgery, and the best way to teach it among the other subspecialties of surgery, is a topic heavily debated in recent literature. Several important factors affecting this learning have changed lately. Many educators have expressed concern about the adequacy of the exposure of surgical residents to surgery and of their ability to care for their patients, with the newly imposed legal constraints on the length of shifts and working hours. Since trauma is inherently unpredictable, residents must spend many hours in the emergency department to become exposed to various types of trauma. Some will only see a small number of trauma patients during their residency, depending on the location of hospital and its commitment to trauma. Furthermore, the operative exposure in trauma has decreased dramatically, with the current trend of non-operative management of blunt splenic and hepatic trauma and conservatism in the management of some stable patients injured by penetrating mechanisms. Similar concerns have also been raised about the exposure of attending surgeons to surgical trauma practice. In most centers in Israel, the trauma patient is managed by a general surgery specialist rather than by a trauma-specialized general surgeon. This may lead to dilution of trauma cases among multiple medical providers and furthermore, to inconsistency in the delivery of care. Consequently, this may effect the education of surgical residents. We therefore suggest a structured curriculum for general surgery residents as well as structural changes in the department of surgery to increase the caseload of general surgeons especially those choosing to specialize in trauma.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Abortion in Europe, 1920-91: a public health perspective.

This article grew out of a keynote address prepared for the conference, "From Abortion to Contraception: Public Health Approaches to Reducing Unwanted Pregnancy and Abortion Through Improved Family Planning Services," held in Tbilisi, Georgia, USSR in October 1990. The article reviews the legal, religious, and medical situation of induced abortion in Europe in historical perspective, and considers access to abortion services, attitudes of health professionals, abortion incidence, morbidity and mortality, the new antiprogestins, the characteristics of abortion seekers, late abortions, postabortion psychological reactions, effects of denied abortion, and repeat abortion. Special attention is focused on the changes occurring in Romania, Albania, and the former Soviet Union, plus the effects of the new conservatism elsewhere in the formerly socialist countries of central and eastern Europe, particularly Poland. Abortion is a social reality that can no more be legislated out of existence than the controversy surrounding it can be stilled. No matter how effective family planning services and practices become, there will always be a need for access to safe abortion services.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The principles of radiological quality assessment of water resources].

In the paper the main approaches to radiation safety of water objects have been analyzed. It is shown that radiation safety requirements for drinking water, fixed in the Rules and Regulations on radiation safety, do not ensure radiation safety of water objects used for the complex national economy needs. Application of the conservatism principle (choosing of the worst variant) for radiation safety ensuring is considered and proved. On the base of this principle the model is developed comparing the anthropocentric (sanitary--hygienic) with ecological (biota) principles for ensuring safety of water objects. It is proved, that the application of the Water Radiation Safety Rules currently in force, based on the norms of dose quotas, reserved for regulation of nuclear power plants and industry impact, ensures safety of the water ecological systems.

Fresh Water↗

PubMed2004

[Analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus nutrients and COD in waters of Yangtze River Estuary].

The characters of the morphological, vertical and spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphate in the water of Changjiang Estuary were discussed, according to the survey conducted in November 2003. Among the dissolved inorganic nitrogen species, nitrate accounted for 90% in the water of Changjiang Estuary. The concentration of nitrogen nutrients in the Changjiang Estuary show higher level, and 67% of sampling stations attained or exceeded the forth standard level of seawater, according to the national standard of seawater quality. Most of total phosphate in the water of Changjiang Estuary is total dissolved phosphate (TDP), which primary composition is dissolved organic phosphate (DOP). The dramatic changes of salinity in the water of Changjiang Estuary lead to the different distribution characteristics of nutrients. The concentrations of nitrate are higher inside the estuary and lower outside the estuary due to its conservatism. On the contrast, ammonium and phosphate are influenced by the change of particle concentrations and salinity, which are higher outside the estuary and lower inside the estuary. Besides, the contents of COD in the water of Changjiang estuary are very high, and the spatial distribution characteristics are higher inside the estuary and lower outside the estuary.

Fresh Water↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The role of strictureplasty in Crohn's disease.

Crohn's disease is a panintestinal disease of unknown aetiology and a tendency to recrudescence throughout the patient's life. It is therefore impossible to cure Crohn's disease by medical therapy or surgical excision. In spite of this, the majority of patients can be managed through their disease and maintained in a good state of health by a combination of medical and surgical treatment. Early attempts at surgical management of Crohn's disease in the 1930's and 1940's involved bypass procedures which were marred with serious complications of sepsis, development of cancer and increased rate of recurrence. By the 1950's resection became the preferred operation but there soon arose a controversy about the amount of bowel that should be removed. There were some who advocated radical excision; removing all diseased bowel with a large margin of apparently normal tissue on each side of the resection. Others found less radical resection safer as it preserved gut and also had no apparent effect on the rate of recurrence of the disease. Although this argument continued, the balance gradually shifted towards less radical surgery. Furthermore, the wave of conservatism led to the evolution of the concept of minimal surgery.

Constriction, Pathologic↗

PubMed1975

[Skin substitution in neck and facial burns].

The surgeon assuming the task of reconstruction of burned face must be skilled in plastic surgery. Primary surgical treatment and reconstruction are inseparable, therefore it is desirable that the treatment is performed since the day of the injury to the completion of the reconstruction by the same surgeon. In the surgical management of the facial burns relative conservatism is advisable. The excision is to be performed after the recovery of the second-degree burned areas. The above-mentioned principles are documented by the author on the basis of a few cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Cloning and molecular characterisation of a gene encoding cytochrome P450 C-23 steroid hydroxylase (CYP90) from aspen.

Gene CPD (constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarf) encodes a cytochrome P450 steroid side-chain hydroxylase (CYP90) involved in biosynthesis of brassinosteroids (BRs) in Arabidopsis thanalia. To dissect the molecular mechanism underlying the biosynthesis and action of the new phytohormone in perennial woody plants, a 1442 bp cDNA and a 1900 bp genomic DNA fragments whose 3'- half was well overlapped with the 5'-half of the former were obtained from a hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x tremudelois) by screening of the cDNA and genomic DNA libraries of this tree using a cDNA fragment from the Arabidopsis CPD gene in the present study. Sequence analysis revealed that the open reading frame comprising the cDNA and genomic DNA fragments encoded a protein of 476 amino acids with a molecular weight of 63 kD. This protein is four amino acid residues longer than Arabidopsis CYP90, and 78.32% identical to the latter. Also it shared high homologies with the Arabidopsis CYP90 in all known functional domains,including steroid-binding region closely related to BR biosynthesis, indicating a high conservatism of the putative CDP gene between annual herb and perennial woody plant species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles.

Why does a trait evolve repeatedly within a clade? When examining the evolution of a trait, evolutionary biologists typically focus on the selective advantages it may confer and the genetic and developmental mechanisms that allow it to vary. Although these factors may be necessary to explain why a trait evolves in a particular instance, they may not be sufficient to explain phylogenetic patterns of repeated evolution or conservatism. Instead, other factors may also be important, such as biogeography and competitive interactions. In squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) a dramatic transition in body form has occurred repeatedly, from a fully limbed, lizardlike body form to a limb-reduced, elongate, snakelike body form. We analyze this trait in a phylogenetic and biogeographic context to address why this transition occurred so frequently. We included 261 species for which morphometric data and molecular phylogenetic information were available. Among the included species, snakelike body form has evolved about 25 times. Most lineages of snakelike squamates belong to one of two "ecomorphs," either short-tailed burrowers or long-tailed surface dwellers. The repeated origins of snakelike squamates appear to be associated with the in situ evolution of these two ecomorphs on different continental regions (including multiple origins of the burrowing morph within most continents), with very little dispersal of most limb-reduced lineages between continental regions. Overall, the number of repeated origins of snakelike morphology seems to depend on large-scale biogeographic patterns and community ecology, in addition to more traditional explanations (e.g., selection, development).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Survey of methodologies for developing media screening values for ecological risk assessment.

This review evaluates the methodologies of 13 screening value (SV) compilations that have been commonly used in ecological risk assessment (ERA), including compilations from state and U.S. federal agencies, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Canada, The Netherlands, and Australia. The majority of surfacewater SVs were primarily derived for the protection of aquatic organisms using 2 approaches: (1) a statistical assessment of toxicity values by species groupings, such as "ambient water quality criteria," or (2) extrapolation of a lowest observed adverse effect level determined from limited toxicity data using an uncertainty factor. Sediment SVs were primarily derived for the protection of benthic invertebrates using 2 approaches: (1) statistical interpretations of databases on the incidence of biological effects and chemical concentrations in sediment, or (2) values derived from equilibrium partitioning based on a surfacewater SV. Soil SVs were derived using a diversity of approaches and were usually based on the lowest value determined from soil toxicity to terrestrial plants or invertebrates and, less frequently, from modeled, incidental soil ingestion or chemical accumulation in terrestrial organisms. The various SV compilations and methodologies had varying levels of conservatism and were not consistent in the pathways and receptors considered in the SV derivation. Many SVs were derived from other compilations and were based on outdated values, or they relied on only older toxicity data. Risk assessors involved in ERA should carefully evaluate the technical basis of SVs and consider the uncertainty in any value used to determine the presence or absence of risk and the need for further assessment.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

District-level religious composition and adoption of sterilization in India.

This paper examined the influence of religion on the adoption of female sterilization, using data from the 1992/93 Indian National Family Health Survey. The influence of religion at both individual and district levels was examined, and a multi-level modelling methodology was used for assessing community variations in the influence of religion on the adoption of sterilization. Individual religion was a strong predictor of the decision to adopt sterilization, and residence in a district in which more than 20% of the people were Muslims significantly lowered the odds of adoption of sterilization. There was more variation in the adoption of sterilization between districts for Muslim women and women from minority religious groups. The results demonstrate the influence of community conservatism on the choice of contraceptive methods and point to the mediating effects that community characteristics can have on access to sterilization services for women from religious minority sub-groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Osteoporosis, oestrogens and oöphorectomy. A proposed new test of oestrogenic potency.

The role of oestrogens, endogenous and exogenous, in the pathogenesis of osteoporis is briefly reviewed. Aspects of research into effects of oestrogens on plasma calcium and phosphorus metabolism, conducted at Groote Schuur Hospital, are incorporated in the discussion. The current role of oestrogen therapy in the prevention of osteoporosis is presented. Evidence suggests that different oestrogenic substances produce different metabolic effects. On this basis a new test for assessment of oestrogenic potency is proposed. It is concluded that appropriate or specific oestrogens are of value in the prevention of osteoporosis, but play little or no role once the process is fully developed. A positive preventive measure recommended is conservatism with regard to ovaries during gynaecological operation on young women.

Aged↗

PubMed1978

[The change of controls and the control of exchange.].

Following a television program concerning the dangers of the lack of control on persons practicing psycho therapies, the author wrote to the program host* questioning certain implicit messages underlying the production. He finds it unfortunate that no psychotherapiste were included in the discussion .group* and that the 4 * accused** in the film had no opportunity to present their opinion* He then points out that some of the elements reproached in the film are also found among professionals i the publicity, the anxiety-provokirig effect of certain methods on observers and the lack of training necessary to be a psychotherapist. Reflecting on the meaning of the tendency towards smcli a dichotomy between "good diploma-holders** and **bad non-diploma-hoiders**>> he puts forward two responses. On the one hand that such a position tends to veil the limite, the risks of abuse9 the uncertainties* the conservatism and the partializing effect of professionalism. On the other hand, more profoundly, that it has a tendency to negate our vulnerability and our suffering as "snbjete">> Thus the program missed the "subject"->> having placed itself on the side of material goods and their protection>> all of which is reassuring but Utopian.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2006

Genetic variability in species of bats revealed by RAPD analysis.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular marker was utilized as a means of analyzing genetic variability in seven bat species: Molossus molossus, M. rufus, Eumops glaucinus, E. perotis, Myotis nigricans, Eptesicus furinalis, and Artibeus planirostris. The determination of genetic diversity was based on 741 bands produced by a 20-random primer set. Only eight bands were considered monomorphic to one species. The greatest number of bands and the most polymorphic condition were exhibited by M. molossus, followed by M. nigricans, A. planirostris, E. furinalis, E. glaucinus, M. rufus, and E. perotis. Nei's genetic diversity index in the seven species considering the 20 primers was not greater than 0.22, but some primers were capable of detecting values between 0.39 and 0.49. Nei's unbiased genetic distance values and the UPGMA clustering pattern show that M. molossus and M. rufus have a close genetic relationship, unlike that observed between E. perotis and E. glaucinus. The latter was clustered with A. planirostris and E. furinalis. The low values for genetic diversity and distance observed indicate a genetic conservatism in the seven species. The fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments did not confirm a monomorphic condition for the eight bands identified, demonstrating that the monomorphic bands obtained by random amplified polymorphic DNA are insufficient for the identification of bat species.

Animals↗