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Results for “Color Vision Defects”

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PubMed2004

Specifying colours for colour vision testing using computer graphics.

AIMS: This paper describes a novel test of colour vision using a standard personal computer, which is simple and reliable to perform. METHODS: Twenty healthy individuals with normal colour vision and 10 healthy individuals with a red/green colour defect were tested binocularly at 13 selected points in the CIE (Commission International d'Eclairage, 1931) chromaticity triangle, representing the gamut of a computer monitor, where the x, y coordinates of the primary colour phosphors were known. RESULTS: The mean results from individuals with normal colour vision were compared to those with defective colour vision. Of the 13 points tested, five demonstrated consistently high sensitivity in detecting colour defects. CONCLUSION: The test may provide a convenient method for classifying colour vision abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Presumed vitelliform dystrophy with perimacular flecks and retinal detachment.

Seven of eight siblings of asymptomatic non-consanguineous parents were investigated. Two of them had atrophic cystoid macular degeneration and flat or subnormal electro-oculograms suggesting the diagnosis of vitelliform dystrophy. In one eye the central cystoid lesion was surrounded by atypical small whitish hyperfluorescent flecks resembling fundus flavimaculatus. In the other eye of this patient cystoid macular degeneration progressed to shallow non-rhegmatogenous detachment of the retina. One of the asymptopmatic siblings had a mild colour vision defect of tritan-type and some fleckish hyperfluorescence around the macula and another sister showed abnormal EOG responses. These patients are probably carriers of the pathological gene responsible for the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The ability of protan color defectives to perform color-dependent air traffic control tasks.

Air traffic controllers perform a variety of tasks which require them to identify, discriminate and name colors. Qualification standards for this occupation require applicants to have normal color vision. Although the validity of this standard has been questioned, Adams and Tague recently presented evidence in this Journal (1985;62:744-50) that protanopes cannot perform color-dependent air traffic control tasks reliably. In our study, the results of 7 severe and 2 moderate protans are compared to those of 78 normals on a set of tasks which simulated critical tasks performed daily by air traffic controllers. The four tasks included discriminating red from black pencil marks on flight progress strips, color-naming of 1(0) and 0.1(0) discs, and identification of colored line segments embedded in a multi-colored background. The severe protans we tested performed none of the tasks as well as normals. While the performance of the moderate protans was better, statistical conclusions could not be drawn. Our set of tasks bears many similarities to the set used by Adams and Tague and it appears we were trying to answer the same questions. The results of the two studies are similar and the conclusions are the same: severe protans cannot perform color-dependent air traffic control tasks reliably.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1999

Position of a 'green-red' hybrid gene in the visual pigment array determines colour-vision phenotype.

The X-linked red- and green-pigment genes are arranged in a head-to-tail tandem array. The colour-vision defect of deuteranomaly (in 5% of males of European descent) is associated with a 5'-green-red-3' visual-pigment hybrid gene, which may also exist in males with normal colour vision. To explain why males with a normal red, a normal green and a green-red hybrid gene may have either normal or deutan colour vision, we hypothesized that only the first two genes are expressed and deuteranomaly results only if the green-red hybrid gene occupies the second position and is expressed preferentially over normal green-pigment genes occupying more distal positions. We used long-range PCR amplification and studied 10 deutan males (8 deuteranomalous and 2 deuteranopic) with 3 visual pigment genes (red, green and green-red hybrid) to investigate whether position of the hybrid gene in the array determined gene expression. The green-red hybrid gene was always at the second position (and the first position was always occupied by the red gene). Conversely, in two men with red, green and green-red hybrid genes and normal colour vision, the hybrid gene occupied the third position. When pigment gene mRNA expression was assessed in post-mortem retinae of three men with the red, green and green-red genotype, the green-red hybrid gene was expressed only when located in the second position. We conclude that the green-red hybrid gene will only cause deutan defects when it occupies the second position of the pigment gene array.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1979

Colour vision tests and colour naming by thirteen incomplete achromats in Bishnupur.

As an exploratory study six colour vision tests were given to nine male and two female achromats from the Shankhabanik community in Bishnupur, and to two additional similar males. All thirteen subjects had severe photophobia, fixation nystagmus, extreme weakness of vision (4/24 to 3/60) and the red end of the spectrum was much shortened. This research indicates that they had a form of incomplete achromatopsia, varying from an almost complete to a very severe partial loss of colour vision. The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive. The most likely interpretation of these cases is that they are incomplete rod achromats. Their performance on the colour vision tests is tabulated, and shows complete inability to do the Ishihara test; nearly complete inability on the HRR test, with a possible slight tendency to do better in the yellow-blue than the red-green sub-tests; on Sloan's test they show approximate accordance with her results for achromats; they have severe difficulty with the dichotomous and 100-hue tests, with a possible slight tendency to make fewer errors on the G/B sections. The anomaloscope shows little abnormality of mid-matching points, but great increases in average matching ranges above the normal, although not absolute loss of colour sense, but with extreme darkening or shortening of the red end of the spectrum. Their colour naming was carefully recorded, and was fairly good occasionally, sometimes erroneous without being wildly at fault, and most often completely wrong. The records of colour naming were made, not, of course, as a form of colour vision test, but simply to illustrate the ways in which such defectives make an effort to use colour names in general use among their friends and relatives.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The use of tinted contact lenses in the management of achromatopsia.

BACKGROUND: Achromatopsia is a congenital, autosomal recessively inherited condition in which cones are either defective or absent. Complete achromatopsia results from having only rods as functioning photoreceptors. Many people with achromatopsia have small amounts of residual cone function that may provide minimal color vision under special circumstances. Clinical findings associated with the condition include reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, a greater than normal incidence of high ametropia, and severe photophobia. The photophobia resulting from achromatopsia can be debilitating even in normal indoor illumination. Tinted contact lenses have been reported to reduce photophobia and improve visual function in these patients. CASES: Two cases are reported here. A 32-year-old man presented with reduced and stable visual acuity, complete color blindness, nystagmus, and debilitating photophobia. The second patient was a 23-year-old woman who presented with reduced and stable visual acuity, severely impaired color vision, rotary nystagmus, and significant photophobia. Both of these patients were fit with centrally tinted contact lenses. Although visual acuity did not improve measurably in either patient with tinted compared with clear lenses, both experienced a dramatic reduction in photophobia with the lenses. CONCLUSION: Tinted spectacle or contact lenses may be useful in relieving photophobia associated with a number of cone disorders, including achromatopsia. In addition to decreasing light sensitivity, tinted lenses have been reported to improve visual acuity, decrease the size of central scotomata, enlarge peripheral visual field, and enhance visibility of long wavelength stimuli in bright illumination.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Scotopization and pseudoprotanomaly in blue-yellow/colour vision defects.

With a routine clinical colour vision test battery we found scotopization in 32% of retinal diseases presenting with pseudoprotanomaly as sign of an acquired type III blue-yellow colour vision defect. In blue-yellow colour vision defects of retinal origin scotopization is a transient phenomenon, present in early stages of the disease, but it is not an obligatory finding. There is no evident relationship between visual acuity and scotopization.

Color Perception Tests↗