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PubMed2003

Reproducibility of the serum lipid response to coffee oil in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Humans and animals show a certain consistency in the response of their serum lipids to fat-modified diets. This may indicate a genetic basis underlying this response. Coffee oil might be used as a model substance to investigate which genes determine differences in the serum lipid response. Before carrying out such studies our objective was to investigate to what extent the effect of coffee oil on serum lipid concentrations is reproducible within subjects. METHODS: The serum lipid response of 32 healthy volunteers was measured twice in separate five-week periods in which coffee oil was administered (69 mg cafestol/day). RESULTS: Total cholesterol levels increased by 24% in period 1 (range: 0;52%) and 18% in period 2 (1;48%), LDL cholesterol by 29 % (-9;71%) and 20% (-12;57%), triglycerides by 66% (16;175%) and 58% (-13;202%), and HDL cholesterol did not change significantly: The range of the HDL response was -19;25% in period 1 and -20;33% in period 2. The correlation between the two responses was 0.20 (95% CI -0.16, 0.51) for total cholesterol, 0.16 (95% CI -0.20, 0.48) for LDL, 0.67 (95% CI 0.42, 0.83) for HDL, and 0.77 (95% CI 0.56, 0.88) for triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: The responses of total and LDL cholesterol to coffee oil were poorly reproducible within subjects. The responses of HDL and triglycerides, however, appeared to be highly reproducible. Therefore, investigating the genetic sources of the variation in the serum-lipid response to coffee oil is more promising for HDL and triglycerides.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1965

BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR MUCILAGE-LAYER DECOMPOSITION IN KONA COFFEE CHERRIES.

The predominant microbial flora present during decomposition of the mucilage layer of Kona coffee cherries were gram-negative bacteria which fermented lactose rapidly. Cultures isolated from coffee cherries under-going fermentation included species of Erwinia, Paracolobactrum, and Escherichia. Unblemished cherry surfaces and coffee plantation soil also had a microflora containing a high proportion of bacteria belonging to these three genera. Of 168 isolates tested, the 44 strains capable of demucilaging depulped coffee cherries were all members of Erwinia dissolvens. Supernatant growth medium liquids, after removal of E. dissolvens cells, actively decomposed the mucilage layer of depulped cherries.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1997

The effect of a reduced energy diet and meal patterns on smoking and coffee drinking in women.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect of three feeding conditions on cigarette smoking and coffee drinking in four healthy women. We hypothesized that food deprivation and changes in meal patterns would increase rates of smoking and coffee drinking based on extensive animal literature documenting this effect. METHOD: The conditions were: normal three meals per day containing usual energy intake, one meal per day (dinner time) containing 50% of usual energy intake, and three meals per day containing 50% of usual energy intake. Each condition lasted 3 days. RESULTS: Neither reduction of energy intake nor alteration in the pattern of meals had any observable effect on number of cigarettes smoked, number of cups of coffee consumed, expired air carbon monoxide levels, or urges to smoke or drink coffee. DISCUSSION: This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that the food deprivation effect observed in animals does not apply readily to humans. Reasons for the absence of this effect are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Coffee and ovarian cancer.

Ninety-two women with common epithelial tumors of the ovary and 105 comparison women admitted for various orthopedic conditions were interviewed regarding demographic, socio-economic and biomedical characteristics, including their use of coffee and tobacco. There was no association between tobacco smoking and ovarian cancer. However a statistically significant trend association was noted between coffee drinking and ovarian cancer (p approximately 0.03). The association could not be explained in terms of any other variable included in the present study. The relative risk for women drinking two or more cups of coffee per day was 2.2 with 95% confidence limits 1.0-4.8. Several descriptive epidemiologic data are compatible with a causal association between coffee and ovarian cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Coffee consumption and bladder cancer risk.

The relationship between coffee drinking and the risk of bladder cancer was analyzed within the framework of a French hospital-based case-control study conducted between 1984 and 1987, which included 690 cases of histologically confirmed bladder cancer (599 males and 91 females), and 690 age-, sex- and hospital-matched controls. To dissociate the effects of smoking and coffee drinking among males, the analysis of the male group was restricted to 2 contrasted subgroups: non-smokers on the one hand, and current smokers and inhalers of black tobacco cigarettes on the other. Coffee drinking was found to be significantly associated with the risk of bladder cancer among men in both groups and the increase in the risk was dose-dependent (OR = 1, 2.9, 5.1 respectively, for drinking 1, 2, greater than or equal to 3 cups of coffee per day among non-smokers, and 1, 2.5 and 3.0 respectively, for drinking 1-4, 5-7, greater than cups among smokers). This result was not observed for women.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2004

Semiquantitative study of current coffee, caffeine, and ethanol intake in essential tremor cases and controls.

There are several reasons to study caffeine, coffee, and ethanol intake in essential tremor (ET) patients. ET patients also might modify their use of these beverages because of their effects on tremor. Intake of caffeine, coffee, and ethanol has not been quantified in a group of ET patients. Our objective is to use a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to compare current daily intake of coffee, caffeine, and ethanol in ET patients and controls. A total of 130 ET cases were patients at the Neurological Institute of New York, and 175 controls were ascertained by random digit dialing. Caffeine (in milligrams) and ethanol (in grams) intake were calculated from a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Mean daily caffeine intake in patients was 138.4 versus 246.6 mg in controls; medians were 101.1 versus 175.5 mg (P < 0.001). Mean daily ethanol intake in patients was 8.2 versus 6.2 gm in controls; medians were 2.4 versus 1.9 gm (P = 0.89). Cases drank less coffee than controls, but drank similar amounts of tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, and milk. Daily caffeine intake was not correlated with tremor severity or duration. ET patients consumed less caffeine than did controls, which is likely to be a dietary modification in response to tremor. The observation that caffeine consumption was not correlated with tremor severity raises the additional possibility that lower caffeine consumption in ET patients may not exclusively be a response to tremor. A prospective study is needed to explore whether decreased caffeine consumption is a risk factor for ET.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Determination of the geographical origin of green coffee by principal component analysis of carbon, nitrogen and boron stable isotope ratios.

In this study we show that the continental origin of coffee can be inferred on the basis of coupling the isotope ratios of several elements determined in green beans. The combination of the isotopic fingerprints of carbon, nitrogen and boron, used as integrated proxies for environmental conditions and agricultural practices, allows discrimination among the three continental areas producing coffee (Africa, Asia and America). In these continents there are countries producing 'specialty coffees', highly rated on the market that are sometimes mislabeled further on along the export-sale chain or mixed with cheaper coffees produced in other regions. By means of principal component analysis we were successful in identifying the continental origin of 88% of the samples analyzed. An intra-continent discrimination has not been possible at this stage of the study, but is planned in future work. Nonetheless, the approach using stable isotope ratios seems quite promising, and future development of this research is also discussed.

Africa↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of the fungus Beauveria bassiana as a potential biological control agent against phlebotomine sand flies in Colombian coffee plantations.

In Colombia, the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) is widely used to control the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in coffee plantations. Recent studies suggested that this fungus is also pathogenic to several important vectors of disease, including Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). The present study evaluated the use of B. bassiana as a potential biological control agent against phlebotomine sand flies in Colombian coffee plantations. Histopathologic examination indicates that B. bassiana is unable to infect sand flies under natural conditions, although dead sand flies were shown to be readily infected. In addition, laboratory bioassays where flies were exposed to the fungus applied onto coffee plants (though not filter paper) showed lower mean survival times than the control.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

The independent effect of habitual cigarette and coffee consumption on blood pressure.

The authors investigated the possible relation between habitual cigarette and coffee consumption and blood pressure (BP) levels in 7506 men and 2095 women. The study population were managers and employees examined in northern Italy between 1986-1988. In particular, the hypothesis of a substantial independence between smoking-BP and coffee-BP was tested. BP levels were corrected for age, body mass index, physical activity, and alcohol consumption by analysis of covariance. Significantly, smoking was inversely related to BP, both in men (SBP, P < 0.001, DBP, P < 0.001) and women (SBP, P = 0.001, DBP, P = 0.012). In particular, the BP of non-smoking men, SBP/DBP, was 131.0/83.5, whereas in male smokers up to and over 20 cigarette/day, BP was 128.1/82.0 and 128.1/82.1 respectively. Coffee consumption was related to BP levels in men (SBP, P < 0.001; DBP, P = 0.009), but not in women (SBP, P = 0.320; DBP, P = 0.982). BP in male subjects was 131.3/83.5 in non-drinkers, 130.7/83.3 in those drinking 1-3 cups/day, 128.4/82.6 and 127.2/81.8 in drinkers of 4-5 and over 5 cups/day, respectively. No significant interactions were demonstrated, thus the relationship between habitual smoking and coffee consumption with BP appears to agree with an additive model.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Unexpected effects of coffee consumption on liver enzymes.

The effects of regular daily coffee consumption on liver enzymes were studied in a large number of subjects from the general population. In coffee drinkers, liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine-amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and serum bilirubin were lower than in non-coffee-drinking subjects or in those consuming less than 3 cups daily. The hypothesis proposed is that liver enzymes are a target for caffeine contained in coffee.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

Steam volatile aroma constituents of roasted coffee: neutral fraction.

The volatile components of roasted coffee, isolated by normal-pressure steam distillation, were separated into basic and neutral fractions. The neutral fraction was analysed on a UCON HB 5100 glass capillary column (200 m x 0.31 mm i.d.) coupled to a low-resolution mass spectrometer. One hundred and twenty compounds were identified, of which twenty-six had not been previously reported in coffee aroma. Identification of the structures of the newly identified compounds was accomplished by comparison of their mass spectra with reference spectra. GLC retention times were used to confirm identifications. The new compounds identified for the first time in roasted coffee include 15 furans, 6 pyrroles, 3 thiophenes, and 2 ketones. Of the 15 furans eight methylvinylfurans, dimethyl-vinylfurans and alkenylfurans, which had not been previously found in roasted foodstuffs, should be specially mentioned. Mass-spectral data of the newly identified substances are tabulated. Fragmentation patterns of N-acetyl-2-methylpyrrole, N-furfuryl-2-methylpyrrole, 2-vinyl-3-methylfuran and 2-vinyl-3,5-dimethylfuran are discussed. Comments are made with respect to possible formation patterns and precursors in green coffee beans.

Coffee↗

PubMed1990

A review of the relationship between coffee consumption and coronary heart disease.

A review of the literature dealing with the relationship between coffee consumption and coronary heart disease revealed that most of the studies did not find coffee consumption to be a risk factor. However, many studies are plagued with methodological difficulties which operate to minimize the probability of identifying coffee consumption as a risk factor. A significant percentage of the studies do not rule out coffee consumption as a significant risk factor in coronary heart disease.

Causality↗

PubMed1995

Effects of coffee on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins: the Italian brewing method. Italian Group for the Study of Atherosclerosis and Dismetabolic Diseases, Rome II Center.

In order to evaluate the effects of Italian brewed coffee (moka) on cholesterol and serum lipoproteins, a randomized double-blind 14-week clinical trial was performed. After a coffee-free period of four weeks, 49 subjects drank coffee, caffeinated and decaffeinated, for ten weeks. There was no evidence that the Italian method of brewing coffee affects serum lipoproteins since no statistically significant differences were found.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Failure of coffee to inhibit the pharmacodynamic activity of morphine in vivo.

High doses of caffeine-containing as well as decaffeinated instant coffee neither inhibited morphine-induced analgesia in mice nor the morphine-induced fall of blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate in rats. On the contrary, caffeine-containing coffee even enhanced the analgesic effects of morphine in mice. Coffee thus does not exhibit opiate-antagonizing activity in the whole organism in vivo. The very weak morphine-antagonistic efficacy of coffee powder in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation from the guinea pig ileum is of no practical importance.

Analgesia↗

PubMed1997

Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water and beverage type.

Psychopharmacological studies using caffeinated beverages or caffeine have rarely considered temporal effects on psychological and physiological function or the specific contribution of caffeine, hot water, or beverage type to the observed effects. The effect of 400 ml hot tea, coffee, and water consumption on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), heart rate, skin conductance (a measure of sympathetic nervous system activation), skin temperature, salivary cortisol, and mood were monitored in 16 healthy caffeine-withdrawn (14 h) subjects in a complete crossover design. Beverages were ingested with/without 100 mg caffeine and milk (tea/coffee only). Hot beverage ingestion rapidly increased skin conductance and temperature (+1.7 degrees C) with peak effects observed only 10-30 min post-consumption. Caffeine in the beverage rapidly augmented skin conductance responses but, in contrast to the effect of hot water, reduced the skin temperature response and increased SBP (+2.8 mmHg) and DBP (+2.1 mmHg) 30-60 min post-consumption. Both caffeine and milk addition to beverages independently improved mood and reduced anxiety 30 and 60 min post-consumption. Milk addition had no other effects apart from attenuating the transient increase in physiological responses associated with the drinking phase. There were no effects of beverage consumption on salivary cortisol or of beverage vehicle on salivary caffeine levels, the latter indicating that caffeine pharmacokinetics was similar in both tea and coffee, and not different from caffeinated water. In keeping with this, the responses to tea and coffee ingestion were similar and largely accounted for by the effects of hot water and caffeine. However, tea potentiated the increase in skin temperature compared to coffee and water indicative of a greater vasodilatory response plausibly related to the presence of flavonoids in tea. We conclude that ingestion of hot caffeinated beverages stimulates physiological processes faster than hitherto described, primarily via the effects of hot water and caffeine, but with beverage type and milk playing important modulatory roles.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea and coffee samples of Mumbai City (India) by high performance liquid chromatography.

This paper describes a method for quantification of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tea and coffee samples of Mumbai City with the help of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV-VIS detector. This method is based on liquid-liquid extraction followed by clean up with C-18 cartridge. Concentration of total PAHs in different brands of tea and coffee samples varied from 18.79 to 31.37 microg/L and from 16.47 to 18.24 microg/L, respectively. Mean concentration of total PAHs was 27.56 microg/L in tea and 17.20 microg/L in coffee. Recoveries at different concentration levels were higher than 68% in samples of tea and coffee. Detection limit was found to be low (0.0006 ng) for anthracene and highest (0.174 ng) for naphthalene with relative standard deviation between 0.4%-7%.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1990

Glycosidases of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and ascitic fluid--purification and substrate specificity of alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase and alpha-galactosidase: comparison with coffee bean alpha-galactosidase.

Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and ascitic fluid were assayed for glycosidase activity. alpha-Galactosidase and beta-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-mannosidase, alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities were detected using p-nitrophenyl glycosides as substrates. alpha-Galactosidase and alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase were isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells on epsilon-aminocaproylgalactosylamine-Sepharose. alpha-Galactosidase was purified 160,000-fold and was free of other glycosidase activities. alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase was also purified 160,000-fold but exhibited a weak alpha-galactosidase activity which appears to be inherent in this enzyme. Substrate specificity of the alpha-galactosidase was investigated with 12 substrates and compared with that of the corresponding coffee bean enzyme. The pH optimum of the Ehrlich cell alpha-galactosidase centered near 4.5, irrespective of substrate, whereas the pH optimum of the coffee bean enzyme for PNP-alpha-Gal was 6.0, which is 1.5 pH units higher than that for other substrates of the coffee bean enzyme. The reverse was found for alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase: the pH optimum for the hydrolysis of PNP-alpha-GalNAc was 3.6, lower than the pH 4.5 required for the hydrolysis of GalNAc alpha 1,3Gal. Coffee bean alpha-galactosidase showed a relatively broad substrate specificity, suggesting that it is suited for cleaving many kinds of terminal alpha-galactosyl linkages. On the other hand, the substrate specificity of Ehrlich alpha-galactosidase appears to be quite narrow. This enzyme was highly active toward the terminal alpha-galactosyl linkages of Ehrlich glycoproteins and laminin, both of which possess Gal alpha 1, 3Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta-trisaccharide sequences. The alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase was found to be active toward the blood group type A disaccharide, and trisaccharide, and glycoproteins with type A-active carbohydrate chains.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Effects of coffee and tea on lipoproteins and prostanoids.

The effects of coffee and tea on serum lipoproteins, plasma and urinary prostanoids and thromboxane production by platelets were studied in 12 healthy volunteers aged 33-45 years. They consumed daily, during 3 successive periods of 3 weeks, 8 cups of either instant coffee (16 g/d), instant tea (2.8 g/d) or rosehip 'tea'. The daily dose of coffee yielded 520 mg caffeine, that of tea 200 mg caffeine, while no caffeine was detected in the rosehip 'tea'. No differences were observed between the study periods in the total serum or serum lipoprotein (VLDL, LDL, HDL2, HDL3) cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Plasma and serum concentrations and urinary excretion of prostanoids (plasma and urinary TXB2, PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and serum TXB2) remained constant during the three study periods. These results suggest that coffee or caffeine do not exert any detectable effects on serum lipids in healthy normolipidaemic individuals.

Adult↗