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PubMedDate not supplied

[Incidence of acute leukemia in children in Mexico City, from 1982 to 1991].

OBJECTIVE: To measure the incidence rate and trend of acute leukemia (AL) in political districts of Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive longitudinal study conducted at six hospitals that care for nearly 97.5% of all cancer cases among children in Mexico City. Study data were collected in 1995 and 1996, and were analyzed in 1999, at the National Medical Center "Siglo XXI" Children's Hospital, of the Mexican Institute for Social Security. Calculations of acute leukemia annual incidence rates, standardized rates, and standardized morbidity rates (SMR) with 95% confidence intervals, were obtained for each district. Morbidity trends were assessed through average change rates. RESULTS: In this study we observed an increasing trend of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) incidence in five districts: Alvaro Obregon, Cuauhtemoc, Gustavo A. Madero, Iztacalco, and Venustiano Carranza. Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) showed no significantly statistic increase of incidence in any district. AML did show a significant SMR in Alvaro Obregon district (SMR = 2.91, 95% CI 1.63-4.80). Higher SMRs were found in the south and southwest areas of the city. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing incidence of ALL was observed in five districts of Mexico City. AML incidence was the highest in Alvaro Obregon district.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Health care in big cities--the McGill experience.

Big cities encounter problems which are peculiar to them: population mix, housing conditions, social structure, infrastructure including transport, etc, which manifest in hospitals. From the beginning of the 20th century, big cities have been served by many providers of hospital care. Common to most cities is the change in the principles and methods of care, e.g. home care, and the notion that traditional hospital services are no longer the only answer to the needs of the population of large cities. Over the last decade, plans and projects have been devised to address the problems of excessive bed capacity, insufficient and excessive specialised units and difficulties in administration of payment systems.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2000

[Secular trends in birth weight in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (1976-1998)].

OBJECTIVE: Data from two household surveys on infant and child health status undertaken in the mid-80s and mid-90s, complemented with previous data collected from maternity hospitals records and more recent data provided by the state system on birth registries, allowed to characterize and analyse secular trends in birth weight in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The household surveys included random samples of children under 5 years old (n = 1,016 children in 1984-85 and n = 1,280 children in 1995-96). A random sample of births that took place in the city's hospitals in the year of 1976 (n = 5,734) was drawn from the hospital records. Birth registries refer to children born in the city between 1993 and 1998 (around 200,000 per year). The study of the social distribution of birth weight took into account the per capita family income and maternal schooling. For the analysis of the determinants of secular trends, hierarchical causal models, multivariate regression analyses and calculations analogous to the ones used to assess population attributable risks were applied. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Birth weight distribution in S. Paulo city (an average of 3,160 g and 8.9% of the values < 2,500 g) is below the expected for optimum fetal growth conditions (average 3,400-3,500 g and 4-5% of the values < 2,500 g). The birth weight distribution did not change substantially along the study period (1976-1998). However, there are evidences of changes when different socioeconomic strata are considered separately. Among the lower strata trends have been positive and this seems to be due to increases in intrauterine growth as a result of an improvement in family's purchasing power, women's weight and height, prenatal care and, possibly, the reduction in smoking. Among the higher socioeconomic strata, birth weight trends have been negative apparently due to an increase in premature births of unknown origin.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of the manifest and latent components of the hepatitis A epidemic process in cities of Russia].

Seroepidemiological study of hepatitis A (HA) morbidity was carried out in three Russian cities, with different levels of HA morbidity. The study included the analysis of HA morbidity for 22 years, the determination of antibodies to HA virus (anti-HAV) in 2,958 healthy persons aged 0-12 months to 40 years and older. In one of the cities 7 isolates of HA virus were obtained from unrelated sources and the genotypes of the virus were determined. The study revealed that the frequency of seropositive cases among persons of different ages correlated with the level and prolonged dynamics of HA morbidity. According to the occurrence of anti-HAV, such cities as St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Yakutsk may be at present classified as territories, moderately endemic in HA. At the same time in the 90 s the epidemic situation in HA was more favorable in Rostov-on-Don than in two other cities. The suggestion was made that a high proportion of seropositive persons among the population of St. Perersburg was linked with an almost twofold rise in HA morbidity in 1993-1995 caused by genotype 1 of the virus. Seroepidemiological studies in HA during the period of a drop in morbidity acquire special importance in the surveillance and control system of this infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Scorpions: spontaneous report in 2 reference centers in the city of Buenos Aires, 1997-2000].

From September 1997 to June 2000 148 scorpions (118 findings) from the province and city of Buenos Aires were sent to the INPB and the CeNDIE. The species involved were Tityus trivittatus (32/33 found in the city) and Bothriurus bonariensis (81/85 found in the province around the city). The population spontaneous report of both species increased from January 1999 to May 2000. The climatic, spatial and social variables that could be involved in these phenomena were analyzed. The influence of the media was essential for the 'peak' generation. However, the amount of findings or accident by scorpions, as well as the area of the city colonized by T. trivittatus, have shown a progressive increase during the last decades.

Accidents↗
PubMed1975

Differentials in characteristics between city and suburban admissions to a state clinic for retarded children.

Characteristics of city and suburban admissions to a state-operated outpatient clinic for mentally retarded children were reported. City admissions tended to be overrepresented among lower socioeconomic groups and minorities. Suburban admissions tended to approximate the characteristics of the population of suburbia as a whole. A stepwise discriminant-function analysis between city and suburban admissions showed race to be the best predictor. Employment and occupational status, type of family structure, and certain referral agents also discriminated city and suburban admissions to varying degrees.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pierre Ochart, third printer in Mexico City and editor of the first medical book in America, Opera medicinalia, by Dr. Francisco Bravo, 1570].

The first medical book edited in the American Continent was printed by Pierre Ochart in Mexico City (1570). He was born in Normandy in the City of Rouen, France, and learned the profession of printer in Mexico City. We have done an examination of the book written by Francisco Bravo, a Spanish doctor in medicine who practiced in Mexico City since the XVIth century second half.

France↗
PubMed2001

[Health status and lifestyle issues of homeless people in Sapporo city, 2000].

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the health status and lifestyle issues of homeless people in Sapporo city, voluntary "health consultations and medical examinations" were carried out near an emergency kitchen. METHODS: The voluntary activities were held in a park near the shelter tents of homeless people seven times from December 1999 to December 2000. The homeless people who consulted us, medical doctors, were asked detailed questions about past history, present illness, subjective symptoms, lifestyles and so on, and were examined for their blood pressure and urinary parameter. RESULTS: A total of 60 homeless people, including 59 men and 1 woman, were consulted and examined, Fifty-seven percent of them were 50 years old of older, and 30% had been homeless for less than half a year. Forty percent had some dental problems, 28% suffered neck stiffness, and 27% back pain. The medical examination found 53% of them to be hypertensive and 26% to be diabetic. Twenty-five percent had meals only once a day, 55% had meat or fish in their diet not more than twice a week and 57% had vegetables in their diet not more than twice a week. Forty-two percent slept not more than 5 hours a day, 13% often drank alcohol in the daytime, and 83% were smokers. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that lifestyle-related chronic diseases are more significant problems among homeless people in Sapporo city than common infectious diseases such as tuberculosis or dysentery, probably because it is colder and therefore there are fewer homeless people in Sapporo city than in other major cities in Japan such as Tokyo and Osaka. Further studies of the homeless people living in such a cold environment are warranted to develop better health policies for them in the context of their social and economical determinants. In addition, it is important to establish a more reliable registration system for these people in order to plan and provide a comprehensive social and health support network as needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Availability of condoms in Mexico City].

INTRODUCTION: At the beginning of 1999, Mexico occupied third place, after USA and Brazil, in the number of accumulated cases of AIDS (38,390 notified cases) in America. More than 80% of the cases corresponded to men between 20 and 44 years old. The transmission by sexual route has increased in both sexes, the proportion of men infected by sexual contact increased from 85% in 1991 to 90% in 1998 and in women this proportion increased from 41% in 1991 to 57% in 1998. The ratio male/female of cases of AIDS has varied from 17:1 in 1983 to 6:1 in 1998. Condom use is considered an effective method for the prevention of the transmission of STI's/HIV and therefore the availability is of paramount importance to promote use with the finality of combating these diseases. METHOD: A simple randomized sampling was done in 612 establishments that included: drugstore, bars and nightclubs, hotels and motels, self-service shops and health centers in Mexico City, where am cross sectional study was performed during June and July of 1995, to evaluate the availability of condoms considering three important items: a) percent per capita required to buy an annual endowment of 100 condoms in comparison with this same indicator reported in other countries; b) physical availability, on behalf of the Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, that considers the volume of existing condoms to be utilized for a year by the public sector in this city; c) physical availability of condoms in different evaluated locations. RESULTS: In order to purchase an annual supply of condoms an individual needs the assign $500 (Pesos) which represents 2.3 to 2.6% of the annual GNP per capita for 1998 and 1997 respectively. The physical availability of condoms, on behalf of the Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, was 94.9% in health centers. In drugstores, hotels and motels, self-service shops, bars and nightclubs the availability of condoms was 100%, 82.9%, 75% and 1.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It has been documented that the adequate use of condom is an effective strategy for the prevention of STI's/HIV, therefore the availability of this method of prevention is important to decrease the incidence of these diseases The results of this study indicate that the price for this method of prevention represents an important expense for the homes, which is a limiting factor for condom use, especially for those populations that include adolescents and young adults. It then becomes necessary for Government Institutions to implement programs that will subsidize this method of prevention. Availability is less in self-service shops and practically non-existent in bars and nightclubs. It is suggested that the availability of condom should be mandatory in public places, like bars and nightclubs, where the risk to start casual sexual contact is eminent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[A study on general status and affecting factors on infant intellectual development in Changsha city].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intellectual level of infants in Changsha city and analyze the main factors that affect infant intellectual development. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty infants were measured by Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence, who were randomly selected from Changsha city. RESULTS: The general intellectual level of infants in Changsha city was good; stepwise regression analysis revealed the main possible risk factors affecting intellectual development of infants in Changsha city were newborn asphyxiated at birth (B = -17.162), perinatal fever in the first trimester (B = -8.084), infant with abnormal temper (B = -6.295) and poor appetite (B = -3.103). Parental care (B = 4.622) possibly benefit the infant intellectual development. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that the main measures to promote infant intellectual development were more attention need to be paid to health care for women and children, prevention of perinatal disease and infant rearing in a scientific way.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed2002

Factors influencing the age at which adolescents start smoking. A comparison between a big and a small city.

BACKGROUND: Most cigarette smokers take up their habit during adolescence. The aim of this study was to compare the age at which the students of a metropolitan high school and those of a non-metropolitan high school start smoking. METHODS: Nine hundred and seventy-eight students (55.6% males, mean age 15.8 +/- 1.5 years) in a big city (Naples) and 467 (50.3% males, mean age 16 +/- 1.5 years) in a small town (Capua-CE) filled in a questionnaire on cigarette smoking. Two hundred and nine (21.4%) students (99 males, 110 females, mean age 16.5 +/- 1.3 years) in Naples and 99 (21.2%) students (59 males, 40 females, mean age 16.8 +/- 1.3 years) in Capua stated that they had smoked at least one cigarette in the last week and were considered as smokers. RESULTS: The age at which adolescents start smoking did not differ between the big and the small city (Naples 14.9 +/- 1.5 years; Capua 14.9 +/- 1.6 years; p = 0.849) nor between sexes, both in Naples (males 14.9 +/- 1.5 years, females 14.8 +/- 1.4 years; p = 0.576) and in Capua (males 14.8 +/- 1.6 years, females 15 +/- 1.5 years; p = 0.379). Both in Naples and in Capua, no relation was found between the age at which the adolescent starts smoking and the smoking habits of the father, mother, siblings, best friend of the same sex, best friend of the opposite sex and friends. In Naples, the age at which the adolescent started smoking was related to the number of cigarettes he or she smoked in the last week (p = 0.004) and to the number of cigarettes smoked per day by the father (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents, the age at which the habit of smoking is taken up does not differ both between a big and a small city and between sexes; in the big city, the age at which the adolescent started smoking was related to the number of cigarettes he or she smoked in the last week and to the number of cigarettes smoked per day by the father.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Oklahoma City and Tulsa Metropolitan Medical Response System.

The tragic loss of lives on September 11 followed by the Anthrax contaminations reinforced the need for work already underway through the Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS). Through leadership from the Medical Director for the Medical Control Board and EMSA, Oklahoma City and Tulsa have been the beneficiaries of nearly $1.5 million dollars in funding to prepare for nuclear, chemical or bioterrorism. The two Oklahoma cities were among the second wave of cities invited in 1999 to participate in the federally funded program for Metropolitan Medical Response. Many of the requirements of the contract have already been met under the capable guidance of Michael Murphy, a 23 year paramedic with 12 years of management experience with EMSA. Among the plans completed or underway are a Development Plan, MMRS System Plan, Forward Movement of Patients Plan, Pre-hospital Response Plan, a Biological Incident Plan, a Hospital Response Plan, a Training Plan and an Equipment and Pharmaceutical Plan. Coordinated planning between the two cities bring the added benefit of seamless sharing of personnel between both ends of the turnpike should a disaster impact one rather than both communities.

Civil Defense↗
PubMed2002

Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality rates--60 largest U.S. cities, 1995-1998.

During the 20th century, U.S. infant mortality rates (IMRs) declined by 90%; however, many of the largest U.S. cities continue to have high IMRs compared with national rates. Studies of U.S. infant mortality by region document persisting geographic disparities and differences across racial/ethnic groups. This report highlights the wide disparities in the most recent overall race- and ethnicity-specific IMRs for the largest U.S. cities and describes key differences among those cities. The findings demonstrate the need to decrease infant mortality among blacks in U.S. cities.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1975

Cigarette smoking in Latin America--A survey of eight cities.

During the period 1962-1964, diseases related to cigarette smoking were responsible for 20 per cent of all deaths in men between the ages of 35 and 64 in 10 large Latin American cities, and in the years that followed various indicators pointed to the fact that cigarette smoking was reaching very high levels in several countries of the Region. In the light of these trends, an investigation was undertaken in eight cities selected for their geographic, ethnic, and demographic diversity--Bogotá, Caracas, Guatemala City, La Plata (Argentina), Lima, Mexico City, Santiago, and São PAulo. The aims of the study were: to obtain a reliable estimate of the prevalence of cigarette smoking in urban communities in Latin America, to establish a correlation between the habit and certain symptoms of cardiorespiratory and other disability, and to obtain an accurate assessment of public beliefs and attitudes with respect to cigarette smoking and its relation to health. One of the questionnaires used was similar to one employed in comparable investigations made in the United States in 1964, 1966, and 1970. Additional information on cardiorespiratory symptoms, non-specific mortality, absenteeism, and other subjects was collected on two other forms, one recommended by AHO and the other by the United States National Health Statistics Center.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Tuberculosis control in Kobe City--analyses of advisory contents and disqualified cases by integrated tuberculosis advisory committee].

The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Kobe City has been higher in comparison with that of Japan, thereby Kobe City ought to enforce anti-tuberculosis activities. Nine Wards public health departments of Kobe City used to convene their own tuberculosis advisory committees until April 1998, when a centralized committee was established to examine all TB patients. The new committee was authorized to issue clinical advice to registered physicians whenever necessary in order to improve treatment standard of TB. The author analyzed the contents of issued documents and observed any change in statistics before and after establishment of the committee. During the past 3 years, the new committee had sent 2,221 advisory documents to physicians, which occupied 35% of all 6,305 applied cases. Main suggestions included proper choice of anti-tuberculosis agents, adequate duration of treatment and reference to the results of laboratory examinations. In addition, 140 cases were rejected for medical expenses subsidy by TB Law to avoid unnecessary long-term treatment. Main reasons of rejection were long-term treatment despite negative bacilli too more than one year, continuous single INH administration following the completion of the standard treatment and unnecessary treatment for the cases with inactive findings on chest X-ray. Since the establishment of the integrated committee, the statistics of TB has demonstrated a significant decrease in the incidence and the prevalence of TB with its annual reduction of 5.6, and 11.5 per 100,000 respectively. The proportion of bacteriologically confirmed cases among newly registered patients has increased, and the diagnostic accuracy was improved due to the decrease in the unknown bacteriology case. The proportion of the case treated by INH alone fall down rapidly and it is lower than that of the whole country. These data demonstrate that the integrated tuberculosis advisory committee contributes to standardize anti-tubercular treatment through dissemination of proper guidance on TB diagnosis and treatment to all medical facilities in the city.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed1982

Residential movement among the poor: the constraints on housing choice in Latin American cities.

"The paper examines the validity of current theories of intra-city migration, subjecting those theories to the test of explaining new data collected in a total of 13 low-income settlements in three Latin American cities: Bogota, Mexico City, and Valencia, Venezuela. The study focuses attention upon the principal reception points for migrants; the location of previous place of residence for contemporary barrio dwellers; [and] the tenure and dwelling characteristics of previous places of residence. The authors conclude that residential patterns in Latin American cities are less the outcome of migrant choice, as some theories argue, and more the product of constraints imposed upon the land and housing markets."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1987

Family formation and marital selectivity among Colombian and Dominican immigrants in New York City.

"Utilizing data from a 1981 survey of Dominican and Colombian immigrants to New York City, and from 1975 marriage certificates for the entire city, this article describes the extent of family formation in the U.S. and patterns of marital selectivity of recent Hispanic immigrants residing in New York City. A core goal of the analysis is the provision of indicators of the extent of and nature of integration processes at an early stage of the immigration." It is found first that "Hispanic immigrants in New York City are clearly long-term settlers, although not necessarily permanent ones. They are forming nuclear families in this country to a considerably greater extent than they are either transferring families from the origin country or residing as unattached temporary migrants. Second, a significant minority of marriages contracted in this country are with spouses of different national origin groups, indicating an openness in ethnic boundaries in the host society context."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1980

An analysis of population growth rates within typological categories of small southern cities.

"The research reported here presents a typology of small cities, as well as an analysis of the causes of population growth within city types. For this research eighty-eight incorporated cities and towns in the South Atlantic and East South Central census divisions [of the United States] were chosen for investigation, all having 1960 populations between 10,000 and 50,000." Path models are constructed for each city class using the decennial rate of population growth between 1960 and 1970 as the endogenous variable and net migration and employment changes as intermediate variables.

Americas↗