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PubMed1978

Cyclic variation in concentrations of protein and hexose in human uterine flushings collected by an improved technique.

Uterine flushings were obtained from fertile women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. A technique was used which excluded contamination with cervical mucus and significantly lowered contamination with blood in comparison with an established technique. Contamination of the uterine flushings with seminal plasma and tubal fluid was also prevented. The concentrations of protein and hexose in the uterine flushings, corrected for contamination with plasma, were significantly lower in the secretory stages than in the proliferative stages of the cycle. It is concluded that proteins and carbohydrates are present within the uterine lumen not only after ovulation but also during the preovulatory period.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Immunofluorescence detection in Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical smears using monoclonal antibodies].

The early detection of chlamydial infections is very important because they may cause cervicitis, endometritis and salpingitis and because of that reason for sterility in women. In routine cervical smears the morphologic picture is aspecific. One of the most specific methods for identification of Chlamydia trachomatis is the direct immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies (DIF). 100 women of age 18 - 45 years are examined with DIF test produced by Orion Diagnostica. In the cytological smears of 15 women morphological signs, inclusion and vacuolization, suspicious of Chlamydia trachomatis infection were seen. Using DIF, positive reactions have been found in 17 women. A conclusion for the high specificity of DIF with monoclonal antibodies is made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Circulating antisperm antibodies and fertility prognosis: a prospective study.

In a prospective study performed on 235 couples with long-standing infertility (median 5 years), circulating antisperm antibodies (ASA) were determined with both a standard trayagglutination test (TAT) and a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum levels were correlated with results of sperm analysis (SA), postcoital testing (PCT) and in-vitro sperm--cervical mucus penetration testing (SCMPT), performed with cervical mucus and spermatozoa of patients and in parallel with material of fertile donors. A simultaneous microbial screening included Chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasmas, Herpes simplex virus, gonococci, other potentially pathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and yeasts. The pregnancy rate 12 months after determination of ASA in the serum samples was 27% (64/235). Between ASA-positive and -negative male and/or female patients (TAT as well as RIA), no significant difference was found for any of the tested variables of SA, PCT, crossed SCMPT and colonization of genital secretions with microorganisms. Patients who later achieved pregnancy and those who did not did not differ with regard to serum antibody status (TAT as well as RIA). The findings suggest that the clinical significance of circulating ASA determined with the currently available methods is low. ASA in serum samples of infertile female and/or male patients do not influence the fertility prognosis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the Lady Free Biotester in determining the fertile period.

Small hand-held microscopes have been developed for self-observation of salivary ferning patterns to detect the fertile time of a woman's menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate one such microscope, the Lady Free Biotester, by comparing it with the self-observation of cervical-vaginal mucus and with the self-detection of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the urine. Twelve natural family planning teachers (average age 34.6 years) observed their cervical-vaginal mucus, tested their urine for LH, and observed salivary and cervical-vaginal mucus ferning patterns (with the Lady Free Biotester) for two menstrual cycles. Data indicated that there was a strong correlation between the LH in the urine and the peak in self-observed cervical-vaginal mucus ferning (r = 0.99, p < or = 0.001) and salivary ferning (r = 0.98, p < or = 0.001). However, it was difficult to assess the beginning and end of the fertile time based on the salivary ferning patterns. Further testing of salivary ferning patterns is recommended before widespread use of these devices for family planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Plunging ranula: clinical observations.

BACKGROUND: The plunging ranula is a relatively uncommon phenomenon which represents a mucus escape reaction occurring from disruption of the sublingual salivary gland. We present a series of 20 patients managed at Green Lane Hospital (Auckland, New Zealand) over a 9-year period. METHODS: A retrospective review of 13 patients with this condition was undertaken, and a prospective study was conducted on 7 patients. Information was collected on age, sex, ethnic origin, history of onset, predisposing factors, treatment, and outcome of treatment. RESULTS: The patients were all young adults with a median age of 31 years. The sex distribution was relatively equal, with 11 men and 9 women. All patients were Maori or Pacific Island Polynesians. Six patients gave a clear history of preceding trauma to the neck or oral cavity. Two recurrences were seen, both in patients who had had the sublingual gland excised via a cervical approach. Five patients sustained lingual nerve damage during surgery. Full function recovered in four patients, but the complication was still present in the fifth patient at 2 years, after which he was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Plunging ranulas appear to occur with greater incidence in the Maori and Pacific Island Polynesian populations. The precise etiology of their predisposition is unknown, although local trauma or inherent mylohyoid dehiscences may play important roles. Removal of the sublingual gland via either a cervical or intraoral approach is important in the management of this condition. Excision of the pseudocyst is probably unnecessary and places surrounding structures at risk of damage, but a biopsy of the pseudocyst wall is important to confirm the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Secretory immunity in the female reproductive tract.

PROBLEM: Antibodies and antibody-producing cells display a different and characteristic distribution in body fluids and tissues. METHOD: We have investigated the tissues of the female reproductive tract to determine whether the distribution of immunoglobulin-producing cells and the contents of cervical secretions were similar to those found in tissues of the secretory immune system. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical examinations of female genital tissues revealed the presence of plasma cells that secrete IgA (and in lower numbers IgM and IgG) especially in the subepithelial layers of the uterine endo- and ectocervix, fallopian tubes, and vagina. Both IgA1- and IgA2-producing plasma cells were found in approximately equal proportions. The presence of J-chain in the IgA-secreting cells suggests the synthesis of polymeric IgA (pIgA). Epithelial cells lining the fallopian tube and endocervix were positive for secretory component (SC), which is required for the transepithelial transport of pIgA into external secretions. Cervical mucus was collected and the molecular forms of IgA were separated using column chromatography. Approximately 80% of IgA in cervical mucus was polymeric compared with 55% in the vaginal fluid. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that all effector components of the mucosal immune system are present in the female reproductive tract. The immunization routes that lead to a secretory IgA (S-IgA) response need to be further explored.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Changes in endometrial wave-like movements in accordance with the phases of menstrual cycle.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether endometrial wave-like movements change with phases of the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Endometrial wave-like movements were observed by transvaginal sonographic tomography during 50 menstrual cycles of 20 regularly menstruating women. RESULTS: Endometrial wave-like movements were not observed during the early follicular phase. These movements proceeded perpendicularly to the longitudinal uterine axis and appeared at the midfollicular phase. In the periovulatory phase, waves reached a peak and moved from cervix to fundus. In the postovulatory phase, endometrial wave-like movements became parallel to the longitudinal uterine axis. In the midluteal phase, most of these waves disappeared. Immediately before menstruation, the waves reappeared moving from fundus to cervix. These movements continued until day 1 of the subsequent menstrual phase. CONCLUSION: Endometrial wave-like movements change with the passage of menstrual cycle. They appear to play an important role in the transport of sperm and cervical mucus and the excretion of menstrual flow.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Usefulness of the 3-dimensionally reconstructed computed tomography imaging for diagnosis of the site of tracheal injury (3D-tracheography).

Computed tomography (CT) has not been considered useful for early diagnosis of traumatized patients who could hardly hold their breath, particularly patients with tracheal injuries. However, the recent development of spiral CT has made it possible to acquire contiguous patient data, which eliminates the respiratory misregistration. Air is easily differentiated from surrounding tissues by striking contrast, and the trachea can therefore be well displayed by three-dimensional (3D)-CT. We consider that it is possible to show tracheal injury by 3D-CT. The aim of this study is to clarify the usefulness of 3D-CT for detecting the injury site of blunt tracheal injuries. The study was carried out in hemodynamically stable patients who were suspected of having tracheal injury based on clinical manifestations such as hemoptysis, or cervical subcutaneous, deep cervical, or mediastinal emphysema. Repeated bronchoscopy confirmed tracheal injury. The virtual images of the 3D-CT (3D-tracheography) were compared with the direct images of bronchoscopic findings. Five cases were examined. In patients with tracheal injury, bronchoscopy revealed laceration of the tracheal lumen or disruption and dislocation of the tracheal cartilage, partially coated by mucus and clot, findings that confirmed the diagnosis of tracheal injury. The virtual images of the 3D-tracheography clearly showed the injury as a defect in the tracheal wall or a depression in the wall. The site and size of injury shown in the 3D-tracheography were comparable with those detected by bronchoscopy. We succeeded in detecting tracheal injuries by 3D-CT imaging, the virtual images of which were comparable with the bronchoscopic findings. 3D-tracheography is a useful method for diagnosing the site and form of tracheal injury in hemodynamically stable patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The SCMC test: a screening test for spermatozoal antibodies.

The sperm cervical mucus contact test (SCMC-test) were performed on 62 couples on account of their post coital test results. Fifteen of the 17 couples (88%) who repeatedly demonstrated unexpected poor post coital tests, revealed a positive SCMC-test. In 10 cases the SCMC test results were confirmed by the tray-agglutination and mixed antiglobulin reaction. The SCMC-test is considered to be a reliable screening test for the detection of spermantibodies amongst infertile couples.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Quantitation of human cervical mucin during consecutive days and hourly during one day at midcycle.

Cervical mucin was quantitated in individual samples collected daily during midcycle in 14 normally menstruating women. Quantitation was performed with a recently developed lectin-mediated light scattering (nephelometry) method after separation of soluble proteins from the mucin. Furthermore, mucin was quantitated in individual samples in another group of 12 women from whom cervical secretion samples had been collected hourly from 8.00 to 12.00 a.m. There were significant differences between cycle days (p less than 0.05; two-way analysis of variance) for total amounts of mucin secreted and for mucin concentrations. But during repeated sample collection, only the total amounts of mucin secreted and not the concentrations were affected. From trend analysis data it could be concluded that both mucin contents and water contents increased at midcycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Rapid urinary LH assay for prediction of ovulation.

The results of the cervical mucus score (CMS), basal body temperature (BBT) and a rapid urine luteinizing hormone (LH) assay by haemagglutination immunoassay were compared with plasma LH radioimmunoassay in 28 ovulatory cycles. There was good correlation of the CMS peak with the plasma LH peak while the urine LH peak usually occurred one day later. The first day when the CMS was greater than or equal to 8 occurred within +/- 1 day of the plasma LH peak in 89.3% of cycles. The first day when the urine LH was greater than or equal to 100 iu/l occurred within +/- 1 day of the plasma LH peak in all the cycles. BBT nadir could be identified in only 82% of cycles and it coincided with the plasma LH peak in only 28.6% of cases. These findings suggest that both the CMS and the rapid urine LH assay are acceptable methods for determining the time of ovulation while the BBT is not useful.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1992

Immunohistochemical localization of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P in human trachea.

BACKGROUND: Tissue sections of human cervical trachea were processed for immunohistochemical demonstration of receptors for substance P [using an anti-SP anti-idiotypic antiserum directed toward the ligand binding site of the receptor (Couraud J-Y, Escher ED, Regoli D, Imhof V, Rossignol B, Pradelles P. Anti-substance P anti-idiotypic antibodies: Characterization and biological activities. J Biol Chem 1985;260:9461-9; Couraud J-Y, Maillet S, Grassi J, Frobert Y, Pradelles P. Characterization and properties of anti-substance P antiidiotypic antibodies. Methods Enzymol 1989; 178:275-300)] and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; utilizing a monoclonal antibody toward VIP receptors of an adenocarcinoma cell line (Pichon J, Hirn M, Muller J-M, Mangeat P, Marvaldi J. Anticell surface monoclonal antibodies which antagonize the action of VIP in a human adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29). EMBO J 1983;2:1017-22)], respectively. Mucus cells of the submucosal glands (identified by periodic acid Schiff staining) and neuroendocrine cells of the respiratory epithelium (identified by immunoreactivity to protein gene product 9.5) displayed intense VIP receptor-immunoreactivity. Other tissue components known to respond to exogenously administered VIP, e.g., trachealis muscle, lacked VIP receptor-immunoreactivity, indicating that the monoclonal antibody did not label all receptor subtypes. In accordance with the known pharmacological actions of substance P upon the airways, the anti-substance P receptor antibody labeled the trachealis muscle, submucosal glands, and respiratory epithelium, predominantly at the luminal aspect. Since substance P as well as the structurally related tachykinin, neurokinin A, competed with the anti-receptor antibody in binding to the tissue section, it is likely that both NK-1 and NK-2 receptor subtypes were labeled. The present histochemical approach to localize peptide receptors in the trachea allowed precise analysis of distribution unreached by previous studies using autoradiography. Together with pharmacological data, these morphological findings contribute to the understanding of the sequences of events evoked by the neuropeptides, substance P and VIP, in the human trachea.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1980

Immunologic infertility. I. Cervical mucus antibodies and postcoital test.

SAA and SIA were assayed in the sera of 172 infertile couples and in the CM of the women and 18 control subjects. Complete infertility evaluation was performed in all subjects except the controls. Results of these studies were correlated with PCT's. Sperm antibodies were detected in the CM of 25.6% of infertile women and in the sera of 12.7% of female and 6.4% of male subjects. No sperm antibodies were found in the CM of controls. Sperm antibodies were present exclusively in sera of 8.1% of women and in the CM of 20.9%. In only 4.7% both serum and CM contained antibodies. A significantly higher incidence of sperm antibodies was found in the sera of women and in CM and sera of all couples with unexplained infertility compared to those with explained infertility. The presence and the number of liver spermatozoa in CM collected for PCT's were found to be significantly related to the existence of SAA and SIA in CM and serum. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that SAA or SIA antibodies in CM and SAA in female serum have a significant negative correlation with endocervical PCT, whereas sperm motility has a positive correlation. These factors, together, accounted for 24.5% of variance. These data indicate that the appearance of SAA and SIA in CM is not related to their presence or titer in blood serum and that the PCT is a reliable screening method when sperm antibodies are suspected to exist in CM and to a lesser extent in serum.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Determination of antisperm antibodies in serum samples by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--a procedure to be recommended during infertility investigation?

The clinical significance of antispermatozoal antibody (ASA) testing in serum samples with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) technique using a commercially available kit was evaluated in 95 randomly chosen couples under infertility investigation. Results were related to many other parameters of male and female fertility, e.g. outcome of sperm analysis, testing of sperm functional capacity including the crossed in-vitro sperm-cervical mucus penetration test (SCMPT), results of a microbial screening in genital secretions, testing for local IgG- and IgA-class sperm antibodies in semen by means of the mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR) and the subsequent pregnancy rate in a prospective study. Results of ASA testing did not show any relationship with medical history and results of clinical examination, the semen quality including sperm function tests and seminal cultures, outcome of the crossed SCMPT, and local ASA. All patients with MAR (IgG or IgA) positive ejaculates were ELISA negative in serum samples. No significant difference with regard to circulating ASA (ELISA) was found in couples with and without a subsequent pregnancy. Furthermore there was no significant difference of antibody levels in subfertile female patients, virgins (n = 36), 'normal' pregnant women (n = 39) and prostitutes (n = 40). In summary, the results of this study clearly demonstrate that the use of this method for detection of antisperm antibodies during infertility investigation cannot be recommended.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1993

NORPLANT: levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implant.

NORPLANT is the newest contraceptive system to be introduced world-wide, with nearly a million current users. It consists of six Silastic capsules containing levonorgestrel (LNg), which are inserted under the skin in the arm. Release of the steroid commences immediately so that, after several weeks, circulating levels of LNg stabilize between 0.3 and 0.4 ng/ml of plasma, and they persist elevated with a minor decline for over 5 years. The gross cumulative pregnancy rate at 5 years is 2.6 per 100 woman-years. In the majority of women it produces no abnormalities in a variety of clinical chemistry, metabolic, haematological and coagulation parameters. The most common side-effect is disruption of the menstrual bleeding pattern; this is reported by two-thirds of the users in the first months and by one-third by the fifth year. Because it is the most disturbing side-effect for many users, counselling prior to insertion is of paramount importance. NORPLANT exerts varying degrees of gonadotrophin and ovarian inhibition, including anovulation and luteal insufficiency. Endometrial development is irregular and, irrespective of oestrogen levels, cervical mucus is thick and scanty at all times due to the strong antioestrogenic effect of LNg. Inhibition of sperm penetration fully accounts for the antifertility effect of NORPLANT in ovulatory cycles. The high contraceptive efficacy, lack of serious side-effects, reversibility and the convenience of long-term unattended use explain the high acceptability of NORPLANT.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1986

Immobilization of sperm by condoms and their components.

Condoms and other rubber products immobilize sperm, but the mechanism is unknown. Sperm motility and eosin Y exclusion were measured following exposure of samples of semen to latex condoms of various types. Sperm motility was markedly reduced by exposure to all latex condoms, but eosin Y exclusion was unchanged. While there appeared to be some variability between semen samples and in time to complete immobilization of all sperm, condoms from one batch were similar. The immobilizing effect was not altered by prewashing the condom with buffer, chelating agent or acid. After immobilization, motility was not recovered by sperm washed in buffer, mixed with normal mid-cycle cervical mucus, or exposed to caffeine or adenosine triphosphate after demembranation with detergent. Studies with components of condoms indicated that raw latex and zinc dimethyl- and dibutyl-dithiocarbamate accelerators immobilized sperm within 30 min. In contrast, silicone rubber had no effect on sperm motility for up to 4 h. Enhancement of the sperm immobilizing effect might improve the contraceptive efficacy of condoms, while a useful non-toxic sperm collecting device for semen analysis, artificial insemination or in vitro fertilisation might be developed by omitting the toxic components from the rubber.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMed1990

Improvement of cervical mucus viscoelasticity and sperm penetration with sodium bicarbonate douching.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of vaginal douching with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) upon cervical mucus viscoelasticity and sperm penetration in vitro and in vivo. Twenty-five couples with primary infertility for greater than 12 months participated in the study. The selection criteria were: (i) semen quality compatible with conception, (ii) regular ovulatory cycles and (iii) repeated negative post-coital test (PCT). After at least one inventory cycle, three consecutive cycles were studied. In the second and third cycles, vaginal douching was performed with either 1.5% (w/v) NaHCO3 or 0.9% (w/v) NaCl (randomized procedure). The viscoelasticity of the cervical mucus, sperm penetration tests (SPT) and PCTs were analysed. The viscoelasticity of mucus samples after NaHCO3 douching was significantly lower than the viscosity after NaCl douching (P less than 0.001, n = 16) and in the control cycles (P = 0.003). The SPT scores were significantly higher in the NaHCO3 cycles than in the NaCl cycles (P = 0.004, n = 22) and in the control cycles (P less than 0.001). The PCT scores proved to be significantly higher after NaHCO3 douching than after NaCl douching (P = 0.002, n = 21). Comparison of NaHCO3 and control cycles also showed a significant improvement of the PCT score after NaHCO3 douching (P less than 0.001).

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1995

Methods for separation and deglycosylation of mucin subunits.

Mucins (density 1.35-1.50 g/ml) prepared from human cervical, gastric, respiratory, and salivary secretions were reduced and alkylated to generate reduced mucin subunits. These subunits were separated into different populations analytically by using agarose gel electrophoresis and preparatively by using anion-exchange chromatography. Both techniques separate the molecules primarily on the basis of their inherent charge. A procedure has been developed for the efficient deglycosylation of small amounts of these reduced mucin subunits immobilized on polyvinylidene difluoride. The combination of these procedures has allowed the isolation and identification of glycoforms of a specific mucin gene product in a respiratory mucous secretion.

Blotting, Western↗