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PubMed1997

The "obsessive" cosmetic surgery patient: a consideration of body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder.

"Obsessive" cosmetic surgery patients often present as "hyper-focused" on their appearance. We may best be able to understand these patients through examining their thoughts and feelings about their body image. This paper reviews the relationship between physical appearance, body image dissatisfaction, and the pursuit of cosmetic surgery. An extreme form of body image dissatisfaction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), which may characterize many "obsessive" patients, is also discussed. Recommendations for assessing patients' body image concerns include a comprehensive history as well as specific questions about appearance-related concerns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Self-esteem and cosmetic surgery: is there a relationship between the two?

This article addresses the correlation between a patient's self-esteem and the demand for and use of cosmetic surgery. The greater purpose of this article is to broaden nurses' understanding of the profound influence of self-esteem as it relates to cosmetic surgery patients and their decision to have surgery.

Body Image↗
PubMed1977

Correction of senile (atonic) blepharoptosis during cosmetic blepharoplasty.

Pseudoptosis, caused by skin laxity or by herniation of periorbital fat, can be remedied by the usual cosmetic blepharoplasty. If there is a concomitant mild senile ptosis due to levator weakness, however, we recommend levator muscle plication during the course of the blepharoplasty. While blepharoptosis of significant degree is best treated by resection of the levator, plication works well in a mild degree of senile (or atonic) ptosis (when there is no more than two to 4 mm of droop). It is a simple and effective maneuver, easily performed in association with a cosmetic blepharoplasty.

Blepharoptosis↗
PubMed1997

Cosmetic saline breast implants: a survey of satisfaction, breast-feeding experience, cancer screening, and health.

Saline breast implants have been used for the past 30 years for cosmetic and reconstructive purposes. Data based on a large number of patients are needed to evaluate patient satisfaction, cancer screening practices, problems associated with breast-feeding, and health effects. We conducted a follow-up study of 292 cosmetic saline breast implant patients from Texas and Louisiana who consented to a telephone interview. Using a Likert scale, we measured the patients' degree of satisfaction with the implants. The results indicated that 80.5 percent were satisfied, 73.3 percent would recommend saline breast implants to others, and 65.1 percent felt that implants improved their quality of life. The extent of satisfaction was independent of the number of additional surgeries, age at implant, and follow-up time. Mammography use and breast self-examination were reported with high frequency in this survey. Ninety-one percent of study participants who were between 40 and 49 years of age at time of interview and 94 percent of those 50 or older reported having had at least one mammogram. Breast self-examination was practiced by 75 percent of the women, and 61 percent reported checking their breasts at least once a month. Of the 46 women who had children after augmentation, 28 reported breast-feeding and 8 (28.6 percent) reported having implant-related problems. The patients were asked to provide information regarding a series of conditions for which they sought medical attention. They reported: atypical rheumatoid syndrome (n = 1), Sjögren syndrome (n = 1), atypical autoimmune disorder (n = 1), and chronic fatigue syndrome (n = 2). Overall, women who elected to have saline breast implants were satisfied with their augmentations, had mammograms and performed breast self-examinations more often than nonaugmented women. A few had problems when breast-feeding that could be related to their implants. There were no reports of breast cancer, but five women reported autoimmune conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Maintaining cosmetics and marginal bone with a dental implant.

Inherent concerns for all implant systems exist. These concerns include complex restorative procedures, abutment rotational problems, marginal bone loss, and, in some cases, less than ideal cosmetic results. To overcome or reduce these problems, a new implant has been designed. The implant has been evaluated in this prospective study. Thirty-three new design implants were placed in 11 patients for an average time of 27.25 months. The new implant design proved to be easier to restore, posed no abutment rotational problems, resulted in no marginal bone loss problems (positive bone maintenance), and produced exceptional favorable cosmetic results.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cosmetic dentistry.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients seeking the expertise of facial plastic surgeons for facial aesthetic improvement may also desire or benefit from dental aesthetic procedures. This paper reviews current treatment options available in cosmetic dentistry. RECENT FINDINGS: Many techniques exist to improve dental aesthetics in color, position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance. Although orthodontic therapy is still an important modality for smile aesthetics, some simpler procedures can provide acceptable aesthetic results. Comparison of external dental bleaching techniques reveals similar long-term results for in-office and at-home bleaching; in-office treatments, however, may provide the benefit of faster results. Internal dental bleaching is an effective method for correcting nonvital teeth coloration. Enamel shaping via either direct tooth contouring or the application of resins or veneers to tooth surfaces can correct defects, asymmetries and shape or rotation problems. Veneers or crowns are also options to correct intrinsic dental stains not amenable to bleaching techniques. Treatments to refine gingival margins and borders are another proven beneficial cosmetic procedure. SUMMARY: A myriad of techniques exist to correct a patient's particular concerns. Correction of discoloration is usually feasible as is the improvement of a patient's smile and overall dental aesthetics.

Crowns↗
PubMed2003

Acquired strabismus following cosmetic blepharoplasty.

The purpose of this study was to report on 12 patients with acquired strabismus following cosmetic blepharoplasty and to identify patterns of strabismus related to the surgical procedure. Clinical ophthalmologic examinations were performed to specifically clarify the type of strabismus. Operative reports of the blepharoplasty procedures were reviewed. Patients were followed for a minimum of 3 months after the blepharoplasty procedure before surgical intervention was considered. Operative findings at corrective strabismus surgery were noted and an attempt was made to correlate these findings with the clinical ophthalmologic examination and the blepharoplasty surgical procedure. Twelve cases of persistent vertical strabismus occurred following blepharoplasty procedures. Five patients had clinical findings consistent with the diagnosis of acquired superior oblique palsy; one of these five patients also showed signs of an acquired Brown syndrome. Seven patients developed an incomitant vertical deviation consistent with an inferior rectus paresis. Strabismus occurred after conventional lower lid, upper lid, and four-lid blepharoplasty with or without laser blepharoplasty. Acquired strabismus accompanied by persistent diplopia may occur as a complication of cosmetic blepharoplasty. Extraocular muscle damage resulting in either superior oblique muscle palsy or inferior rectus paresis was noted in these patients. In some cases, patients with inferior rectus paresis also showed mechanical restriction to upward rotation of the globe.

Blepharoplasty↗
PubMed2003

Modification of split-thickness skin graft: cosmetic donor site and better recipient site.

The author reports an alternative method of caring for the donor sites of split-thickness skin graft that involves the immediate return of superficial thin-layer split skin graft to the donor sites while using the deep split-thickness skin graft for replacement over the defects. The proposed method would decrease the morbidity associated with other established techniques of donor site management, including prolonged healing time, fluid loss, discomfort, pain, and undesirable cosmetic results. As for the recipient site, satisfactory cosmetic effects and less pigmentation changes could be achieved with this type of simple modification of a laminated graft.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Brain cancer and cosmetic breast implants: a review of the epidemiologic evidence.

Recently, the findings of 1 mortality follow-up study have raised concern regarding the risk of brain cancer among women with cosmetic breast implants. In this review, the authors examine the results of 4 existing large-scale incidence follow-up studies comprising more than 10,000 women with cosmetic implants followed for as long as 29 years. Overall, there were 12 observed incident cases of brain cancer compared with 9.6 cases expected, yielding a nonstatistically significant summary standardized incidence ratio of 1.25 (95% confidence interval, 0.7-2.2). Based on the confidence interval alone, this result rules out the standardized mortality ratio of 2.45 reported in the 1 positive mortality study. Overall, the epidemiologic evidence does not support an association between breast implants and brain cancer incidence.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Local complications after cosmetic breast implant surgery in Finland.

Concerns regarding potential health effects of silicone breast implants have recently shifted from long-term illnesses to postoperative local complications. In this study, occurrence of local complications and treatment procedures were evaluated in a population of 685 Finnish women who received cosmetic silicone breast implants between 1968 and 2002. Patient records were abstracted, and additional information was gathered using a structured questionnaire that was mailed to 470 of the women in the cohort. Overall, 36% of the women had 1 or more diagnoses of postoperative complications in their medical records. The most common complication was capsular contracture, occurring in 17.7% of women and 15.4% of implantations. Other complications were more rare. The majority of women (74%) needed no postoperative treatment. However, 22% of women required 1 or more surgical procedures after the primary implantation. Most of the women were satisfied with the implantation, but only 40% considered the preoperative information on possible risks related to implantation as sufficient. With respect to the occurrence of local complications following cosmetic breast implantation, the findings of this study are consistent with previous studies. Frequencies of complications were remarkably similar in medical records and self-reports.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Contact allergy to ingredients of hair cosmetics in female hairdressers and clients--an 8-year analysis of IVDK data.

Not only hairdressers, but also their clients or home-users of hair cosmetic products may become sensitized to one of the product constituents. The present analysis addresses the question whether the pattern of sensitization is different in these 2 groups and includes female patients who consulted with the participating centres of the IVDK (http://www.ivdk.org) between 1995 and 2002, and in whom hair cosmetics have been considered as being causative of their contact dermatitis. Among these, 2 subgroups were identified: (i) patients, currently or previously working as hairdressers, diagnosed with occupational skin disease (H, n = 884) and (ii) patients who never worked as hairdressers, i.e. clients (C, n = 1217). Previous atopic eczema was twice as common among H, who were also much younger (median age 24 versus 46 in C). Analysis of sensitization frequencies and patterns showed the well-known decline of contact allergy to glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG) in H from 31.2% to 8.5%. Among the C, 1.7% were allergic to GMTG. Concerning p-phenylenediamine, a steady decline from 27.6% to 17.2% was observed in H, while no trend was found in C (12.6% and 16.6% in the first and the last 2-year period, respectively). Conversely, a very slight decline of p-toluenediamine sensitization was observed in H (from 29.5% to 24.8%), while at the same time a significant increase was noted in C (from 8.7% to 16.7%). A slighter increase was also noted with ammonium persulfate in C (3.1-6.8%), while the proportion of H sensitized remained largely constant at about 26%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of hair quality and cosmetic acceptance following the use of two anti-dandruff shampoos.

Dandruff is a chronic condition of the scalp requiring vigilant treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of scaling and itching. Frequent shampooing is key to controlling these symptoms while contributing to the cosmetic appearance of the hair. The success of the treatment depends not only on the ability of the shampoo to control the dandruff but also on patient compliance engendered by the cosmetic attributes of the shampoo. This double-blind cross-over study enrolled 40 women with mild to moderate dandruff. Following a 1-wk washout with an unmedicated basic cleansing shampoo, all subjects used each of the two study shampoos for 1 wk. Subjects preferred the 1% pyrithione zinc conditioning shampoo over the 2% ketoconazole shampoo by 75% in terms of overall performance. The dermatologist investigator confirmed the subject preference by noting that hair-combing ease, hair smoothness, and hair frizz/flyaway were statistically significantly better in subjects who used the 1% pyrithione zinc conditioning shampoo for 1 wk. This study suggests that hair condition is an important consideration in the treatment of dandruff due to compliance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of cosmetic tattooing in localised stable vitiligo.

Thirty patients with localised stable vitiligo were selected from the Out Patient Department for cosmetic tattooing. Of them, 19 cases (63.3%) had skin patches, 9 cases (30%) had mucosal patches, and 2 cases (6.7%) had both skin and mucosal involvement. After complete clinical evaluation, cosmetic tattooing was performed on these patients, and they were followed up for 6 months. As results, 23 cases (76.7%) had excellent color matching, 2 cases (6.7%) had good color matching, and 5 cases (16.6%) had pigment shedding. Excellent results were seen in all mucosal patches. Dark complexion cases showed better results than fair complexion ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Physically induced pemphigus after cosmetic procedures.

BACKGROUND: Pemphigus is a vesiculobullous autoimmune disease characterized by acantholysis due to antibodies against epidermal antigens. CASE REPORTS: We report the first two cases of pemphigus in which lesions appeared in areas traumatized by cosmetic procedures. In one case, the patient had a history of pemphigus under excellent control; pemphigus lesions appeared only in her surgical scars 2 months after a reduction mammoplasty and facelift. The other patient presented with an outbreak of pemphigus 4 weeks after a chemical peel. CONCLUSIONS: Physical agents including infrared and ionizing radiation as well as ultraviolet light are known triggers of pemphigus. We suggest that cosmetic procedures can initiate pemphigus and that this change must be differentiated from postoperative wound infections and other reasons for poor wound healing.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Physical appearance and cosmetic medical treatments: physiological and socio-cultural influences.

This paper reviews the physiological and socio-cultural literatures on the role of physical appearance in daily life and its potential influence on the decision to pursue cosmetic medical treatments. The role of physical appearance in evolutionary theory is discussed. Physiological theories of beauty, drawn from both animal and human research, are reviewed. Socio-cultural influences on physical appearance are considered by tracing changes in ideals of beauty over the last century. The paper then reviews the literature concerning the relationship between a person's physical appearance and how they are treated throughout their lives. The growing awareness of this 'beauty bias' may influence the decision to alter one's physical appearance through cosmetic procedures.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The cosmetic treatment of wrinkles.

Wrinkles now have a greater social impact because people live longer. Science and hedonism overlap in the search for causes, treatments and prevention of wrinkles. The cosmetic approach to wrinkles includes: i Cleansing ii Photoprotection iii Active ingredients Active ingredients go well beyond simple moisturisers and exert a more complex activity in protecting skin from external injuries, nourishing it and removing its superficial layers. Transport systems and excipients are increasingly effective. Functional agents currently include alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), poly-AHAs, complex poly-AHAs, retinoids, fish polysaccharides, anti-enzymatic agents, antioxidants (including ascorbic acid, pycnogenol, ursolic acid, vegetable isoflavones, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, lipoic acid, resveratorol, l-carnosine and taurine) as well as agaricic acid and various plant extracts. All are reviewed in this text. Most are topical, some can be given by mouth, even as food supplements. Cosmetics are becoming closer to drugs in preventing and treating wrinkles. Included amongst the cosmeceuticals are the anti-wrinkle agents described herein.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The obesity syndrome and acanthosis nigricans. Acanthosis nigricans is a common cosmetic problem providing epidemiological clues to the obesity syndrome, the insulin-resistance syndrome, the thrifty metabolism, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II.

Obesity and its consequences are arguably the chief public health problems facing the developed world. Obesity causes many fatal diseases, in particular cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a common cosmetic disability in pigmented ethnic groups. It may present with periorbital darkening or darkening of the neck or knuckles as well as acrochordons (skin tags) around eyelids, neck or axillae. The more classical AN of axillae and groins is less often a cosmetic disability, although it is an important physical sign. AN is very common in pigmented populations throughout the world, irrespective of domicile. It is rare in whites. AN is closely associated with all the features of the insulin-resistance syndrome (IRS), especially obesity. AN and IRS share a similar prevalence and epidemiology. IRS (also known as syndrome X or the deadly quartet) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and its associated conditions, including obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) type II. The sequelae of IRS are cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. The origins of insulin resistance and its sequel, IRS, are debated. Insulin resistance can result from obesity. Also obesity usually presents before AN, hypertension or DM II. For these reasons it may be more helpful to recognize instead an obesity syndrome. The obesity syndrome is characterized by a genetically determined thrifty metabolism that protects subjects in famine conditions but which, in conditions of plenty, leads to weight gain with all its consequences, including hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, IR with DM II, and, in due course, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. In pigmented races, AN is an important early manifestation of the obesity syndrome. AN helps identify persons at particular risk of developing the obesity syndrome, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and IR with DM II. Recognition of AN, therefore, offers important opportunities for health screening and preventative medicine.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Legal considerations in cosmetic laser surgery.

Cosmetic laser surgery is a continuously evolving field of medicine. According to the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, over 100 million laser and light source cosmetic procedures were performed by its members. Procedures including hair removal, nonablative treatments, as well as removal of pigmented lesions, tattoos, and unwanted vascular lesions have revolutionized this field. With an increasing number of physicians and nonphysicians performing these procedures, and with the availability of increasingly powerful laser technologies, the potential for problems and their legal consequences continue to increase. This chapter will deal with the concept of negligence and the potential for a resultant medical malpractice that may arise in such a setting. An understanding of the basic principles of a cause of action in medical malpractice will likely protect a physician from losing such a case in a court of law.

Humans↗