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PubMed2001

Machine washing or brushing of clothing and its influence on shooting distance estimation.

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of machine washing or brushing of clothing items on Gunshot Residue (GSR) patterns (gunpowder residues, lead, and copper, deposits) around bullet entrance holes. Results show that those treatments decrease considerably the amount and density of GSR. However, for close shooting distances not all of the GSR deposits are removed. Remaining patterns may be visualized by specific color reactions and used for shooting distance estimation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

A cabbit in sheep's clothing: exploring the sources of our moral disquiet about cloning.

Emerging from the first successful cloning of a mammal, a sheep named "Dolly," is a critical but under-asked question: "Why do so many of us find this feat (and its potential application to human subjects) to be deeply disturbing?" This paper suggests that the answer rests not primarily in the theological and philosophical arguments most often heard against cloning but in the threat the act poses to our foundational "cosmological categories." Building upon theories introduced by Mary Douglas and Jeffrey Stout, the essay argues that Dolly becomes a "cabbit" in sheep's clothing--an outwardly innocuous entity which, like Stout's cat/rabbit, offends at a deep and visceral level. Like the cabbit, the cloned sheep and especially the cloned human are disturbing not because of the way they are produced nor by the physical threat they pose but because they challenge the very way we understand and organize our world.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An unusual area of injury in postmortem animal feeding beneath clothing].

The authors report on a woman who died on the age of 75 years and who was found dead in her dwelling with an extensive injury of the left thigh two days after the last sign of life. Together with the corpse a poodle was present in the dwelling. Due to the unusual localization totally beneath the clothes (trousers) and the morphology of the injury an unnatural cause of death was suspected. According to the autopsy findings and the histological results, postmortal animal scavenging caused by the poodle remained the only explanation for the injury. Supplementary DNA testing yielded final certainty.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Resolution of proteases in the keratinolytic larvae of the webbing clothes moth.

The proteases of the larvae of the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella, were investigated because of this organism's phylogenetic rank as a member of the lower invertebrates, its unique position as one of the relatively few organisms that can digest keratin and its importance as a serious fabric pest. Both the number and nature of different proteolytic enzymes present were investigated and the various activities partially fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G200 columns. A complex mixture of peptidases and proteinases has been found in extracts of whole larvae and has been shown to be associated with the larval digestive tract. The proteinases include metal-chelator-sensitive proteinases (metalloproteinases) and serine proteinases but no SH-proteinases or acid proteinases. The serine proteinases include both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities. Four major and three minor anionic trypsin-like enzymes and a single major cationic trypsin-like enzyme have been detected. Only a single anionic chymotrypsin-like enzyme appears to be present. The trypsin-like enzymes are unaffected by the naturally occurring proteinase inhibitors, chicken ovomucoid, soybean trypsin inhibitor and lima bean trypsin inhibitor, while the chymotrypsin-like enzyme is inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor only. The enzymes resemble the serine proteinases from microorganisms in their pH stability. The peptidases include both aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities and both are present in multiple forms. Sixteen aminopeptidase bands have been detected and all are present in individual larvae. They are not inhibited completely by reagents specific for any of the common active sites, and have different specificity requirements. Two carboxypeptidases have been detected on acrylamide gels and have been completely separated on DEAE-cellulose. No evidence could be found for the existence of any of these proteases as inactive precursors.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1986

[Energy expenditure and work exertion in clothing industry workers].

The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), oxygen consumption compared with VO2max values--percent of VO2max (strenuousness) and energy expenditure in clothing industry workers were investigated. Seventy five subjects took part in those investigations. The effective energy expenditure of weedle women was 2,3 KJ/480 min, store-workers--3,3 KJ/480 min, cutters 4,8 KJ/480 min, layers--5,1 KJ/480 min, and ironers from 3,7 KJ/480 min, to 4,7 KJ/480 min, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Complications in patients with cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses.

Ninety-six patients were followed for an average of 45 months after insertion of cloth-covered Starr-Edwards prostheses (SE 2300, 2310, 2320, 2400, 6300, 6320, 6400). Operative mortality was 1%, hospital mortality 5.2% and late mortality (45 months) 13.5%. We observed a high incidence of valve disfunction as evidenced by a removal rate of 23% after six years. Disfunction was most reliably detected by abnormal prosthetic sounds and/or murmurs of incompetence at the prostheses. Thromboembolism occurred in 14% of the patients over 6 years and increased hemolysis was found in 18.8% of patients. It is concluded that the low incidence of thromboembolism does probably not out-weight the high incidence of valve disfunction.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Laparoscopic abdominal surgery in 1993: a significant advance or the Emperor's new clothes?

Laparoscopic surgery is proven and efficacious for cholelithiasis, appendicitis, reflux esophagitis, and perforated ulcers. Future reports should be forthright and include cost of equipment, operating room time, and length of surgery so that meaningful analyses and comparisons to traditional surgery can be performed. Laparoscopic surgery is a developing field that will grow in spurts and not without pain or risk. As we sort out objectivity and follow-up data, we will discern fact from fantasy. The influence of industry on this field has been enormous and at odds with what current health administrators will reimburse for procedures. Laparoscopic surgery is not the emperor's new clothes; it has substance and fabric. Operations, like layers of vestments, will be added to and will adorn the surgical mannequin, adding only luster and finery.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1994

Influence of ondansetron on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat wearing combat clothing.

Ondansetron is a selective serotonin antagonist which has been shown to be an effective antiemetic agent for patients undergoing radiation or chemotherapy treatment. The Canadian Forces together with other NATO Countries have an interest in selecting an antiemetic agent that not only is effective in the prevention of emesis induced by chemical agents or radiation exposure, but also has minimal, if any, side effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a single 8-mg oral dose of the drug on thermoregulation during exercise in a hot (40 degrees C, 30% relative humidity) environment. Ten unacclimatized males performed a drug and placebo trial in single-blind random order. The sessions involved walking on a treadmill at 4.8 km.h-1 with a 2% elevation for a maximum of 3 h. Subjects wore combat clothing during the trials. Total exposure time was similar for the placebo (177 +/- 6 min) and drug (172 +/- 11 min) trials. Also, the rate of sweat production (0.64 +/- 0.1 and 0.66 +/- 0.1 kg.h-1 for placebo and drug, respectively) and body heat gain (303 +/- 112 and 305 +/- 110 kj for the placebo and drug, respectively) were not different between trials. Rectal temperature increased 1.48 +/- 0.40 degrees C for the placebo and 1.47 +/- 0.37 degrees C for the ondansetron trial. Finally, there was no difference in the mean skin temperature response which increased in both conditions to 37.1 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Under the conditions of this experiment, there is no evidence to suggest that the ingestion of ondansetron influences thermoregulation in a hot environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Special cloth futon-cover (Miroguard) as a protection against house dust mite exposure].

We studied the efficacy of a special cloth encasing (Microguard) in protecting against house dust mite exposure. We vaccumed dust from right or left half surface of a shiki-futon (Japanese style mattress). Then we encased the shiki-futon by a new special encasing, vaccumed dust from the other part of the shiki-futon and got a pair of dust samples. We had done the same of the same shiki-futon by a used special encasing (used for one and half years) for about 2 weeks later. We prepared 7 shiki-futons and collected 14 pair dust samples. We weighed the dust and measured the mite allergens with a monoclonal antibody to Dermatophagoides pteronissynius and Dermatophagoides farinae. The dust level was 1.0% of the control (no encasing) in the new encasing group and 2.0% of the control in the used encasing group. The Der I concentration was 2.5 micrograms/(g dust) in the new encasing group and 3.2 micrograms/(g dust) in the used encasing group. The Der II concentration was 1.6 micrograms/(g dust). The total amount of Der I was 0.1% of the control in the new encasing group and 0.5% of the control in the used encasing group. The total amount of Der II was 0.2% of the control in the new encasing group and 0.7% of the control in the used encasing group. We compared Der p and Der f levels in the dust samples which we assayed and found no significant differences either in Der I or in Der II allergen. We concluded that Microguard was a useful tool to avoid mite allergen exposure by reducing not only the concentration of mite allergens but also the amount of dust.

Allergens↗
PubMed1996

Response of Anopheles farauti to permethrin-treated net and cloth fabrics in the laboratory.

The median effective dose of permethrin for knockdown and mortality of Anopheles farauti s. s. exposed to 2 net and 2 cloth fabrics was estimated. There were no significant differences in the knockdown or mortality of An. farauti or Aedes aegypti following 15-180-sec exposure to permethrin-treated bed nets and polyester/cotton fabric. Despite the presence of permethrin (0.007-0.068 mg/cm2) in bed net material, 18.2-50% of An. farauti adults successfully obtained a blood meal through the nets, and although all of them were knocked down after 60 min, up to 77.8% recovered within 24 h and 57.1-100% of the survivors were bloodfed. The results indicate that this important vector of malaria can obtain a blood meal through treated bed net material and emphasizes the importance of avoiding contact with the net while sleeping.

Aedes↗
PubMed1996

[Back again: the clothes louse (Pediculus humanus var. corporis)].

In two homeless men aged 38 and 32 years, who suffered from itching, infestation with body lice (Pediculus humanus var. corporis, a.k.a. clothes lice) was diagnosed. This infestation is rare in the Netherlands. In 1993 and 1994 and infection with body lice was registered 41 times in 31 patients at the clinic for homeless of the Community Health Service of Utrecht. The body louse can be seen by the naked eye. Treatment is by hygienic measures, pediculicides if necessary, and by prevention. Important to recognize is that P. humanus can be the vector of trench fever (Bartonella quintana), relapsing fever and typhus.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Thermoregulatory responses to cold: effects of handwear with multi-layered clothing.

BACKGROUND: Thermoregulatory responses were studied during rest and exercise in men wearing diverse handwear with an extended cold-weather clothing system [ECWCS]. The ECWCS (thermal insulation = 3.6 clo (1 clo = thermal resistance approximately 0.155 m2.K.W(-1)); weight = 10.1 kg) incorporates skin-tight polypropylene underwear, polyester/cotton fatigues, polyester-insulated liners, balaclava, vapor-barrier boots, and polytetrafluroethylene [PTFE]-lined outer garments. METHODS: Six fit males each rested (M = 71 W.m(-2) and performed treadmill exercise (M = 171 W.m(-2)) while wearing the following handwear with the ECWCS: a light duty glove (LD, clo = 0.86), a heavy duty glove (HD, clo = 1.05), or an Arctic mitten (AM, clo = 1.46). Cold exposures were at Ta = 0 degrees C, -20 degrees C, and -30 degrees C; rh = 20%; wind speed = 10.34 m.s(-1). Exposure was a target period of 120 min designated as maximal endurance time (ET, min). All experiments were performed on separate days. Rectal (Tre), middle finger (Tmf), and mean weighted skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded continuously; oxygen uptake and heart rate were measured periodically and total body weight loss msw, g.h(-1)) was determined after each run. RESULTS: During rest at 0 degrees C, the ECWCS maintained Tre at 37 degrees C for the maximal ET with all handwear configurations; for each lower ambient condition, steady-state Tre dropped -0.2 degrees C per each 10 C decrease in Ta.Tmf at or near 5 degrees C prior to the maximal ET was the basis for premature attrition; Tsk of 29.4 degrees C was associated with subjective thermal discomfort. ET was predicted adequately by combining Tmf, heat production, Tre and Tsk. CONCLUSIONS: The ECWCS with specific handwear furnish adequate ET in cold-dry ambients provided that ventilation and removal of extra layers is an option during heavy exercise and thermal insulation is not decreased by body moisture.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of sun-drying and chemical disinfection on contaminated cleaning cloth.

In domestic environment, cross-contamination by contaminated cleaning cloth represents an infection hazard. Could disinfectant use, detergent wash and rinse, and proper sun-drying be a panacea for cross-contamination? This is the fact-finding goal of this work. A sterilized towel (66.5 cm) was used to mop the eating tables of Nnamdi Azikiwe University cafeteria for 3 days, then aseptically collected and cut into six equal size, each for: estimation of total bacterial count; determination of the effects of detergent, sun-drying strength Ringer's solution was used as neutralizing medium. Seven organisms, Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus. Bacillus, Klebsiella, and pseudomonas species were isolated from the mop. The total bacterial count was 2.9 x 10(12) cfu/cm2. However, detergent washing cum sun-drying proved effective in reducing, to acceptable standards, the bacterial numbers and types. Disinfectant use gave a second best result. The present hygienic practices in student's cafeteria and other similar places in Nigeria and elsewhere (where mop is not properly washed and sufficiently sun-dried before re-use) may not be quite healthy after all.

Bedding and Linens↗