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PubMed1990

Inflammatory indices in chronic bronchitis. Monocyte-macrophage microbicidal activity.

Alveolar macrophages are important to the host defence of the lower airways. In smokers and patients with chronic bronchitis, important defects of blood monocyte functions have been identified, which may explain the increased incidence of pulmonary infections in these patients. Upon chronic stimulation, e.g. from tobacco smoke, disease may progress and macrophage activity is probably involved in the tissue damage of chronic bronchitis. As regards microbicidal activity of macrophages in patients with chronic bronchitis, no studies are available. Following pharmacological intervention, it is probably more reliable to measure specific components of macrophage metabolic and secretory activities, which are associated with microbicidal events, than to assess over-all microbicidal activity.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1990

[Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis].

In 99 patients with asthma or chronic obstructive bronchitis immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin-G subclasses were measured to characterize the frequency of humoral immune deficiencies. 26 patients had decreased serum levels in one or two IgG subclasses. So IgG-subclass deficiency is a common finding in patients with asthma and obstructive bronchitis. Treatment with corticosteroids seems to promote low IgG-subclass levels, but cannot fully explain alterations of IgG subclasses. Today IgG-subclass deficiencies are regarded as an important factor in the susceptibility to recurrent infections. We think, variation in IgG subclasses may have further effects on the noninfectious inflammatory processes of asthma and obstructive bronchitis.

Asthma↗
PubMed1990

[Proteolytic activities in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in pneumonia and chronic bronchitis].

In 63 patients with chronic bronchitis, 61 patients with acute bacterial pneumonia, and in 11 control subjects, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was investigated for its protease content. In smokers, we found the usual pronounced protease burden. As was expected, the two pathological groups also differed markedly on other points. In pneumonia, not only free elastase activity (from granulocytes (PMN] was markedly elevated, but also cathepsin-B-like activity (from alveolar macrophages (AM] was greatly increased, which would point up the important role of AM in this form of inflammatory. In this case of chronic bronchitis, function-analytically determinable obstruction parameters were associated with an increase in the elastase-like enzyme (from PMN), so that chronic obstructive bronchitis probably represents a special form of inflammation.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

[Social problems associated with chronic bronchitis].

The relationships between schooling, occupation, symptoms of chronic bronchitis and smoking habits were investigated in 5,000 people. This study was done in conjunction with a mass X-ray screening effort in a district of Budapest. The number of smokers among those with an academic education was 6-7% lower than in the group with primary school education. Symptoms of bronchitis are less common among the smokers in the former group (7%) than among those in the latter group (18%). The incidence of bronchitis was also lower among intellectuals. It is assumed that higher education or a higher cultural level is associated with a healthier and more modern life style, cigarette smoking being only one, albeit the most important, factor involved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Analysis of proteolytic enzymes and their natural inhibitors in serum and bronchial lavage fluid in atopic bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and pneumonia.

The protease-antiprotease balance was evaluated in some respiratory tract diseases. Analysis of the protease activity and the natural inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes was carried out on 10 patients with atopic bronchial asthma, 21 with chronic bronchitis, 12 with pneumonia and 11 health volunteers. Paralelly, the inflammatory potency of bronchial lavage fluid was determined in guinea-pig skin test. In our studies of bronchial lavage fluids some selective changes of proteolytic enzyme activities were documented as follows: in pneumonia patients--the increase of acid and neutral proteases activity; in chronic bronchitis--the moderate increase of activities of all examined proteases and in atopic bronchial asthma--the increase of acid protease activity. Similarly, levels of the natural inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes were selectively elevated: alpha-1-antitrypsin in pneumonia and chronic bronchitis patients and alpha-2-macroglobulin in asthmatics. This finding may suggest that the proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors play an important role in the respiratory tract pathology. This concept is supported by the high inflammatory response observed with bronchial lavage fluids obtained from pneumonia patients in guinea-pig skin test. The authors suggest that the determination of protease activity and level of the natural inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes in bronchial lavage fluids may be useful for clinical prognosis and pharmacological treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of airways hyperreactivity in the pathogenesis of obturative bronchitis in the youngest children.

For detection of airways hyperreactivity plethysmographic examinations were carried out in 50 children aged from 6 months to 3 years (mean age 18 months) with obturative bronchitis, in the period without symptoms, and in 17 children in the same age group with recurrent respiratory infections without evidence of obturation (control group). Striking hyperreactivity was found in 68% of the children with obturative bronchitis and in 29% of the children with recurrent respiratory infections. The challenge dose of carbachol was much lower in children with obturative bronchitis than in control children. In the conclusions it is stressed that plethysmographic examination is completely safe, and should be done more frequently in cases of respiratory disease in young children.

Bronchial Spasm↗
PubMed1989

[Evaluation of external respiratory function in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis using radionuclide methods].

A trial was designed to study shifts in various mechanisms of external respiration (ER) distress in chronic obstructive bronchitis by type of respiration insufficiency (RI). Combined clinicoroentgenological, spirographic, endoscopic and radionuclide (133Xe radiopneumography and 99Tc scintigraphy) examinations were conducted in 66 patients (41 males and 25 females aged 20-60 with 2-17-year history of chronic obstructive bronchitis) versus 30 healthy controls. ER parameters assessed in 4 groups of patients (with-out resting RI, with obstructive and mixed RI variants) by+radiopneugraphy and scintigraphy were found abnormal for either lung and both lungs as a whole. The abnormalities recorded correlated with RI variant. The following parameters appeared most informative in studying ER in the bronchitis patients with radionuclide techniques: the volume of ventilated alveoli, respiratory capacity, total and functional residual lung capacity, index ventilation/blood flow, capillary blood flow, time of half elimination of Xe from the alveoli and vascular bed. The above parameters change for the worse with progressive deterioration of external respiration.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The x-ray diagnosis of the functional disorder of bronchial patency in chronic bronchitis].

The aim of the study was to investigate functional impairments of bronchial patency in chronic bronchitis. Various up-to-date roentgenological procedures were used. Data on complex clinicoroentgenological examination of 94 patients with chronic bronchitis are presented. Bronchograms and bronchial zonograms reflecting various respiration phases, video recording on magnetic tape with using broncholytics and a new procedure of bronchogram digital processing developed by the authors were used to solve the problems. Classification, frequency, localization and nature of functional impairments of bronchial patency in chronic bronchitis are described. The role of x-ray examination in diagnosis of functional impairment of bronchial patency was shown.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of physical exertion on respiratory airflow and airway resistance in patients with chronic bronchitis].

In a group of 30 men aged 44-60 years with chronic bronchitis the effect of physical effort was assessed on the value of airways resistance and expired air flow. Physical effort was noted to increase the air flow and decreases airways resistance in most cases of chronic bronchitis. A significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the TGV value and the flow-volume value, and changes of air flow after effort in chronic bronchitis patients depended on the resting TGV value.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Morphology and pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis].

Histologic and ultrastructural features of the chronic catarrhal bronchitis are presented and its pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. An important role in the development of bronchitis of the mucociliary transport system damage, retention of the mucus and bacterial contamination of the respiratory tract is analysed. Current hypothesis of the chronic bronchitis development based on the disturbance of the protease-antiprotease and oxidative-antioxidative balance is presented. The data on the role of the specific and non-specific local immune mechanisms of the lung defence in the development of the exacerbations are given.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1989

[Steroid response after long-term treatment with oral N-acetylcysteine in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis].

The significance of long-term treatment with N-acetylcystein (NAC) for the steroid response on pulmonary function and general symptoms was investigated in patients with chronic bronchitis and moderate respiratory obstruction. All of the patients had received preliminary treatment with oral NAC in a dosage of 1,200 mg daily (Mucomyst Retard) or a placebo for 22 weeks in a double-blind design. After the conclusion of the long-term treatment but before the code was revealed, 37 non-allergic patients with irreversible respiratory obstruction participated in a follow-up investigation with 30 mg prednisone daily for 14 days. The peak flow was measured twice daily and the symptoms of bronchitis were registered by completion of 13 visual analogue scales. Pulmonary function was measured by means of spirometry on days 0, 7 and 14, respectively. In both of the treated groups, slight increase in the daily registered peak flow was found but no changes in the results of spirometry or the symptoms. Comparison between the groups revealed a significantly greater increase in the evening peak flow in the group which had received preliminary treatment with NAC. It is concluded that, in this investigation, no clinically relevant effect of long-term preliminary treatment with NAC on the results of a steroid test was observed in patients with chronic bronchitis and moderate respiratory obstruction.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1989

The prevention of severe lower respiratory infections in chronic bronchitis.

Chronic bronchitis remains as a serious medical problem for many adults and a smaller proportion of children in the United States. The frequency of severe lower respiratory infections in patients with chronic bronchitis is quite variable. The infectious agents most likely responsible for severe lower respiratory disease include pneumococci, nontypable Haemophilus influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Branhamella catarrhalis among the bacteria, and influenza A and B viruses, with parainfluenza and adenoviruses less common. Prophylactic antibiotics, particularly tetracycline and derivatives, were the only drugs suggesting efficacy in controlled trials for decreasing exacerbation, but many studies failed to show efficacy. Killed influenza vaccines should be used annually in any patient with chronic bronchitis. Pneumococcal vaccine has had questionable benefit for bronchitics but should nevertheless be considered for use because of its low cost and proven safety. The antiviral drug amantadine may be useful in bronchitics unable to take influenza vaccines.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Concentration of sex hormones in chronic bronchitis in men].

Thirty-five males (age: 18-45 years) suffering of chronic bronchitis were examined. The patients showed a reduced level of blood serum testosterone, increased level of luteinizing hormone in males with chronic obstructive bronchitis. The level of luteinizing hormone in males with atrophic bronchitis does not exceed the value in the control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Epidemiologic cross-sectional study of the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and lung function disorders in swine breeders and milkers].

In an epidemiological cross-sectional study the influence of occupation in swine production confinements on development of chronic bronchitis and lung function impairments was investigated. The study population comprised 307 swine confinement workers and 165 cattle workers without significant differences in age distribution and smoking habits. For evaluation of respiratory symptoms a standardized questionnaire was used. The following lung function tests were carried out: FVC, FEV1, RV, MEF25, MEF50, PEF and Raw. Regarding the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and lung function impairments no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. Indeed swine confinement workers indicated a distinct trend to a higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis in correlation to the duration of employment. Workers in swine confinement buildings with more than 10 y exposure showed significantly worse mean values of the measured lung function parameters and significantly more frequent pathological lung function values than the control group of cattle workers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic bronchitis in the iron and steel industry: prevalence study.

The paper reports the results of a prevalence study on functional impairment and chronic bronchitis in 733 foundry workers and in a control group of 1041 workers not exposed to the specific risks of the iron and steel industry. This study is the first part of a longitudinal study lasting 5 years within the framework of the Fourth Research Programme of the European Coal and Steel Community. Data on microclimate and particulate pollution for the various departments showed uniformly cold and damp conditions. Concentrations of pollutants were generally below the current T.L.V.'s. The subjects were subdivided into groups according to age, smoking and length of exposure. All the subjects were administered the "E.C.S.C. Questionnaire for the study of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema" and underwent a chest X-ray and spirometry to measure FVC, FEV1 and Vmax 50. The prevalence of functional impairment and chronic bronchitis was higher in the foundry workers than in the group of non-exposed workers. A statistical standardization was made of the effect of age and smoking thus accentuating the effect of exposure. The results are compared with the data obtained by other epidemiologic studies on working populations exposed to a similar risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The role of cellular immunity in the etiopathogenesis of obstructive bronchitis in childhood].

The development and aetiopathogenetic role of the immune response were studied in group of infants and children aged 4-6 years by comparison of clinical status, concentrations of serum immunoglobulins, virological tests (levels of specific antibodies and cultivation of viruses) and the macrophage migration inhibition test. A respiratory syncytial virus was found in 44% of virologically positive children. The macrophage migration inhibition test was positive in 45% of infants suffering from obstructive bronchitis. The macrophage migration inhibition test was positive in 60% of older children followed up on account of obstructive bronchitis during the two first years of life suffering from repeated diseases of the lower respiratory tract and only in 32% children after clinical recovery. A decrease of concentrations of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM in blood serum was not observed. The results indicated the fundamental role of cell immunity in the aetiopathogenesis of obstructive bronchitis.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed1985

[Lipid peroxidation as an indicator of the adaptive capacity of patients with chronic bronchitis during sanatorium and health resort treatment with a change in climate and geography].

Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the blood plasma and erythrocytes was studied in 99 inhabitants of the southern part of West Siberia suffering from chronic bronchitis, of them 64 with obstructive bronchitis. They were sent for treatment to the contrast climatic zone (Yalta, the Crimea), and LPO was examined before the trip and after return in the course of a month (three times). LPO activity at a later stage as compared to the initial one was raised in the patients with signs of disadaptation (54 patients). The time course of LPO up to the initial level was over up to the 12th day after return in the patients with moderate symptoms of disadaptation in the warm season and up to the 30th day in the cold period. LPO activity in the patients with pronounced symptoms of disadaptation was more noticeable, the time course of the indicators up to the initial level was more delayed, particularly in erythrocytes and in the cold season. Thus LPO activity in chronic bronchitis in terms of its expression and period depends on patients' adaptogenicity to contrast change of climatic geographic zones after therapy in a sanatorium.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1988

[Immediate and late results of rehabilitation at the climatic health resorts on the southern coast of the Crimea with sunlight- and meteorolabile patients with chronic bronchitis].

A study of the social, socioeconomic and economic indices of rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive and nonobstructive bronchitis has shown that one should take account of a degree of expression of heliometeolability when selecting patients with chronic bronchitis residing in West Siberia for climatic treatment in the Crimean South Coast. It has been shown that rehabilitation in the Crimean South Coast health resort area is advisable for heliometeostable patients and patients with mild and marked degrees of heliometeolability. Patients with chronic bronchitis should not be sent to the Crimea in winter and late autumn as the rehabilitation effect in this period is lowered.

Adaptation, Physiological↗