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PubMed1995

Physician and parent behavior during invasive pediatric cancer procedures: relationships to child behavioral distress.

Observed 51 children with cancer, their parents, and their physicians during routine bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures. Child distress was measured via the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD); adult behaviors were coded via the Child Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale (CAMPIS). In general, physicians were less verbally interactive than parents both before and during the procedure. As expected, several parent behaviors were positively related to child distress. However, physician behaviors were uniformly negatively related to child distress. Findings are discussed in terms of the physician-patient relationship and the possible role of physicians as change agents in reducing child distress during invasive procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Smoking, getting drunk, and engaging in bulimic behaviors: in which order are the behaviors adopted?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between beginning to binge-eat or purge, beginning to smoke, and getting drunk for the first time. METHOD: Prospective study of 11,358 girls and boys, 10 to 15 years of age, in an ongoing cohort study who completed questionnaires in 1997 and 1998. The outcome measures were beginning to engage in bulimic behaviors, beginning to smoke, and getting drunk for the first time between 1997 and 1998. RESULTS: During 1 year, 4.3% of girls and 3.8% of boys started smoking, 5.3% of girls and 4.8% of boys started getting drunk, and 2.4% of girls and 0.8% of boys started engaging in bulimic behaviors. Among the girls, weight concerns in 1997 were predictive of beginning to smoke (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2), get drunk (OR = 1.7), purge (OR = 3.8), and binge-eat (OR = 2.6). Adolescents who reported smoking in 1997 were more likely than nonsmokers to get drunk for the first time (girls: OR = 5.7; boys: OR = 7.1). The reverse association, getting drunk as a predictor of starting to smoke, was of lesser magnitude (OR = 2.3-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The three unhealthy behaviors were associated prospectively with each other. The results suggest that prevention efforts should target weight concerns and multiple risk behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biobehavioral basis of coronary-prone behavior in middle-age men. Part II: Serum cholesterol, the Type A behavior pattern, and hostility as interactive modulators of physiological reactivity.

Prior research suggests that the Type A behavior pattern, Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) scores, and Total Serum Cholesterol (TSC) are positively associated with physiological changes to behavioral stressors. The objective of the present study was to determine whether TSC interacts with the Type A behavior pattern and hostility to affect cardiovascular and neurohormonal responses to a mental arithmetic task (MATH). For Type A individuals, elevated TSC was associated with larger catecholamine and cortisol responses to MATH. In contrast, for Type B subjects, cholesterol was negatively associated with neurohormonal responses. The interaction between Ho score and TSC predicted a similar pattern of responses whereby, in high hostile men only, TSC was positively associated with MATH-induced changes in catecholamines and heart rate. While the mechanisms responsible for the differences in the lipid-reactivity association as a function of coronary-prone behavior measures remain to be elucidated, this differential association may play a role in the heightened risk of coronary disease among hostile Type A men.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ionic conduction in glass: new information on the interrelation between the "Jonscher behavior" and the "nearly constant-loss behavior" from broadband conductivity spectra.

We analyze broadband ac conductivity spectra of various ion conducting glasses with regard to the composition dependence of the "Jonscher behavior" and of the "nearly constant-loss behavior." In the temperature range of our experiments (173 K< or =T< or =573 K), both types of behavior are closely related, indicating that both arise from ion hopping. However, the "nearly constant-loss behavior" observed at temperatures below 100 K seems to be caused by other dynamic processes.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in developmental links among antisocial behavior, friends' antisocial behavior, and peer rejection in childhood: results from two cultures.

This study addressed gender differences in the developmental links among antisocial behavior, friends' antisocial behavior, and peer rejection. High and increasing, moderate, and low antisocial developmental trajectories were identified among 289 Dutch children, ages 7 to 10, and 445 French-Canadian children, ages 9 to 12. Only boys followed the high trajectory. These boys had more deviant friends and were more often rejected than other children. A minority of girls followed the moderate antisocial behavior trajectory. These girls had fewer deviant friends than moderate antisocial boys, but moderate antisocial boys and girls were equally likely to be rejected. The influence of friends and poor peer relations plays a crucial but different role in the development of antisocial behavior among boys and girls.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1986

The relations between type A behavior, clinically relevant behavior, academic achievement, and IQ in children.

The relation of Type A behavior to IQ, academic achievement, and several clinically relevant dimensions of behavior in children was assessed in 873 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders by means of the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH), the Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT), the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITED), and the teachers' form of the Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist (MCBC-T). The MYTH and its competitiveness and impatience-aggression subscales were found to be differentially related to academic achievement and to account for a small but significant portion of the variance in achievement not accounted for by IQ. The subscales of the MYTH were found to be highly correlated with several clinically familiar dimensions of children's behavior. The significance of these findings for the construct validity of the MYTH is discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Internalizing behavior problems and scholastic achievement in children: cognitive and behavioral pathways as mediators of outcome.

Examined a conceptual model in which dual developmental pathways (behavioral and cognitive) are hypothesized to account for the relation among internalizing behavior problems, intelligence, and later scholastic achievement using a cross-sectional sample of 325 children. Classroom behavior and select aspects of cognitive functioning (vigilance, short-term memory) were hypothesized to mediate the relations among internalizing problems, IQ, and long-term scholastic achievement. Hierarchical tests applied to a nested series of models demonstrated that (a) individual differences in measured intelligence among children are associated with variations in classroom performance and cognitive functioning, (b) classroom performance and cognitive functioning make unique contributions to prediction of later achievement over and above the influence of intelligence, (c) anxious/depressive features are correlated but separable constructs, and (d) anxiety/depression and withdrawal contribute to prediction of classroom performance and cognitive functioning over and above the effects of intelligence. Classroom performance and cognitive functioning thus appear to mediate the effects of internalizing behaviors as well as intelligence. Particular attention to the presence and potential impact of social withdrawal on children's functioning, both alone and concomitant with anxiety/depression, appears warranted during the course of clinical evaluations owing to the strong continuity among these variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Behavioral treatment of challenging behaviors in individuals with mild mental retardation: meta-analysis of single-subject research.

A meta-analytic study on effectiveness of behavioral and psychotherapeutic treatments for challenging behaviors in individuals with mild mental retardation is reported. Eighty articles were examined. For each comparison, several study variables and two effect sizes (percentage of nonoverlapping data-PND and percentage of zero data-PZD) were evaluated (Ms = 75% and 35%, respectively). Studies in which experimental designs and methods of experimental functional analysis were used had significantly larger PNDs than those with AB designs and descriptive methods, respectively. Functional analysis, reliability of recording, generalization, and internally valid designs resulted in larger PZDs. We found that behavioral interventions for challenging behaviors are effective with people with mild mental retardation.

Humans↗
PubMed1969

Good behavior game: effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom.

Out-of-seat and talking-out behaviors were studied in a regular fourth-grade class that included several "problem children". After baseline rates of the inappropriate behaviors were obtained, the class was divided into two teams "to play a game". Each out-of-seat and talking-out response by an individual child resulted in a mark being placed on the chalkboard, which meant a possible loss of privileges by all members of the student's team. In this manner a contingency was arranged for the inappropriate behavior of each child while the consequence (possible loss of privileges) of the child's behavior was shared by all members of this team as a group. The privileges were events which are available in almost every classroom, such as extra recess, first to line up for lunch, time for special projects, stars and name tags, as well as winning the game. The individual contingencies for the group consequences were successfully applied first during math period and then during reading period. The experimental analysis involved elements of both reversal and multiple baseline designs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Implications of behavioral pharmacology research for applied behavior analyses: JEAB's special issue celebrating the contributions of Joseph V. Brady (March 1994).

We review four articles from JEAB's March 1994 issue celebrating the contributions of Joseph V. Brady. These articles have implications for studying private events and for studying multiple operants. We suggest that regularly including self-reports about private events in behavioral pharmacological research has resulted in an accumulated knowledge that has facilitated examination of interesting relations among self-reports, environmental factors, and other observable behaviors. Methodological lessons that behavioral pharmacologists have learned regarding the study of multiple operants are also relayed. We provide examples of how these lessons could be useful to applied behavior analysts studying nonpharmacological issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Some parameters of behavioral contrast and allocation of interim behavior in rats.

Two experiments examined the effects of baseline reinforcement rate and component duration on behavioral contrast and on re-allocation of interim behavior in rats. Positive behavioral contrast occurred during multiple variable-interval 10-second extinction (VI 10 EXT) after a multiple VI 10 VI 10 baseline condition, but not during multiple VI 60 EXT following multiple VI 60 VI 60 baseline. Component duration had no significant effect on contrast. These results differed from those found in studies of pigeons' key pecking. Contrast was accompanied by an increased rate of drinking in the changed component, but drinking in the constant component did not decrease. These results are not consistent with the competition theory of contrast, but are consistent with the predictions based on the matching law. However, no current theory seems to account for all instances of behavioral contrast.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Effects of a group rational-emotive behavior therapy program on the Type A behavior pattern.

A sample of 44 male Type A insurance representatives, selected by means of the Videotaped Structured Interview, were randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 22) and a delayed treatment control group (n = 22). The treatment group participated in 9 weekly sessions of group Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and were followed up after 10 weeks. After the control period, the delayed treatment control group received the same treatment program. Repeated measurements were obtained by means of the Videotaped Structured Interview, Jenkins Activity Survey, Cook-Medley Hostility Scale, and Type A Cognitive Questionnaire. Self and spouse/friend ratings of Type A behavior were obtained by means of the Bortner Rating Scale. Analysis indicated that, compared to the control condition, the therapy significantly reduced the intensity of Type A behavior and its time urgency component. These improvements were maintained at follow-up and were accompanied by self-reports of significant positive changes in Type A behavior and irrational beliefs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

[A study of neonatal behavioral characteristics: The relationship between Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and infant-perception by nurses].

The purpose of this study was to measure the behavioral characteristics of neonates and to investigate the relationship between these characteristics and infant-perception by adults (nurse). Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) were administered to 45 neonates three or four days after birth. Nurses were required to assess the perception of the neonates who received BNBAS during two to five days after birth. The main findings were as follows: A factor analysis was performed on the behavioral items of BNBAS, and six factors corresponding to Osofsky's factors (1977) were extracted. As for the behavioral items, there was no significant sex differences. Some of BNBAS factors related to the infant-perception by nurses.

Female↗
PubMed2001

[Swedish twin study surveys how antisocial behavior is developed. Hereditary factors are more important in girls, in older children and in aggressive behavior].

During the 20th century, political opinions and scientific theories rather than scientific results have incited swings in public discourse concerning the origin of criminal and other behaviors. Twin-studies, adoption-studies and animal studies have shown that both genes and environmental factors are important. A longitudinal study of all twins in Sweden born between May 1985 and December 1986 has been initiated to examine how genes and environmental factors influence the development of, inter alia, antisocial behavior. The study has shown that genetic factors in antisocial behavior are more important in girls, in aggressive behavior, and in older children. Further, genes and environmental factors of importance in childhood were important also in early adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral disorganization in schizophrenia during a daily activity: the kitchen behavioral scoring scale.

Executive dysfunction has been extensively described in schizophrenia and has been found to correlate with the negative symptoms of the disease. However, executive dysfunction is usually assessed by cognitive tests, and these are not necessarily good predictors of an individual's daily functioning. This study aimed to discover whether executive dysfunction in schizophrenia can be measured by analyzing a daily routine such as cooking a meal. Behavior was scored on the basis of the optimal sequence of macrostructures (order of dishes) and microsteps (order of actions) that must be performed to prepare the meal in a minimum of time and with the smallest delay between the completion of the first and last dishes. The results showed that patients with schizophrenia make macrostructure but not micro-step sequencing errors. The number of repetitions and omissions and the delay between the completion of the first and last dish were all greater in patients than in control subjects. In patients with schizophrenia, but not in normal controls, these behavioral malfunctions were significantly correlated with both negative symptoms and performance on the executive tasks. Poor performance on the memory tests was not correlated with the behavioral malfunction. Therefore, daily functioning in schizophrenia may be specifically influenced by executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, and this can be quantitatively assessed with a behavioral scale of action sequences.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Selection of behavioral test parameters for estimation of typological features of rat behavior].

Behavior of 86 rats was examined in three behavioral tests, i.e., open field, forced swimming and emotionality by F. King. The results of statistical analysis of all the indices obtained with application of factor analysis suggest that the three tests characterize four relatively independent behavioral components: emotionality, locomotor-exploratory activity, olfactory performance, and resistance to adverse emotional factors. A contribution of each measured parameter to the above components was estimated. Such an approach makes it possible to reasonably select most important behavioral features when estimating locomotor activity and emotionality of animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A meta-analytic review of HIV behavioral interventions for reducing sexual risk behavior of men who have sex with men.

This meta-analysis examines the efficacy of international HIV prevention interventions designed to reduce sexual risk behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM). We performed a comprehensive search of published and unpublished English-language reports of HIV prevention interventions that focus on MSM and evaluated changes in risky sexual behavior or biologic outcomes related to sexual risk. Data from 33 studies described in 65 reports were available as of July 2003. Studies with insufficient data to calculate effect sizes were excluded from the meta-analysis. Interventions were associated with a significant decrease in unprotected anal intercourse (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.92) and number of sexual partners (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.61-0.94) and with a significant increase in condom use during anal intercourse (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.16-2.22). Interventions successful in reducing risky sexual behavior were based on theoretic models, included interpersonal skills training, incorporated several delivery methods, and were delivered over multiple sessions spanning a minimum of 3 weeks. Behavioral interventions provide an efficacious means of HIV prevention for MSM. To the extent that proven HIV prevention interventions for MSM can be successfully replicated in community settings and adapted and tailored to different situations, the effectiveness of current HIV prevention efforts can be increased.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed1988

Behavioral studies with anxiolytic drugs. V. Behavioral and in vivo neurochemical analyses in pigeons of drugs that increase punished responding.

Behavioral and neurochemical effects of several drugs that increase punished responding were studied in pigeons. Key pecking was established under a schedule of reinforcement in which periods of food-maintained responding alternated with periods in which behavior also was suppressed by the presentation of electric shock. Buspirone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg), gepirone (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 0.1-3.0 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (3.0-30.0 mg/kg) and to a lesser extent clozapine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) all produced increases in punished responding at doses having little effect on or decreasing the rate of unpunished responding. Neurochemical analyses on samples of cerebrospinal fluid after administration of several doses of each compound were performed for the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the noradrenergic metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Gepirone, 8-OH-DPAT and the novel anxiolytic buspirone produced decreases in 5-HIAA at doses that increased punished responding in the behavioral studies. Buspirone increased levels of HVA and DOPAC, whereas its structural analog gepirone and the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT had little effect on or decreased levels of these metabolites. Chlordiazepoxide, a prototypic benzodiazepine anxiolytic, produced only modest decreases in each of the metabolites studied. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, produced increases in each of the metabolites studied, although only the 5-HIAA effect occurred at doses that were not behaviorally disruptive. Haloperidol (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) produced only decreases in punished and unpunished responding, whereas eliciting increases in the appearance of MHPG, DOPAC and HVA; levels of 5-HIAA were relatively unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗