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PubMedDate not supplied

Papillary carcinoma of the common bile duct. Diagnosis by bile drainage cytology.

A 54-year-old man with clinical and radiologic findings suggestive of pancreatic carcinoma had cytologic examination of bile drainage fluid specimens prepared by membrane filtration and cytocentrifugation. Examination showed clumps of malignant cells with features most consistent with a well-differentiated papillary neoplasm of bile duct origin, rather than a primary pancreatic carcinoma. Partial pancreatoduodenectomy with resection of the proximal common bile duct confirmed the presence of a small, well-differentiated but invasive papillary bile duct carcinoma. Pancreatic carcinoma and papillary carcinoma of the bile duct are anatomically and biologically different lesions that should be distinguished, when possible, by cytologic examination. In this case, surgical treatment was planned on the assumption that cytologic examination could distinguish a papillary carcinoma of the bile duct from the clinically suspected pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1973

Bile acids. 39. Metabolism of 5 -cholestane-3 ,26-diol and 5 -cholestane-3 ,7 ,26-triol in the rat with a bile fistula.

25r-5alpha-[5alpha,6alpha-(3)H(2)]Cholestane-3beta,7alpha,26-triol was prepared from 3beta,26-diacetoxy-5alpha[5alpha,6alpha-(3)H(2)]cholestan-7-one that was obtained from kryptogenin. Huang-Minlon reduction of the ketone provided 25r-5alpha-[5alpha-(3)H]cholestane-3beta,26-diol. Results from mass spectrometry, molecular rotation, and several types of chromatography are consonant with the assigned structures. Bile was collected for 8 days from adult male rats, with cannulated bile ducts, that had received approximately 0.8 mg of the triol or diol intraperitoneally. Bile from the first 12 hr was hydrolyzed, and the bile acids were separated by partition chromatography. The chromatographic pattern of separated bile acids was much simpler for the triol than the diol. Approximately 50% of the bile acids derived from the triol were trihydroxy allo acids (allocholic acid, 44%, and its 3beta isomer, 5.3%); only 16.4% allocholic acid was obtained from the diol. Comparable amounts of allochenodeoxycholic acid were derived from the diol and triol (21.2% and 28.2%, respectively). Unidentified metabolites in the dihydroxy acid fraction derived from the diol constitute 15.8% of chromatographed material.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of bile acids and phospholipids in the stabilization of cholesterol in the gallbladder bile].

A removal of bile acids from the bile by gel-filtration results in a decrease of coagulation threefold of the cholesterol micelle. During enzymatic cleavage of phospholipids in the whole bile, cholesterol is retained in the solution. Under the same treatment of a fraction isolated from the dog bile employing filtration through Sephadex G-75 and devoid of bile acids, cholesterol completely precipitated. The data obtained indicate an important role of fatty acids in the stabilization of cholesterol in the bile, phospholipids play a less role in this process.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Radioimmunoassay of bile acids in tissue, bile, and urine.

Two commercially available (Abbott Labs.) radioimmunoassays for determination of conjugated cholic acid and sulfoglycolithocholic acid in serum have been modified for bile acid measurements in alcoholic tissue extracts, bile, and urine. The specificity of both radioimmunoassays has been determined with regard to 27 free and conjugated bile acids. After filtration, bile acids can be measured in urine and bile without prior extraction. Tissue is homogenized and the bile acids are extracted into methanol. Urinary excretion by 64 healthy humans was 2.09 (SD 1.09) mumol of conjugated cholic acid and 8.44 (SD 8.03) mumol of sulfated glycolithocholic acid per 24 h. In liver from 10 patients with various noncholestatic liver disease, the mean concentration of conjugated cholic acid was 32.4 (SD 15.9) nmol/g wet weight. In the liver of 27 male Wistar rats, the concentration of conjugated cholic acid was 41.3 (SD 11.7) nmol/g of tissue, of sulfoglycolithocholic acid 5.1 (SD 2.3) nmol/g of tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Studies on fat digestion, absorption, and transport in the suckling rat. III. Composition of bile and evidence for enterohepatic circulation of bile salts.

Biliary secretions from suckling rats (10-15 days old) were characterized: bile flow rate was 197.3 microliters/hr per 100 g; bile salt pool size was 19.0 mumol/100 g; secretion rate was 14.5 mumol/hr per 100 g; synthesis rate was 12.0 mumol/day; and the daily turnover frequency was 18.3. Phospholipid and cholesterol secretion rates were 2.3 mumol/hr per 100 g and 0.17 mumol/hr per 100 g, respectively. The bile salt concentration in portal plasma was 0.17 mumol/ml. The fatty acid composition of biliary phosphatidylcholine and ethanolamine, as well as the stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in the former, were similar to that found in phospholipids from adult rat bile. Compositional analysis of bile acids showed greater than 98% taurine conjugates consisting of approximately 54% cholic acid, 40% beta-muricholic acid, 2% chenodeoxycholic acid, and 1% each of deoxycholic and hyodeoxycholic acids. Through the use of intestinal and liver perfusion experiments, we have obtained evidence for enterohepatic circulation of taurocholate in neonatal rats. The level of bile salts found in intestinal contents (49.5 mumol/g), and the biliary phospholipid concentration (11.8 mM) both exceed adult values (6-10 mumol/g and 6.3 mM, respectively) and may be important for the utilization of the large amount of milk triacylglycerols ingested during the suckling period.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effect of the selective expansion of cholic acid pool on bile lipid composition: possible mechanism of bile acid induced biliary cholesterol desaturation.

The effect of cholic acid pool expansion on biliary lipid composition was investigated in 21 subjects with cholesterol gallstones. All subjects were fed cholic acid (15 mg/kg/day) and ampicillin (2 g/day) in order to depress the intestinal degradation of cholic to deoxycholic acid. Five additional subjects were given ampicillin alone. The treatment lasted 2-3 wk. Parameters investigated included biliary and plasma lipid, biliary bile acid composition, and total and individual bile acid pool size. In 11 of 21 subjects (group I) cholic acid pool expanded two-threefold, whereas deoxycholic acid pool increased only slightly. In this group mean saturation index fell from 1.32 +/- 0.27 (mean +/- SD) to 0.93 +/- 0.25 (p less than 0.001), and plasma cholesterol increased from 185 +/- 45 mg/dl before to 213 +/- 37 after treatment (p less than 0.01). In the remaining 10 subjects (group II) the increase of the deoxycholic acid pool for exceeded that of cholic acid, and in these subjects the saturation index rose from a mean value of 1.07 +/- 0.27 to 1.42 +/- 0.22 after treatment (p less than 0.01). In this group plasma cholesterol tended to decrease (from 213 +/- 57 to 197 +/- 51 after treatment). In the 5 subjects treated with ampicillin alone deoxycholic acid pool was greatly reduced, and the saturation index fell from 1.25 +/- 0.25 to 0.95 +/- 0.35. The results suggest that cholic acid pool expansion reduces bile cholesterol saturation, whereas the increase of deoxycholic acid pool tends to supersaturate the bile. It is concluded that a determinant of bile cholesterol saturation might be the detergent power of the bile acid pool.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of lovastatin and dietary cholesterol on bile acid kinetics and bile lipid composition in healthy male subjects.

We measured bile acid kinetics and bile lipids in 12 human subjects on a metabolic ward in four randomly allocated, 6-7 week periods: 1) lovastatin (40 mg b.i.d) + low cholesterol diet (mean 246 mg/day); 2) lovastatin+high cholesterol diet (mean 1071 mg/day); 3) low cholesterol diet alone; and 4) high cholesterol diet alone. Lovastatin did not significantly alter fractional turnover, synthesis, absorption, enterohepatic cycling, or pool sizes of bile acid measured by the Lindstedt method. The high cholesterol diet increased fractional turnover and synthesis rate of cholic acid, but not chenodeoxycholic acid, without altering pool size of either bile acid. The high cholesterol diet decreased bile acid absorption, but only during lovastatin treatment, suggesting the possibility of a "cholestyramine-like" effect of dietary cholesterol, appreciable at least when biliary cholesterol secretion is reduced by lovastatin. As in previous studies, lovastatin markedly lowered saturation index of gallbladder bile. Increased cholesterol consumption did not significantly alter cholesterol saturation index, suggesting that dietary cholesterol may not be a major factor in cholesterol gallstone pathogenesis.

Absorption↗
PubMed1993

Rapid determination by centrifugal ultrafiltration of inter-mixed micellar/vesicular (non-lecithin-associated) bile salt concentrations in model bile: influence of Donnan equilibrium effects.

We have developed the technique of rapid (< 2 h) centrifugal ultrafiltration to measure the inter-mixed micellar/vesicular (non-lecithin-associated) bile salt (BS) concentrations (IMC) of individual BS in model biles. This methodology uses a centrifugal concentrator with a reinforced membrane, through which a small fraction (< 15% total volume) of model biles was ultrafiltered by low centrifugal forces (1500 g 5-60 min). Total and individual BS concentrations in the filtrate were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. However, non-filterable anions, in this case BS/lecithin/cholesterol mixed micelles and unilamellar vesicles, induce an asymmetric distribution of ions across the membrane. Therefore, BS concentrations in the filtrate exceeded the true IMC, which was estimated taking into account Donnan equilibrium effects. To confirm the hypothesis that a correction for Donnan forces was necessary, distributions of BS and another filterable anion, chloride, were measured in systems containing the non-filterable polyanion dextran sulfate as an analogue for non-filterable polyanionic mixed micelles and vesicles. An asymmetric distribution of the monovalent anions chloride and BS monomers as well as polyvalent simple BS micelles was indeed present during centrifugal ultrafiltration. This new methodology was validated by comparing IMC values with those obtained by modified equilibrium dialysis also corrected for Donnan equilibrium effects (Donovan, J.M., et al. 1991. J. Lipid Res. 32: 1501-1512). Centrifugal ultrafiltration, which utilizes < 1 ml of bile, determines the composition in the IMC necessary to separate micelles and vesicles of native biles by techniques that involve dilution of bile such as gel filtration chromatography.

Bile↗
PubMed1977

Effect of type and amount of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols in rats.

The effect of type (corn oil or lard) and quantity (5 or 20%) of dietary fat and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) on the composition of biliary bile acids, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols was studied in rats exposed to a given regimen for two generations prior to s.c. treatment with DMH for 20 weeks. Biliary excretion of total bile acids as well as cholic acid, beta-muricholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid was higher in rats fed a diet containing 20% corn oil or lard than it was in rats fed diets containing 5% corn oil or lard. Treatment of animals with DMH produced an increase in biliary total bile acids, cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid irrespective of diets. High-fat (corn oil or lard at 20% level) intake was associated with an increased excretion of fecal neutral sterols and bile acids. The excretion of deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid was increased in rats fed high-fat diets. The source of fat had no major influence on the excretory pattern of cholesterol metabolites and bile acids. DMH-treated animals excreted higher levels of fecal coprostanol, coprostanone, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid than did controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Cholangiocarcinoma arising in bile duct adenoma with focal area of bile duct hamartoma.

A 59-year-old male with history of sigmoid colon cancer had a high serum-CEA level and was referred for the evaluation of metastatic liver disease. Ultrasonography and computerized tomography showed two tumours in the liver. Macroscopically, these were in segment 4 (S4) and 2 (S2). Histologically, the tumour in S4 showed a number of bile ductules with variable amounts of stroma, an appearance compatible with bile duct adenoma (BDA). There were markedly atypical ductules of various sizes, the epithelium of which had coarsely granular/hyperchromatic large nuclei, in some areas of the lesion. These atypical ductules showed invasive growth into the liver parenchyma. Some cystically dilated ductules with bile plugs resembling bile duct hamartoma (BDH) were also seen. The other tumour in S2, was a metastatic adenocarcinoma from sigmoid colon and showed strongly positive staining for CEA. Since the lesion in S4 of our case is solitary and most of histological features are similar to those of BDA with markedly atypical bile ductules, we consider that this may be the first case of cholangiocarcinoma associated with BDA with focal area of BDH. It is possible that the adenoma-carcinoma sequence occurs in biliary tumours.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗
PubMed2005

Water transport into bile and role in bile formation.

Formation of bile and generation of bile flow are driven by the active secretion of bile salts (BS), lipids and electrolytes into the canalicular and bile duct lumens followed by the osmotic movement of water. Although the transporting proteins involved in solute secretion have been cloned and their coordinated interplay defined both in health and disease, boosted by the discovery of the aquaporin water channels, only recently has considerable attention been addressed to the mechanism by which water, the major component of bile (> 95%), moves across the hepatobiliary epithelia. This review summarizes the novel acquisitions in liver membrane water transport and functional participation of aquaporin water channels in multiple aspects of hepatobiliary fluid balance. Emerging evidences suggesting involvement of aquaporins in the metabolic homeostasis of the hepatobiliary tract are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Common bile duct pressure in patients with common bile duct stones with or without acute suppurative cholangitis.

Resting common bile duct pressure was measured in three groups of patients: group 1, 53 patients with gallstones but without common duct stones; group 2, 35 patients with common bile duct stones unaccompanied by cholangitis; and group 3, 36 patients with common duct stones and acute suppurative cholangitis. A significantly higher pressure in the common bile duct was documented in patients with cholangitis when compared with the other two groups. Twenty-four patients with cholangitis had common duct pressure values above 20 cm H2O, the maximal values of normal. Additionally, patients with cholangitis with pressure values over 30 cm H2O (nine patients) showed absence of green bile in the extrahepatic biliary tract, suggesting cessation of bile excretion into biliary duct. In all these cases, an impacted stone at the distal end of the common bile duct was documented.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Capillary gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the quantification of bile acids including 1 beta-hydroxylated and unsaturated bile acids in serum and urine.

12 bile acids, including 1 beta-hydroxylated and unsaturated bile acids, have been quantified by capillary gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using the trimethylsilyl(TMS) ether derivatives of bile acid pentafluorobenzyl(PFB) esters. The analysis time is 12 min and the minimum measurable amount is 100 fg for each bile acid. Bile acids in 200 microL of serum and 50 microL of urine from healthy human adults were measured. These small sample sizes enhance the practicality of using this method as a screening test for bile acids in the serum and urine of human infants, where small sample size is a major problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Bile acid-induced negative feedback regulation of the human ileal bile acid transporter.

Ileal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) in the rat is unaffected by bile salts, yet in the mouse it is under negative-feedback regulation. The bile acid responsiveness of human ASBT is unknown. The human ASBT promoter linked to a luciferase reporter was studied in Caco-2 cells treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and transfected with expression plasmids for farnesoid X-receptor (FXR), short heterodimer partner (SHP), and retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR). CDCA treatment of Caco-2 cells led to a 75% reduction in steady-state ASBT messenger RNA levels and a 78% reduction in human ASBT promoter activity. A dominant negative FXR abrogated the response to CDCA. Site-directed mutagenesis of an RAR/RXR cis element in the human ASBT promoter reduced its activity by 50% and eliminated the bile acid response. Retinoic acid activated the human ASBT promoter fourfold. SHP repressed the activity of the ASBT promoter and reduced activation by retinoic acid. Antisense mediated knock-down of SHP in Caco-2 cells partially offset the bile acid mediated repression of ASBT promoter activity. In conclusion, the human ASBT is positively regulated by retinoic acid. Bile acids induce a negative feedback regulation of human ASBT via an FXR-mediated, SHP-dependent effect upon RAR/RXR activation of ASBT.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Bile acids LVII. Analysis of bile acids by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Several high pressure liquid chromatographic methods for the separation of conjugated and free bile acids are presented. A mixture of synthetic conjugated bile acids has been separated by reverse-phase systems consisting of either a Waters Associated' "fatty-acid analysis" or a muBondapak/C18 column eluted with a mixture of 2-propanol/potassium phosphage buffer (pH 2.5 or 7.0). The major conjugated bile acids present in the gallbladder bile of obese subjects have been analyzed each in less than 30 min and quantitated with a U.V. detector set at 193 nm. Some of the 5 alpha- and 5 beta-isomers of conjugated bile salts could be resolved in straight-phase systems on Corasil II or muPorasil columns. Mass spectra of the conjugated bile acids obtained by electron impact were characteristics of the type of amino acid attached to the side chain, and the number of hydroxyl substituents on the nucleus. Most of the isomers could readily be differentiated by the relative intensities of the fragment ions.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Dietary fibers: V. Binding of bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol from mixed micelles by bile acid sequestrants and dietary fibers.

Mixed micelles were prepared containing combinations of either taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate, monoolein, oleic acid, dioleylphosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and cholesterol. These were incubated with commercial bile-acid-sequestering resins, cholestyramine and DEAE-Sephadex, or various dietary fibers and fiber components including wheat bran, cellulose, alfalfa, lignin and 2 viscosity grades of guar gum. Binding was determined as the difference between the radioactivity of each micellar component added and that recovered in the centrifugal supernatant after incubation. In general, the extent of bile salt sequestration was characteristic and reproducible for each bile salt, and was largely unaffected by the presence of one or more additional components of the micellar mixture, including the other bile salt. Cholestyramine bound 81-92% of the bile salts and 86-99% of the phospholipid and cholesterol present in micelles. DEAE-Sephadex sequestered only 49% of the taurocholate and 84% of the taurochenodeoxycholate, but completely removed all of the phospholipid and cholesterol from micelles containing either bile salt. Among the dietary fibers, guar gum of either viscosity bound between 20-38% of each micellar component, whereas lignin, alfalfa, wheat bran and cellulose were progressively less effective in sequestration of individual components of mixed micelles. The extent of sequestration of micellar components by these resins and fibers is reasonably correlated with the effects of these same materials on lymphatic absorption of lipids and to their suggested hypocholesteremic properties.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1982

Hepatic bile acid elution by albumin and bile acid content in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Bile acid contents were determined for isolated rat hepatocytes. During the course of isolating the hepatocytes, perfusion of rat liver with buffer containing 2% albumin eluted a significant amount of bile acids. The elution was proportional to the volume of the buffer and attributable to albumin in the buffer. The isolated hepatocytes prepared by perfusion with 0.1% albumin buffer, which eluted a negligible amount of bile acids, contained 95 +/- 12 micrograms/10(8) cells of bile acids. The major bile acids were cholic acid (22%), beta-muricholic acid (34%) and hyodeoxycholic acid (10%). Levels of the other bile acids were less than 3%. Peak 8, unidentified but presumed to be a trihydroxycholanoic acid, accounted for 19%.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The role of intestinal bacteria in gallstone formation in animal model. A study on biliary lipid composition and bile acid profiles in bile, small intestinal contents and feces of clostridium butyricum Miyairi No. 588 monocontaminated mice.

Contradictory results in the studies on experimental gallstone formation using conventional and germfree mice have been reported. To study the role of bacteria in gallstone formation in the animal model JCL:ICR male germfree mice were monocontaminated with Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI No. 588. Gallstone formation, biliary lipid composition and bile acid profiles in the bile, small intestinal contents and feces were analyzed after feeding the diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid. The rate of gallstone formation in the monocontaminated mice (38%) was less than that in the germfree mice (100%). The relative concentrations of biliary lipids of the two groups were located out of the micellar zone on the triangular co-ordinates by Admirand and Small. The bile acid concentrations in the small intestine and fecal excretions in the monocontaminated mice were higher than in the germfree mice. The composition as well as the mode of conjugation of the bile acids did not differ significantly between the two groups. The infestation of bacteria in the intestine enhanced the excretion of bile acids and inhibited the gallstone formation in mice, in which direct metabolic activity by bacterial enzymes on bile acid did not seem necessary to exert such effect.

Animals↗