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PubMed1997

Influence of awareness of the recording of breathing on respiratory pattern in healthy humans.

This study was designed to test whether awareness of the measurement of breathing influences the breathing pattern in healthy subjects under routine laboratory conditions. Seventy four subjects (40 females and 34 males), aged 21-63 yrs, were studied under three different conditions whilst their breathing was being recorded for 5 min by means of inductance plethysmography (Respitrace): 1) subjects were misled into believing that their breathing was not being recorded but that they had to wait for 5 min whilst equipment was calibrated; 2) subjects were instructed that their breathing pattern was being recorded for 5 min; 3) the subject's breathing was recorded for 5 min with mouthpiece and pneumotachograph. The first two conditions were randomized. The Respitrace was calibrated by means of multiple linear regression carried out during the 5 min period of quiet breathing through a mouthpiece. Awareness of the recording of breathing caused prolongation of inspiratory (tI) and expiratory time (tE). Breathing through the mouthpiece resulted in an increase of tI, tE and tidal volume (VT). The breathing irregularities (sighs and end-expiratory pauses) decreased when subjects were aware of the recording of breathing and nearly disappeared when subjects breathed through the mouthpiece. The end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration was not significantly different between the three conditions. Mouthpiece breathing often induced some respiratory discomfort and even anxiety, particularly in females. Awareness by the subject that his or her breathing was being recorded altered the spontaneous breathing pattern, mainly the breathing frequency. In addition, use of a mouthpiece markedly increased tidal volume, particularly in females in whom mouthpiece breathing induced more complaints than in males.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Teaching children to recognise rhyme does not directly promote phonemic awareness.

BACKGROUND: Rhyming ability and phoneme awareness both predict aspects of reading development, with rhyming emerging earlier than phoneme awareness in most children. This study employed an experimental technique to elucidate the causal connections between these two aspects of phonological sensitivity. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to examine whether teaching preschool children to detect rhyme promotes their ability to detect phoneme relations. SAMPLE, METHODS, RESULTS: An experimental group of 23 children was successfully taught to rhyme, and compared to an untaught control group of 23 children in the ability to detect phonemes. Neither group showed any increase in phonemic awareness on an immediate or a delayed post-test. CONCLUSIONS: The results do not support the hypothesis that rhyme sensitivity is a causal precursor of phoneme sensitivity. We conclude that teaching children to rhyme remains an important preliteracy activity, but not because it directly promotes phonemic awareness.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural expressions of bodily awareness among chronically ill Filipino Americans.

PURPOSE: To describe Filipino Americans' cultural traditions surrounding bodily awareness, especially how the principle of balance informs their views, and the link to self-management of chronic illness. METHODS: This qualitative study used semistructured interviews with 85 Filipino Americans between the ages of 46 and 97 years. Volunteers were recruited from numerous health care sites in 1 geographic location in the United States. Respondents had 1 or more chronic illnesses. Taped and transcribed interviews were coded and evaluated for themes. RESULTS: The concept of balance was central to Filipino Americans' portrayal of bodily awareness of signs and symptoms related to chronic illnesses, as well as to actions they took to manage their chronic illnesses. Efforts were made to control chronic illnesses through a variety of self-care practices. Diet posed a particular challenge because of the symbolic importance of food in Filipino culture and its use in the maintenance of social relationships. CONCLUSIONS: The ways in which Filipino Americans combine attention to the body, values of balance and harmony, and emphasis on social well-being result in heightened attention to bodily processes. Filipino Americans' emphasis on bodily awareness suggests that this particular cultural strength can be used to enhance chronic illness management. Awareness of the cultural traditions of Filipino Americans can facilitate patient education about how to manage chronic illnesses.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Experience-dependent eye movements, awareness, and hippocampus-dependent memory.

We asked what kind of memory is operating when eye movements change as the result of experience. Participants viewed scenes that were either novel, repeated, or manipulated (i.e., a change was introduced in one region of the scene). Eye movements differed depending on the past viewing history of each scene. Participants made fewer fixations and sampled fewer regions when scenes were repeated than when scenes were novel. When scenes were altered, participants made more fixations in the altered region, spent more time looking at the altered region, and made more transitions into and out of the altered region than in unchanged (matched) regions in the repeated scenes. Importantly, these effects occurred only when individuals were aware that a change had occurred. Participants who were unaware that the scene had been altered looked at the changed scenes in the same way that they looked at repeated scenes. Thus, there was no indication that eye movements could reveal an unaware (unconscious) form of memory. Instead, eye movements reflected conscious memory of whether the scene was repeated or manipulated. The findings were the same when awareness was assessed after viewing all the scenes (experiment 1) and when awareness was assessed after each scene was presented (experiment 2). In experiment 3, memory-impaired patients with damage limited to the hippocampus were impaired at deciding whether scenes were novel, repeated, or manipulated. Thus, the ability to consciously recollect recent encounters with scenes reflects a form of hippocampus-dependent memory. The findings show that experience-dependent eye movements in response to altered scenes reflect conscious, declarative memory, and they support the link between aware memory, declarative memory, and hippocampus-dependent memory.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Phonological awareness improvement in primary school students].

BACKGROUND: Phonological awareness in primary school students. AIM: To verify the improvement of phonological awareness in primary school students after a speech and language stimulation program. METHOD: 20 students with the worst results in the first literacy exam were selected. Phonological awareness tests were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the stimulation program. RESULTS: Most of the subjects demonstrated to have a notion about phonological awareness activities. CONCLUSION: Students demonstrated improvement, suggesting the effectiveness of the program.

Awareness↗
PubMed1993

Mechanism of awareness of hypoglycemia. Perception of neurogenic (predominantly cholinergic) rather than neuroglycopenic symptoms.

We sought 1) to determine which symptoms of hypoglycemia are reproducible, 2) to pharmacologically distinguish neurogenic (autonomic) from neuroglycopenic symptoms, and 3) to test the hypothesis that awareness of hypoglycemia is the result of perception of neurogenic rather than neuroglycopenic symptoms. Awareness of hypoglycemia and 19 symptoms were quantitated in 10 normal, young adults, each studied on four occasions in random sequence, during 1) clamped euglycemia (approximately 5 mM), 2) clamped hypoglycemia (approximately 2.5 mM), 3) clamped hypoglycemia with combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine and propranolol), and 4) clamped hypoglycemia with pan-autonomic blockade (phentolamine, propranolol and atropine). Significant (ANOVA, P < 0.001) treatment effects on the awareness of hypoglycemia ("blood sugar low") were noted. No change occurred in the score for this during euglycemia, but the mean +/- SE increase was 2.1 +/- 0.4 during hypoglycemia. This increase was not reduced significantly by adrenergic blockade (1.6 +/- 0.5), but was reduced significantly and substantially (approximately 70%) by pan-autonomic blockade (0.6 +/- 0.3). Significant neurogenic symptoms included shaky/tremulous (P < 0.001), heart pounding (P < 0.001), and nervous/anxious (P = 0.002), all adrenergic; and sweaty (P < 0.001), hungry (P < 0.001), and tingling (P = 0.009), all cholinergic. Significant neuroglycopenic symptoms, those produced by hypoglycemia but not reduced by pan-autonomic blockade, included warm (P < 0.001), weak (P = 0.011), difficulty thinking/confused (P = 0.004), and tired/drowsy (P = 0.003). We conclude that muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms mediate an important and previously uncharacterized component of the neurogenic symptoms of hypoglycemia and awareness of hypoglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1991

Enhancing blood glucose awareness in adolescents and young adults with IDDM.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of an intervention program designed to improve blood glucose awareness. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight young-adult outpatients (mean age 22 yr) and six adolescent inpatients (mean age 14.5 yr) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus participated in the intervention program. Nine adolescent inpatients (mean age 13.9 yr) served as an untreated comparison group. One adult outpatient with unreliable data was removed. Before treatment, each patient completed a minimum of 40 blood glucose estimations, blood glucose tests, and symptom-rating checklists. Symptoms of hypo- or hyperglycemia were identified for each patient. The three-session intervention focused on internal (e.g., personal symptoms) and external (e.g., timing and amount of insulin, food, and exercise) cues that could be used to enhance blood glucose awareness. At postintervention, patients completed a minimum of 40 additional blood glucose estimates and tests. Comparison subjects completed the pre-postassessments but did not receive the intervention. RESULTS: Blood glucose estimation accuracy was evaluated with error grid analysis. All estimated-actual blood glucose values were plotted into one of five zones: accurate estimates (zone A), benign errors (zone B), and clinically dangerous errors (zones C, D, and E). An overall accuracy index (AI) was calculated by subtracting the summed percentage of clinically dangerous estimates (zones C, D, and E) from the percentage of accurate estimates (zone A). At study entry, the adolescent inpatients' mean AI of 7% was significantly poorer than the 32% mean AI exhibited by the outpatient young-adult sample (P less than 0.02). At postintervention, the adolescents' mean AI improved to 30% (P less than 0.02) and the young adults' mean outpatient AI improved to 45% (P less than 0.06). The treated sample as a whole exhibited increased sensitivity to both hypo- (P less than 0.005) and hyperglycemia (P less than 0.05). Similar improvements did not occur in the untreated comparison sample. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents may exhibit poorer blood glucose awareness than adults. Although this intervention program improved blood glucose awareness in both adolescent and adult patients, postintervention blood glucose estimation accuracy remained far from ideal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A multicenter evaluation of blood glucose awareness training-II.

OBJECTIVE: Blood glucose awareness training (BGAT) teaches individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes to more accurately estimate/detect their blood glucose (BG) fluctuations. It has not, however, consistently resulted in improved ability to detect low BG. To assess an enhanced version of BGAT (BGAT-II), with more focus on increasing sensitivity to low BG events, a multicenter study was undertaken. Following up on previous findings that BGAT is most effective with individuals who are least accurate in estimating BG, this study explicitly recruited subjects who did and did not report reduced awareness of hypoglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy-eight subjects from three research sites participated in a repeated baseline design. Subjects' BG estimation accuracy and BG profiles were assessed 6 months before, immediately before, and immediately after BGAT-II. RESULTS: Post-treatment, BGAT-II led to better overall accuracy in detecting BG fluctuations and better detection of both low and high BG levels. This was achieved while the number of low readings of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was reduced. Reduction in the number of low SMBG events was significant only for subjects reporting awareness of hypoglycemia. Detection of low BG was significant only for subjects reporting reduced awareness of hypoglycemia. Both groups demonstrated equivalent improvements in detection of high BG levels. CONCLUSIONS: BGAT may be an effective behavioral strategy for reversing hypoglycemic unawareness and an adjunct to intensive insulin therapy to reduce the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Progressive hypoglycemia's impact on driving simulation performance. Occurrence, awareness and correction.

OBJECTIVE: Progressive hypoglycemia leads to cognitive-motor and driving impairments. This study evaluated the blood glucose (BG) levels at which driving was impaired, impairment was detected, and corrective action was taken by subjects, along with the mechanisms underlying these three issues. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: There were 37 adults with type 1 diabetes who drove a simulator during continuous euglycemia and progressive hypoglycemia. During testing, driving performance, EEG, and corrective behaviors (drinking a soda or discontinuing driving) were continually monitored, and BG, symptom perception, and judgement concerning impairment were assessed every 5 min. Mean +/- SD euglycemia performance was used to quantify z scores for performance in three hypoglycemic ranges (4.0-3.4, 3.3-2.8, and <2.8 mmol/l). RESULTS: During all three hypoglycemic BG ranges, driving was significantly impaired, and subjects were aware of their impaired driving. However, corrective actions did not occur until BG was <2.8 mmol/l. Driving impairment was related to increased neurogenic symptoms and increased theta-wave activity. Awareness of impaired driving was associated with neuroglycopenic symptoms. increased beta-wave activity, and awareness of hypoglycemia. High beta and low theta activity and awareness of both hypoglycemia and the need to treat low BG influenced corrective behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Driving performance is significantly disrupted at relatively mild hypoglycemia, yet subjects demonstrated a hesitation to take corrective action. The longer treatment is delayed, the greater the neuroglycopenia (increased theta), which precludes corrective behaviors. Patients should treat themselves while driving as soon as low BG and/or impaired driving is suspected and should not begin driving when their BG is in the 5.0-4.0 mmol/l range without prophylactic treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Awareness training and regulated-breathing method in modification of stuttering.

Awareness has been shown to be an important variable in various types of learning in humans. Its role in the modification of different clinical disorders is promising. It is hypothesized that systemic awareness training prior to the introduction of regulated-breathing method would significantly improve fluency in stutterers. 16 stutterers (mean age 25.1 yr.) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, awareness training plus regulated-breathing method or regulated-breathing method only. All clients were seen individually during two 90-min. sessions and were informed that their speech was being recorded. The percentage of stuttering and the rate of speech were analyzed. Awareness training significantly reduced stuttering compared to a control procedure. But the most significant improvement appeared after the introduction of the regulated-breathing method. At a 1-mo. follow-up, although the frequency of stuttering was significantly less than during baseline, the level of disfluency was around 5%. From a clinical perspective, such results are far from satisfactory and no further follow-ups were conducted. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed to improve the efficacy of our therapeutic methods used to counteract stuttering.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Differences in awareness and perceptions of smokers' behaviors.

Information regarding smokers' (n = 74), never-smokers' (n = 56), and former smokers' (n = 13) relative awareness of and reaction to a sample of 17 negative behaviors of smokers was elicited and examined. Over-all ratings of irritation and of awareness were also analyzed for the 143 participants solicited in shopping malls in Lexington, KY. Former smokers were significantly, both statistically and practically, more aware and less tolerant of smokers' negative behaviors than either never-smokers or smokers, while never-smokers were more aware and bothered than were smokers, in all but one instance where all three groups responded similarly.

Attitude↗
PubMed2004

Levels of emotional awareness scale among Iranian gifted and nongifted high school students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate emotional awareness among Iranian high school students and to examine possible sex differences in emotional awareness. The participants were 388 gifted and nongifted students. They completed the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale-A. Analysis showed girls had significantly higher scores than boys in the total sample. The mean score on emotional awareness of gifted girls was significantly lower than that of nongifted girls. Potential implications of these findings are offered.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

A neurocognitive and socioecological model of self-awareness.

In the past, researchers have focused mainly on the effects and consequences of self-awareness; however, they have neglected a more basic issue pertaining to the specific mechanisms that initiate and sustain self-perception. The author presents a model of self-awareness that proposes the existence of 3 sources of self-information. First, the social milieu includes early face-to-face interactions, self-relevant feedback, a social comparison mechanism that leads to perspective taking, and audiences. Second, contacts with objects and structures in the physical environment foster self-world differentiation in infants; this environment also contains self-focusing and reflecting stimuli, such as mirrors and video cameras. Third, the self can develop bodily awareness through proprioception and can reflect on itself using imagery and inner speech. Furthermore, self-awareness is mainly mediated by the prefrontal lobes. The author establishes various links among these different neurological, social, ecological, and cognitive elements of the model.

Awareness↗
PubMed2001

Awareness and working memory in strategy adaptivity.

To further the understanding of the mechanisms of strategy choice, in three experiments, we investigate the role of explicit awareness and working memory in strategy adaptivity. Experiment 1 provided correlational evidence that individual differences in strategy adaptivity to changing base rates are related to individual differences in awareness of those changes but appear not to be related to individual differences in working memory capacity. Experiment 2 replicated the role of awareness, and the results suggest that awareness at the time of the base-rate change, rather than afterwards, is related to increased strategy adaptivity. Experiment 3 measured working memory capacity using a different procedure and manipulated working memory load with a dual-task procedure; again, no apparent role of working memory capacity in strategy adaptivity was found. This juxtaposition of findings presents a challenge for existing models of strategy choice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Awareness and concern about malocclusion among 12-15 year-old children in Moshi, Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: To assess awareness and concern about malocclusion in 12-15 year-olds in Moshi, Tanzania. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Moshi Municipality in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and ninety eight randomly selected Public primary school children aged 12-15 years (158 males and 140 females). RESULTS: About 56% of the respondents thought their teeth were properly aligned. However only 29.1% of the respondents reported being dissatisfied with the way their teeth appeared in their mouth. About 25% of the respondents found their teeth to have been worse than most of their age-mates. Children who reported to have been teased due to their malocclusion comprised 25.8%. Those who thought it was unpleasant to stay with malaligned teeth constituted 55.7% of the respondents. Subjective orthodontic treatment need was reported by 69.1% of the sample. Majority of the children (75%) were ready to accept orthodontic treatment. There were significant correlations between factors of awareness and those of concern about malocclusion among the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of very little orthodontic treatment exposure in this population, awareness and concern about malocclusion was reported by a significant proportion of the children. These findings form a baseline line for future studies on the trends of awareness and concern towards malocclusion in this population. They will also be useful in the planning of orthodontic services in Tanzania.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Effects of inclination of trunk and head on emotional awareness].

Posture is a nonverbal behavior and a universal means of animal and human communication. It is observed not only in interpersonal communication but in clinical situation. Our recent research shows that posture affects the mood and emotional awareness of the subjects. This study compared the subjects' awareness between two groups, the operational group (actual posture) and the image group, which only imagined a postural change. Six kinds of posture were adopted. These postures included two dimensions; inclination of trunk (straight or bent), and head (up, front or down). In these conditions the subjects estimated their mood and emotional awareness with 17 pairs of adjectives on a 3 point scale. The results of ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in conditions of both inclination of trunk and head. Especially, when the subject bent his back while hanging his head, this made most feeble, lifeless, and shadowy mood than any other postures. The authors confirmed that posture exerted a strong influence on one's emotional awareness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness and adoption of a nationally disseminated dietary curriculum.

OBJECTIVE: To identify regional, organizational, and personal characteristics that predict awareness and adoption of a dietary curriculum training and CD among educators. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of educators (n=675) representing 48 states report program awareness and factors that influenced adoption. RESULTS: Among those surveyed, 354 educators were aware (52%) of the CD and 192 educators adopted it (54%). Adopters were nearly 8 times more likely to identify training time and nearly 7 times more likely to identify CD training method as influencing adoption. CONCLUSION: Although regional and organizational characteristics are predictors of awareness, these variables were less likely to predict adoption of such programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Palpitations, arrhythmias, and awareness of cardiac activity.

Somatic and visceral symptoms have a surprisingly weak relationship to objective measures of tissue pathology. This is exemplified by the poor correlation found between palpitations and cardiac arrhythmias. Many factors other than extent of disease influence symptomatic distress, and since symptoms are such a crucial feature of illness and of medical practice, much more investigation of these nonbiomedical influences is needed. Although experimental laboratory paradigms facilitate such investigation, there are problems involved in generalizing from laboratory findings to the reporting of the symptoms of disease in daily life. In studying the awareness of cardiac arrhythmias and of resting heartbeat, we have found that the palpitations of patients who somatize more and have more health-related anxiety and more psychiatric distress are significantly less likely to be related to demonstrable cardiac arrhythmias than are the palpitations of other patients. The accurate awareness of arrhythmias, however, is not associated with the accurate awareness of resting heartbeat. Even more surprising, a relatively large proportion of heart transplant recipients are accurately aware of their resting heartbeat. This work poses more questions than it answers. In so doing, it underscores some of the technical difficulties of conducting research in this area and shows how little is known about symptom perception, processing, and reporting.

Anxiety↗